Pub Date : 2011-12-19DOI: 10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107093
S. Negahdaripour, M. D. Aykin, S. Sinnarajah
Photo-mosaics generated automatically from as many as thousands of optical images have proved to be an effective technology to study the ecological patterns and dynamics of underwater ecosystems and benthic environments over spatial scales much larger than a single object or image. Unfortunately, optical systems, while useful in clear waters, are ineffective within environments with sources of turbidity and pollution, including lakes, marine sanctuaries, many ports and harbors. Two-dimensional high-resolution forward-scan imaging systems can serve as a suitable technology for constructing similar visual maps, provided that a range of complex imaging issues can be overcome. This paper investigates some of the complexities in analyzing dynamic events captured by a FS sonar imaging system when used in standard configuration to map the seafloor. Of special interest is the case of imaging targets at shorter ranges to maximize benthic object details. We give mathematical models that describe the dynamics associated with objects and shadows they cast on the seabed, and demonstrate some of these issues through examples from real data obtained in the lake on the University of Miami campus.
{"title":"Dynamic scene analysis and mosaicing of benthic habitats by FS sonar imaging - Issues and complexities","authors":"S. Negahdaripour, M. D. Aykin, S. Sinnarajah","doi":"10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107093","url":null,"abstract":"Photo-mosaics generated automatically from as many as thousands of optical images have proved to be an effective technology to study the ecological patterns and dynamics of underwater ecosystems and benthic environments over spatial scales much larger than a single object or image. Unfortunately, optical systems, while useful in clear waters, are ineffective within environments with sources of turbidity and pollution, including lakes, marine sanctuaries, many ports and harbors. Two-dimensional high-resolution forward-scan imaging systems can serve as a suitable technology for constructing similar visual maps, provided that a range of complex imaging issues can be overcome. This paper investigates some of the complexities in analyzing dynamic events captured by a FS sonar imaging system when used in standard configuration to map the seafloor. Of special interest is the case of imaging targets at shorter ranges to maximize benthic object details. We give mathematical models that describe the dynamics associated with objects and shadows they cast on the seabed, and demonstrate some of these issues through examples from real data obtained in the lake on the University of Miami campus.","PeriodicalId":19442,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS'11 MTS/IEEE KONA","volume":"32 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73742437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-19DOI: 10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107013
C. Kohler, K. Grissom, J. Wise
Mooring performance improvement is one of the National Data Buoy Center's (NDBC) highest priorities for their Deep-Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART®) program. A mooring failure results in the station becoming nonoperational due to the break in acoustic communications between the moored buoy and the Bottom Pressure Recorder (BPR). Mooring failures are very costly due to the additional ship time required to recover the adrift buoy and the replacement cost of the mooring. The buoys may also drift far enough away where recovery is no longer economically viable and the buoy is lost. The purpose of the DART® test buoy is to operationally test medium frequency transducers and validate and tune the DART® mooring models. The DART® system currently uses low frequency transducers for acoustic communications as shown in Figure 1. The acoustic cone of the low frequency transducers requires a taut mooring to sustain continuous communications. Medium frequency transducers have a larger acoustic cone and therefore may use a slack mooring with resulting lower stress. The test buoy will be outfitted with several sensors that will provide data on ocean currents, tension in the upper mooring and motions of the buoy and upper mooring. Other additional benefits of the test buoy are to operationally test primary lithium battery packs and to access an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) as a tool to determine DART® station siting suitability.
{"title":"Designing a test buoy for improving the Deep-Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART®) system","authors":"C. Kohler, K. Grissom, J. Wise","doi":"10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107013","url":null,"abstract":"Mooring performance improvement is one of the National Data Buoy Center's (NDBC) highest priorities for their Deep-Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART®) program. A mooring failure results in the station becoming nonoperational due to the break in acoustic communications between the moored buoy and the Bottom Pressure Recorder (BPR). Mooring failures are very costly due to the additional ship time required to recover the adrift buoy and the replacement cost of the mooring. The buoys may also drift far enough away where recovery is no longer economically viable and the buoy is lost. The purpose of the DART® test buoy is to operationally test medium frequency transducers and validate and tune the DART® mooring models. The DART® system currently uses low frequency transducers for acoustic communications as shown in Figure 1. The acoustic cone of the low frequency transducers requires a taut mooring to sustain continuous communications. Medium frequency transducers have a larger acoustic cone and therefore may use a slack mooring with resulting lower stress. The test buoy will be outfitted with several sensors that will provide data on ocean currents, tension in the upper mooring and motions of the buoy and upper mooring. Other additional benefits of the test buoy are to operationally test primary lithium battery packs and to access an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) as a tool to determine DART® station siting suitability.","PeriodicalId":19442,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS'11 MTS/IEEE KONA","volume":"24 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75833644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-19DOI: 10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107014
Danielle Carpenter, Raymond R. Beets, R. Crout
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA's) National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) operates and maintains 55 Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) buoys in the equatorial Pacific Ocean from 9°N latitude to 8°S latitude and 95°W longitude to 165°E longitude. The TAO array was developed after the need was determined following the 1982–1983 El Niño event, which had evaded detection by the science community until well into its maturity. NOAA's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR) Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) is an interdisciplinary organization whose focal point is collecting open ocean data for monitoring and predicting purposes. PMEL's TAO project was created with help from NOAA's Equatorial Pacific Ocean Climate Studies (EPOCS) program to enhance the understanding and prediction of El Niño and La Niña events. PMEL completed the TAO array in December of 1994 and in 2005, PMEL began transitioning the TAO array (55 TAO buoys and four Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCPs)) to NDBC, first in data management and quality control (QC) and later in next-generation creation and implementation of buoys.
{"title":"National Data Buoy Center transition of the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) program","authors":"Danielle Carpenter, Raymond R. Beets, R. Crout","doi":"10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107014","url":null,"abstract":"The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA's) National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) operates and maintains 55 Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) buoys in the equatorial Pacific Ocean from 9°N latitude to 8°S latitude and 95°W longitude to 165°E longitude. The TAO array was developed after the need was determined following the 1982–1983 El Niño event, which had evaded detection by the science community until well into its maturity. NOAA's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR) Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) is an interdisciplinary organization whose focal point is collecting open ocean data for monitoring and predicting purposes. PMEL's TAO project was created with help from NOAA's Equatorial Pacific Ocean Climate Studies (EPOCS) program to enhance the understanding and prediction of El Niño and La Niña events. PMEL completed the TAO array in December of 1994 and in 2005, PMEL began transitioning the TAO array (55 TAO buoys and four Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCPs)) to NDBC, first in data management and quality control (QC) and later in next-generation creation and implementation of buoys.","PeriodicalId":19442,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS'11 MTS/IEEE KONA","volume":"17 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72778432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-19DOI: 10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107280
T. Marston, J. Kennedy, P. Marston
Circular synthetic aperture sonar (CSAS) traditionally involves the coherent processing of 360 degree scattering information from acoustic targets. To obtain 360 degree scattering information, a source may circle around a central target field and constantly illuminate targets from multiple aspects. Another method of obtaining CSAS data is to fix the source location and spin a target on a rotating mount. Following data reception, a variety of methods in the Fourier or time-domain may be used to construct images. For certain targets, resonances and elastic effects can interfere with the specular portions of backscattered echoes. The time-delay associated with elastic or resonant responses destroys the uniqueness of the location to which the signal is mapped, and occasionally these resonant features can be mapped directly on top of target specular features, causing destructive interference and reduced image clarity. Destructive interference can be reduced and image clarity enhanced by incoherently summing separate images generated from sub-apertures of CSAS data. Additionally, limiting the aperture and frequency band of the pre-processed data before applying an imaging algorithm is an effective method for understanding and localizing various elastic and non-elastic target responses. In a solid 3-to-1 cylinder, for example, effects such as meridional and face-crossing rays cause well defined image features that are prominently visible when limiting the aperture to the angular portions in which these rays are the dominant elastic effects. Further analysis may be obtained by masking portions of these sub-aperture images and reversing the imaging process. This can be used to directly relate target image features to the angular frequency response (colorplot) of the target. An added benefit of this reversal process is that signals from surrounding objects, and the random noise spread throughout the image scene can be rejected by an image masking process, and the resulting time-domain information has an enhanced signal-to-noise ratio. This effect has been successfully demonstrated on data acquired in field-tests, and in controlled laboratory experiments with real and replicated Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) objects. A “Projection-Slice” based CSAS script has been tested on data acquired at sea by an unmanned vehicle, as well as in laboratory experiments from UXO objects placed on a rotational mount. The laboratory based full scale UXO datasets were acquired in a controlled environment for full 360 degree aperture in a free-field configuration. The measurements were conducted at the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Panama City Division (NSWC PCD), facility T-2069 Barge Acoustic Test Facility, which has a 31.5 feet wide, 62 feet long, and 28 ft deep vinyl linear encapsulating 423,000 gallons of isothermal freshwater. The full scale targets examined included an inert 100 mm UXO target, a machined 100 mm aluminum facsimile UXO target, and a cylinder with a notch. The
{"title":"Coherent and semi-coherent processing of limited-aperture circular synthetic aperture (CSAS) data","authors":"T. Marston, J. Kennedy, P. Marston","doi":"10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107280","url":null,"abstract":"Circular synthetic aperture sonar (CSAS) traditionally involves the coherent processing of 360 degree scattering information from acoustic targets. To obtain 360 degree scattering information, a source may circle around a central target field and constantly illuminate targets from multiple aspects. Another method of obtaining CSAS data is to fix the source location and spin a target on a rotating mount. Following data reception, a variety of methods in the Fourier or time-domain may be used to construct images. For certain targets, resonances and elastic effects can interfere with the specular portions of backscattered echoes. The time-delay associated with elastic or resonant responses destroys the uniqueness of the location to which the signal is mapped, and occasionally these resonant features can be mapped directly on top of target specular features, causing destructive interference and reduced image clarity. Destructive interference can be reduced and image clarity enhanced by incoherently summing separate images generated from sub-apertures of CSAS data. Additionally, limiting the aperture and frequency band of the pre-processed data before applying an imaging algorithm is an effective method for understanding and localizing various elastic and non-elastic target responses. In a solid 3-to-1 cylinder, for example, effects such as meridional and face-crossing rays cause well defined image features that are prominently visible when limiting the aperture to the angular portions in which these rays are the dominant elastic effects. Further analysis may be obtained by masking portions of these sub-aperture images and reversing the imaging process. This can be used to directly relate target image features to the angular frequency response (colorplot) of the target. An added benefit of this reversal process is that signals from surrounding objects, and the random noise spread throughout the image scene can be rejected by an image masking process, and the resulting time-domain information has an enhanced signal-to-noise ratio. This effect has been successfully demonstrated on data acquired in field-tests, and in controlled laboratory experiments with real and replicated Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) objects. A “Projection-Slice” based CSAS script has been tested on data acquired at sea by an unmanned vehicle, as well as in laboratory experiments from UXO objects placed on a rotational mount. The laboratory based full scale UXO datasets were acquired in a controlled environment for full 360 degree aperture in a free-field configuration. The measurements were conducted at the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Panama City Division (NSWC PCD), facility T-2069 Barge Acoustic Test Facility, which has a 31.5 feet wide, 62 feet long, and 28 ft deep vinyl linear encapsulating 423,000 gallons of isothermal freshwater. The full scale targets examined included an inert 100 mm UXO target, a machined 100 mm aluminum facsimile UXO target, and a cylinder with a notch. The","PeriodicalId":19442,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS'11 MTS/IEEE KONA","volume":"32 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73028894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-19DOI: 10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107029
D. Barrick, B. Lipa
For the first time, strong tsunami signals have been observed in the currents monitored by SeaSonde HF coastal radars, after having been predicted 32 years ago [1]. Multiple radars on two continents 8200 km apart (in Japan and the U.S.) saw these distinctive signatures in radar spectral bands spanning a decade in frequency. Several analysis methods revealed the onset of the distinctive ∼40-min-period oscillations, that were confirmed in all cases by nearby tide gages that monitor water level. Observations of the offshore tsunami radar patterns precedes their impact at the shore gages by the predicted amount, suggesting their value in warning of local expected intensities.
{"title":"Japan tsunami detected by HF radars on two continents","authors":"D. Barrick, B. Lipa","doi":"10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107029","url":null,"abstract":"For the first time, strong tsunami signals have been observed in the currents monitored by SeaSonde HF coastal radars, after having been predicted 32 years ago [1]. Multiple radars on two continents 8200 km apart (in Japan and the U.S.) saw these distinctive signatures in radar spectral bands spanning a decade in frequency. Several analysis methods revealed the onset of the distinctive ∼40-min-period oscillations, that were confirmed in all cases by nearby tide gages that monitor water level. Observations of the offshore tsunami radar patterns precedes their impact at the shore gages by the predicted amount, suggesting their value in warning of local expected intensities.","PeriodicalId":19442,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS'11 MTS/IEEE KONA","volume":"17 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75678159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-19DOI: 10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107128
J. Potemra
Large-scale estimates of ocean temperature, particularly at depth, are sparse. Accurate estimates of ocean thermal gradients are however important for proper and efficient placement of ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) plants. This study provides estimates from two data sets based on direct observation: the autonomous Argo profiling floats and the World Ocean Database (WOD), as well as from two large-scale, high resolution ocean models. These calculations can be used in geographic information system (GIS) models as a parameter for proper location of OTEC facilities.
{"title":"Ocean temperature estimates from models and observations with application to OTEC","authors":"J. Potemra","doi":"10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107128","url":null,"abstract":"Large-scale estimates of ocean temperature, particularly at depth, are sparse. Accurate estimates of ocean thermal gradients are however important for proper and efficient placement of ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) plants. This study provides estimates from two data sets based on direct observation: the autonomous Argo profiling floats and the World Ocean Database (WOD), as well as from two large-scale, high resolution ocean models. These calculations can be used in geographic information system (GIS) models as a parameter for proper location of OTEC facilities.","PeriodicalId":19442,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS'11 MTS/IEEE KONA","volume":"114 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73867160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-19DOI: 10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107144
B. Howell, M. R. Proffitt
Swarm robotics research describes the study of how a group of relatively simple physically embodied agents can, through their interaction collectively accomplish tasks which are far beyond the capabilities of a single agent. From this information they are able to decide their behavior and take the appropriate action. A global behavior can then be witnessed that is derived from the local behaviors of each agent. The presented research introduces the novel method for optimizing the communication and the processing of communicated data for the purpose of detecting large scale meta-object or event, denoted as meta-event, which are unquantifiable through a single robotic agent. The ability of a swarm of robotic agents to cover a relatively large physical environment and their ability to detect changes or anomalies within the environment is especially advantageous for the detection of objects and the recognition of events such as oil spills, hurricanes, and large scale security monitoring. In contrast a single robot, even with much greater capabilities, could not explore or cover multiple areas of the same environment simultaneously. Many previous swarm behaviors have been developed focusing on the rules governing the local agent to agent behaviors of separation, alignment, and cohesion. By effectively optimizing these simple behaviors in coordination, through cooperative and competitive actions based on a chosen local behavior, it is possible to achieve an optimized global emergent behavior of locating a meta-object or event. From the local to global relationship an optimized control algorithm was developed following the basic rules of swarm behavior for the purpose of meta-event detection and recognition. Results of this optimized control algorithm are presented and compared with other work in the field of swarm robotics.
{"title":"Autonomous detection and mapping of meta-events using distributed control agents","authors":"B. Howell, M. R. Proffitt","doi":"10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107144","url":null,"abstract":"Swarm robotics research describes the study of how a group of relatively simple physically embodied agents can, through their interaction collectively accomplish tasks which are far beyond the capabilities of a single agent. From this information they are able to decide their behavior and take the appropriate action. A global behavior can then be witnessed that is derived from the local behaviors of each agent. The presented research introduces the novel method for optimizing the communication and the processing of communicated data for the purpose of detecting large scale meta-object or event, denoted as meta-event, which are unquantifiable through a single robotic agent. The ability of a swarm of robotic agents to cover a relatively large physical environment and their ability to detect changes or anomalies within the environment is especially advantageous for the detection of objects and the recognition of events such as oil spills, hurricanes, and large scale security monitoring. In contrast a single robot, even with much greater capabilities, could not explore or cover multiple areas of the same environment simultaneously. Many previous swarm behaviors have been developed focusing on the rules governing the local agent to agent behaviors of separation, alignment, and cohesion. By effectively optimizing these simple behaviors in coordination, through cooperative and competitive actions based on a chosen local behavior, it is possible to achieve an optimized global emergent behavior of locating a meta-object or event. From the local to global relationship an optimized control algorithm was developed following the basic rules of swarm behavior for the purpose of meta-event detection and recognition. Results of this optimized control algorithm are presented and compared with other work in the field of swarm robotics.","PeriodicalId":19442,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS'11 MTS/IEEE KONA","volume":"50 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78600771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-19DOI: 10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107082
V. Asper, W. Smith, Craig M. Lee, J. Gobat, K. Heywood, B. Queste, M. Dinniman
Over the last several decades, numerous approaches have been used to observe the rapid development of the annual phytoplankton bloom in the Ross Sea, including ship-based sampling, moored instrumentation, satellite images, and computer modeling efforts. In the Austral Spring of 2010, our group deployed a pair of iRobot Seagliders equipped with fluorometers, oxygen sensors and CTDs in order to obtain data on this phenomenon over the entire duration of the bloom. Data from these deployments will be used, along with samples from the recovery cruise and satellite data, to model and better understand the dynamics of this phytoplankton bloom.
{"title":"Using gliders to study a phytoplankton bloom in the Ross Sea, antarctica","authors":"V. Asper, W. Smith, Craig M. Lee, J. Gobat, K. Heywood, B. Queste, M. Dinniman","doi":"10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107082","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last several decades, numerous approaches have been used to observe the rapid development of the annual phytoplankton bloom in the Ross Sea, including ship-based sampling, moored instrumentation, satellite images, and computer modeling efforts. In the Austral Spring of 2010, our group deployed a pair of iRobot Seagliders equipped with fluorometers, oxygen sensors and CTDs in order to obtain data on this phenomenon over the entire duration of the bloom. Data from these deployments will be used, along with samples from the recovery cruise and satellite data, to model and better understand the dynamics of this phytoplankton bloom.","PeriodicalId":19442,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS'11 MTS/IEEE KONA","volume":"47 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74941230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-19DOI: 10.23919/oceans.2011.6107319
D. Vandegraft, J. Murphy
The information contained in this document is the exclusive property of Esri. This work is protected under United States copyright law and other international copyright treaties and conventions. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, except as expressly permitted in writing by Esri. All requests should be sent to are trademarks, registered trademarks, or service marks of Esri in the United States, the European Community, or certain other jurisdictions. Other companies and products mentioned herein may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective trademark owners.
{"title":"Management of marine resources through the development of marine boundaries and offshore leases","authors":"D. Vandegraft, J. Murphy","doi":"10.23919/oceans.2011.6107319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/oceans.2011.6107319","url":null,"abstract":"The information contained in this document is the exclusive property of Esri. This work is protected under United States copyright law and other international copyright treaties and conventions. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, except as expressly permitted in writing by Esri. All requests should be sent to are trademarks, registered trademarks, or service marks of Esri in the United States, the European Community, or certain other jurisdictions. Other companies and products mentioned herein may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective trademark owners.","PeriodicalId":19442,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS'11 MTS/IEEE KONA","volume":"84 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74993886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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