Pub Date : 2011-12-19DOI: 10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107279
B. Howe, Lora J. Van Uffelen, E. Nosal, G. Carter
In November 2010, four acoustic Seagliders were deployed in the Northern Philippine Sea in the vicinity of an acoustic tomography array as part of the PhilSea10 project with the goal of characterizing this oceanographically complex and highly dynamic region. The gliders were flown between the moored transceivers of the pentagonal tomography array with a radius of approximately 330 km until their recovery in April 2011. During this mission they collected oceanographic and acoustic data in the upper 1000 m of the water column. Temperature, salinity, and pressure data collected by the Seagliders provide a time-evolving characterization of the sound-speed environment in the variable upper ocean between the transceivers. The gliders were also equipped with an integrated Acoustic Recorder System (ARS). The ARS was scheduled to record transmissions from the moored acoustic tomography sources, measuring the arrival structure between the various moorings in order to near-continuously map the arrival pattern as a function of range and depth. Spectrograms show the arriving linear frequency modulated signals from the sources, as well as other ocean sounds. With travel times determined from this data, we will determine whether, given the joint nature of the combined positioning/tomography problem, it is possible to use Seagliders equipped with an acoustic receiver as mobile nodes in the tomography array, thereby enhancing the resolution of the tomography system.
{"title":"Acoustic Seagliders in PhilSea10: Preliminary results","authors":"B. Howe, Lora J. Van Uffelen, E. Nosal, G. Carter","doi":"10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107279","url":null,"abstract":"In November 2010, four acoustic Seagliders were deployed in the Northern Philippine Sea in the vicinity of an acoustic tomography array as part of the PhilSea10 project with the goal of characterizing this oceanographically complex and highly dynamic region. The gliders were flown between the moored transceivers of the pentagonal tomography array with a radius of approximately 330 km until their recovery in April 2011. During this mission they collected oceanographic and acoustic data in the upper 1000 m of the water column. Temperature, salinity, and pressure data collected by the Seagliders provide a time-evolving characterization of the sound-speed environment in the variable upper ocean between the transceivers. The gliders were also equipped with an integrated Acoustic Recorder System (ARS). The ARS was scheduled to record transmissions from the moored acoustic tomography sources, measuring the arrival structure between the various moorings in order to near-continuously map the arrival pattern as a function of range and depth. Spectrograms show the arriving linear frequency modulated signals from the sources, as well as other ocean sounds. With travel times determined from this data, we will determine whether, given the joint nature of the combined positioning/tomography problem, it is possible to use Seagliders equipped with an acoustic receiver as mobile nodes in the tomography array, thereby enhancing the resolution of the tomography system.","PeriodicalId":19442,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS'11 MTS/IEEE KONA","volume":"2 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72964630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-19DOI: 10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107210
C. M. Comfort, L. Vega
The need to increase renewable energy supply in the United States has prompted ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) technology to be re-considered for use in Hawaii. As with any new development, a thorough environmental impact assessment is needed before the technology can begin field trials. A previous Final Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) from 1981 is available, but needs to be brought up to current oceanographic and engineering standards. There has been much research done on the oceanography of Hawaii since the original EIS, and this report highlights some of the most important contributions in terms of OTEC development as well as existing gaps in knowledge. A protocol for environmental baseline monitoring is proposed, focusing on a set of ten chemical oceanographic parameters relevant to OTEC and addressing gaps in knowledge of the ecology and oceanography of the area chosen for OTEC development.
{"title":"Environmental assessment for ocean thermal energy conversion in Hawaii: Available data and a protocol for baseline monitoring","authors":"C. M. Comfort, L. Vega","doi":"10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107210","url":null,"abstract":"The need to increase renewable energy supply in the United States has prompted ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) technology to be re-considered for use in Hawaii. As with any new development, a thorough environmental impact assessment is needed before the technology can begin field trials. A previous Final Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) from 1981 is available, but needs to be brought up to current oceanographic and engineering standards. There has been much research done on the oceanography of Hawaii since the original EIS, and this report highlights some of the most important contributions in terms of OTEC development as well as existing gaps in knowledge. A protocol for environmental baseline monitoring is proposed, focusing on a set of ten chemical oceanographic parameters relevant to OTEC and addressing gaps in knowledge of the ecology and oceanography of the area chosen for OTEC development.","PeriodicalId":19442,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS'11 MTS/IEEE KONA","volume":"25 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84865105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-19DOI: 10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6106936
D. Akkaynak, Eric Chan, Justine J Allen, R. Hanlon
Most underwater images are post-processed to look pleasing to human viewers. This often results in unrealistically saturated colors. Images taken for the purpose of studying color-sensitive topics such as marine animal coloration, must represent colors as accurately as possible and should not be arbitrarily enhanced. This first requires a transformation of colors from the camera color space to a device independent space. In this paper we present a method for transforming raw camera-RGB colors to a device independent space, optimizing this transformation for a particular underwater habitat. We have conducted an extensive study of the variation of color appearance underwater at a dive site in the Aegean Sea by taking 21 sets of spectrometry and irradiance readings with corresponding photographs of four different color standards. Spectral and photographic data were collected in the presence of natural daylight at various depths and under different weather conditions. In addition to the color charts, we have built a “habitat chart” to optimize this camera-specific transformation for a given dive site.
{"title":"Using spectrometry and photography to study color underwater","authors":"D. Akkaynak, Eric Chan, Justine J Allen, R. Hanlon","doi":"10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6106936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6106936","url":null,"abstract":"Most underwater images are post-processed to look pleasing to human viewers. This often results in unrealistically saturated colors. Images taken for the purpose of studying color-sensitive topics such as marine animal coloration, must represent colors as accurately as possible and should not be arbitrarily enhanced. This first requires a transformation of colors from the camera color space to a device independent space. In this paper we present a method for transforming raw camera-RGB colors to a device independent space, optimizing this transformation for a particular underwater habitat. We have conducted an extensive study of the variation of color appearance underwater at a dive site in the Aegean Sea by taking 21 sets of spectrometry and irradiance readings with corresponding photographs of four different color standards. Spectral and photographic data were collected in the presence of natural daylight at various depths and under different weather conditions. In addition to the color charts, we have built a “habitat chart” to optimize this camera-specific transformation for a given dive site.","PeriodicalId":19442,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS'11 MTS/IEEE KONA","volume":"41 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85081329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-19DOI: 10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107087
A. Clark, D. Kocak
This paper discusses the steps key to successful installation of complex seafloor communication, power and sensor networks. Emphasis on a systems engineering approach to design, development and deployment requiring the coordination of a diverse team of optical fiber specialists, marine cable engineers, technicians, deck hands, riggers, ROV operators, ship's crew and officers is essential to safely and efficiently install these systems at thousands of meters of ocean depth. This is illustrated through the detailed description of a system recently installed in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. CSnet's Offshore Communication Backbone (OCB) will initially serve as the Tsunami Warning and Early Response system of Cyprus (TWERC). Nascent hydrocarbon exploration has also recently begun in this region. As this activity increases, leading to drilling and production, this OCB will similarly be expanded. In a phased approach, the TWERC will be extended to also service this offshore energy enterprise, supporting environmental and well monitoring sensors and providing two way broadband communications and power from seafloor to shore. The initial installation was completed in two preliminary phases. The first phase utilized two vessels (a cable ship and a DP II support ship), each equipped with remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), to lay a total of 255 km of cable, five seafloor nodes, an anchor interface and a seawater ground anode. Both multi-beam and visual (ROV) pre-deployment seafloor surveys of each node (junction box) site was performed. Installing each node, connectivity was maintained (power and communications) with the deployment vessel enabling its functionality to be continuously monitored while being lowered through the water column and after its touchdown on the seafloor. The second phase of this OCB installation deployed a moored buoy that provides both power and communication to the TWERC, in advance of any eventual shore-ended cable and power station and the attendant permitting required for such an installation. This phase required three surface vessels and an ROV to deploy the anchor, the buoy itself and nearly 2.4 km of riser cable with its associated buoyancy modules. Upon their installation, buoy and mooring were “plugged” into the anchor and anchor interface via ROV wet mate connectors (WMCs). Prior to final connection of the TWERC to the surface buoy, final system testing was performed through the riser cable aboard the deployment vessel. With successful operation established, the buoy and riser were connected to the seafloor network and complete end-to-end verification testing was performed over satellite to the Network Operations Command Center (NOCC) on shore. The system is now in operation. The successful installation of the TWERC OCB resulted from strictly adhering to a program management plan, installation storyboard, deployment plan, detailed event table, quality management plan, desktop study (DTS), subsea survey and permits, route p
{"title":"Installing undersea networks and ocean observatories: The CSnet Offshore Communications Backbone (OCB)","authors":"A. Clark, D. Kocak","doi":"10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107087","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the steps key to successful installation of complex seafloor communication, power and sensor networks. Emphasis on a systems engineering approach to design, development and deployment requiring the coordination of a diverse team of optical fiber specialists, marine cable engineers, technicians, deck hands, riggers, ROV operators, ship's crew and officers is essential to safely and efficiently install these systems at thousands of meters of ocean depth. This is illustrated through the detailed description of a system recently installed in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. CSnet's Offshore Communication Backbone (OCB) will initially serve as the Tsunami Warning and Early Response system of Cyprus (TWERC). Nascent hydrocarbon exploration has also recently begun in this region. As this activity increases, leading to drilling and production, this OCB will similarly be expanded. In a phased approach, the TWERC will be extended to also service this offshore energy enterprise, supporting environmental and well monitoring sensors and providing two way broadband communications and power from seafloor to shore. The initial installation was completed in two preliminary phases. The first phase utilized two vessels (a cable ship and a DP II support ship), each equipped with remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), to lay a total of 255 km of cable, five seafloor nodes, an anchor interface and a seawater ground anode. Both multi-beam and visual (ROV) pre-deployment seafloor surveys of each node (junction box) site was performed. Installing each node, connectivity was maintained (power and communications) with the deployment vessel enabling its functionality to be continuously monitored while being lowered through the water column and after its touchdown on the seafloor. The second phase of this OCB installation deployed a moored buoy that provides both power and communication to the TWERC, in advance of any eventual shore-ended cable and power station and the attendant permitting required for such an installation. This phase required three surface vessels and an ROV to deploy the anchor, the buoy itself and nearly 2.4 km of riser cable with its associated buoyancy modules. Upon their installation, buoy and mooring were “plugged” into the anchor and anchor interface via ROV wet mate connectors (WMCs). Prior to final connection of the TWERC to the surface buoy, final system testing was performed through the riser cable aboard the deployment vessel. With successful operation established, the buoy and riser were connected to the seafloor network and complete end-to-end verification testing was performed over satellite to the Network Operations Command Center (NOCC) on shore. The system is now in operation. The successful installation of the TWERC OCB resulted from strictly adhering to a program management plan, installation storyboard, deployment plan, detailed event table, quality management plan, desktop study (DTS), subsea survey and permits, route p","PeriodicalId":19442,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS'11 MTS/IEEE KONA","volume":"2 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85540052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-19DOI: 10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107019
Andrew Melim, M. West
This paper shows a design-to-simulation approach for tackling the autonomous underwater vehicle navigation problem. Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) is a primary research topic in robotics. Efficiently solving the problem of robotic navigation allows for robotic platforms to truly operate autonomously without the need for human in the loop interaction. This problem becomes even more important in underwater environments where traditional navigational aids such as GPS are denied due to the nature of the environment. Autonomous navigation provides the ability to address a much wider array of problems, especially in large scale deployments of AUVs in ocean environments. The goal is to provide Yellowfin, a low-cost, highly-portable AUV for use in littoral and open water environments, a robust and efficient autonomous navigation package. Use of a high frequency imaging sonar for exteroception in the underwater environment is demonstrated as well as simulation results of Extended Kalman Filters and Smoothing and Mapping algorithms for SLAM.
{"title":"Towards autonomous navigation with the Yellowfin AUV","authors":"Andrew Melim, M. West","doi":"10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107019","url":null,"abstract":"This paper shows a design-to-simulation approach for tackling the autonomous underwater vehicle navigation problem. Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) is a primary research topic in robotics. Efficiently solving the problem of robotic navigation allows for robotic platforms to truly operate autonomously without the need for human in the loop interaction. This problem becomes even more important in underwater environments where traditional navigational aids such as GPS are denied due to the nature of the environment. Autonomous navigation provides the ability to address a much wider array of problems, especially in large scale deployments of AUVs in ocean environments. The goal is to provide Yellowfin, a low-cost, highly-portable AUV for use in littoral and open water environments, a robust and efficient autonomous navigation package. Use of a high frequency imaging sonar for exteroception in the underwater environment is demonstrated as well as simulation results of Extended Kalman Filters and Smoothing and Mapping algorithms for SLAM.","PeriodicalId":19442,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS'11 MTS/IEEE KONA","volume":"13 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82017474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-19DOI: 10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107206
K. Abe, T. Imaizumi, Hiroshige Tanaka, Seiji Oshimo
The YOKO-MARU is newly built last December that is a research vessel belongs to Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute. She equipped the new multibeam echosounder SIMRAD ME70 which is expected to be active in future research. East China Sea is one of important fishing area of small pelagic fishes, sardine, anchovy, chub mackerel, and jack mackerel, and YOKO-MARU investigate around this area. Because of research results of acoustic surveys are important informations for decision of TAC (total allowable catch), it is required to investigate more accurate. Though echo-integration survey is the standard method of abundance and biomass estimation, fish avoidance reactions from vessels cause uncertainty sometimes in a survey for small pelagic fishes especially. To observe this behavior, horizontal and vertical scanning multibeam sonar have been employed. Also multibeam echosounder ME70 has vertical scanning acoustic beam, and it is able to scan widely under a vessel. Moreover, ME70 is a calibrated, so we can use quantitative information from target fishes. In this study, we introduce our first trial using ME70 and discuss future work of acoustic survey by YOKO-MARU.
{"title":"First trial of multibeam echosounder ME70 mouted on YOKO-MARU","authors":"K. Abe, T. Imaizumi, Hiroshige Tanaka, Seiji Oshimo","doi":"10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107206","url":null,"abstract":"The YOKO-MARU is newly built last December that is a research vessel belongs to Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute. She equipped the new multibeam echosounder SIMRAD ME70 which is expected to be active in future research. East China Sea is one of important fishing area of small pelagic fishes, sardine, anchovy, chub mackerel, and jack mackerel, and YOKO-MARU investigate around this area. Because of research results of acoustic surveys are important informations for decision of TAC (total allowable catch), it is required to investigate more accurate. Though echo-integration survey is the standard method of abundance and biomass estimation, fish avoidance reactions from vessels cause uncertainty sometimes in a survey for small pelagic fishes especially. To observe this behavior, horizontal and vertical scanning multibeam sonar have been employed. Also multibeam echosounder ME70 has vertical scanning acoustic beam, and it is able to scan widely under a vessel. Moreover, ME70 is a calibrated, so we can use quantitative information from target fishes. In this study, we introduce our first trial using ME70 and discuss future work of acoustic survey by YOKO-MARU.","PeriodicalId":19442,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS'11 MTS/IEEE KONA","volume":"85 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83982547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-19DOI: 10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107130
Guillermo Sohnlein, Stockton Rush, L. Thompson
This case study discusses OceanGate's efforts to integrate BlueView Technologies' new 3D sonar scanning system onto its manned submersible in support of nautical archaeology. The integration process is described, along with lessons learned on technical and operational considerations.
{"title":"Using manned submersibles to create 3D sonar scans of shipwrecks","authors":"Guillermo Sohnlein, Stockton Rush, L. Thompson","doi":"10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107130","url":null,"abstract":"This case study discusses OceanGate's efforts to integrate BlueView Technologies' new 3D sonar scanning system onto its manned submersible in support of nautical archaeology. The integration process is described, along with lessons learned on technical and operational considerations.","PeriodicalId":19442,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS'11 MTS/IEEE KONA","volume":"13 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80462814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-19DOI: 10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107255
R. Garello, A. Ghaleb, S. Even, B. Chapron, N. Pinel, N. de Beaucoudrey, F. Comblet, M. Parenthoen, E. Pottier
This work is a significant part of the MODENA project, aiming at modeling and simulating the maritime environment remotely sensed by a radar [1].The main steps of the project go through a modeling of the ocean surface, the man-made objects on the surface as well as of the interaction between the electromagnetic waves with this surface and the objects. One of the main interests of the radar simulation is SAR imaging. Usually SAR imaging is directly simulated from a sea spectrum, through an appropriate transfer function. The drawback of this method is the impossibility to simulate a phenomenon whose size is inferior to the SAR resolution. The methodology developed in this paper is different since the simulation is done before SAR processing. By choosing to simulate the backscattered field toward the radar antenna, it is then possible to define the scene mesh independently of the final SAR image resolution. Furthermore the use of irregular mesh provides opportunities to focus more finely on specific phenomena locally defined. The simulation principle was explained in [6]. It consists of reproducing the acquisition of a Real Aperture Radar (RAR) moving along an axis. An important part of the simulation is the generation of the sea surface. It is achieved by a multi-scale model whose description is given in [2] and [3]. This model gives the possibility to manage and represent dynamically the maritime environment at different scales: large scale for the long waves of the sea surface (swell-like); short scale for small waves (wind-driven ones). To improve the processing time some contributions can also be retrieved from Look-Up Tables. Hence, our method performs a realistic simulation of electromagnetic interactions in a maritime environment. This paper will focus on the results obtained from the theoretical and practical developments achieved since the description given in [4] at last year conference.
{"title":"Radar sea surface modeling and simulation","authors":"R. Garello, A. Ghaleb, S. Even, B. Chapron, N. Pinel, N. de Beaucoudrey, F. Comblet, M. Parenthoen, E. Pottier","doi":"10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107255","url":null,"abstract":"This work is a significant part of the MODENA project, aiming at modeling and simulating the maritime environment remotely sensed by a radar [1].The main steps of the project go through a modeling of the ocean surface, the man-made objects on the surface as well as of the interaction between the electromagnetic waves with this surface and the objects. One of the main interests of the radar simulation is SAR imaging. Usually SAR imaging is directly simulated from a sea spectrum, through an appropriate transfer function. The drawback of this method is the impossibility to simulate a phenomenon whose size is inferior to the SAR resolution. The methodology developed in this paper is different since the simulation is done before SAR processing. By choosing to simulate the backscattered field toward the radar antenna, it is then possible to define the scene mesh independently of the final SAR image resolution. Furthermore the use of irregular mesh provides opportunities to focus more finely on specific phenomena locally defined. The simulation principle was explained in [6]. It consists of reproducing the acquisition of a Real Aperture Radar (RAR) moving along an axis. An important part of the simulation is the generation of the sea surface. It is achieved by a multi-scale model whose description is given in [2] and [3]. This model gives the possibility to manage and represent dynamically the maritime environment at different scales: large scale for the long waves of the sea surface (swell-like); short scale for small waves (wind-driven ones). To improve the processing time some contributions can also be retrieved from Look-Up Tables. Hence, our method performs a realistic simulation of electromagnetic interactions in a maritime environment. This paper will focus on the results obtained from the theoretical and practical developments achieved since the description given in [4] at last year conference.","PeriodicalId":19442,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS'11 MTS/IEEE KONA","volume":"24 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83245844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-19DOI: 10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107303
Y. Furushima, Sadao Suzuki, T. Maruyama, W. Phoel, M. Nagao
This paper describes the development of an apparatus which can take a time series of coral fluorescence images. The purpose of this study is to provide an outline of a “coral fluorescent protein monitoring system”. We discuss the method of acquisition of the fluorescent images and the prospects for future studies. Fluorescent proteins are very common in reef corals. For example, fluorescent proteins such as Midoriishi-Cyan (MiCy), which produces blue-green fluorescence, and Azami-Green (AG), which produces green fluorescence, were identified in Galaxea fascicularis and Acropora sp‥ A correlation between bleaching resistance in corals and the concentration of fluorescent proteins in their tissue was found after the large-scale bleaching event which struck the Great Barrier Reef in 1998. Therefore, coral fluorescence proteins play an important role in protecting coral zooxanthellae (symbiotic algae) against excessive sunlight. Coral bleaching occurs when zooxanthellae leave their coral host. The result of this loss is the whitening of coral colonies. Therefore fluctuations in the concentration of fluorescent proteins in corals may be used as an index of coral activity. The responses of coral activity to environmental changes in coral reef regions may be evaluated by carrying out simultaneous measurements of coral fluorescence and environmental parameters.
{"title":"Development of a coral fluorescent protein monitoring system","authors":"Y. Furushima, Sadao Suzuki, T. Maruyama, W. Phoel, M. Nagao","doi":"10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107303","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the development of an apparatus which can take a time series of coral fluorescence images. The purpose of this study is to provide an outline of a “coral fluorescent protein monitoring system”. We discuss the method of acquisition of the fluorescent images and the prospects for future studies. Fluorescent proteins are very common in reef corals. For example, fluorescent proteins such as Midoriishi-Cyan (MiCy), which produces blue-green fluorescence, and Azami-Green (AG), which produces green fluorescence, were identified in Galaxea fascicularis and Acropora sp‥ A correlation between bleaching resistance in corals and the concentration of fluorescent proteins in their tissue was found after the large-scale bleaching event which struck the Great Barrier Reef in 1998. Therefore, coral fluorescence proteins play an important role in protecting coral zooxanthellae (symbiotic algae) against excessive sunlight. Coral bleaching occurs when zooxanthellae leave their coral host. The result of this loss is the whitening of coral colonies. Therefore fluctuations in the concentration of fluorescent proteins in corals may be used as an index of coral activity. The responses of coral activity to environmental changes in coral reef regions may be evaluated by carrying out simultaneous measurements of coral fluorescence and environmental parameters.","PeriodicalId":19442,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS'11 MTS/IEEE KONA","volume":"10 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77755879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-19DOI: 10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6106996
L. J. Frizzell-Makowski, R. A. Shelsby, J. Mann, D. Scheidt
The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory developed an autonomous sailing vessel for persistent ocean surveillance. The unmanned autonomous surface vehicle is capable of extracting wind, water turbine, and solar energy from the local environment for long-term station-keeping as part of DARPA's Persistent Ocean Surveillance Program. The vehicle is capable of withstanding a 1 m/s (2-kt) current and varying littoral sea states to maintain a specified watch radius. The unmanned sailing vehicle uses an autonomously controlled sail and auxiliary thruster that are integrated with GPS, an anemometer (wind speed and direction), three-axis accelerometers, and compass to allow for station-keeping. An initial prototype was designed and developed in 2005, culminating in an at-sea station-keeping demonstration in March 2006. The prototype was successful in station-keeping under sail power 91% of the 24 hour demonstration period. A second-generation prototype that incorporates Iridium communications, solar cells, and an acoustic sensor was designed, developed and tested. Results from the testing demonstrations of the initial and the second generation prototypes will be discussed.
{"title":"An autonomous energy harvesting station-keeping vehicle for Persistent Ocean Surveillance","authors":"L. J. Frizzell-Makowski, R. A. Shelsby, J. Mann, D. Scheidt","doi":"10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6106996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6106996","url":null,"abstract":"The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory developed an autonomous sailing vessel for persistent ocean surveillance. The unmanned autonomous surface vehicle is capable of extracting wind, water turbine, and solar energy from the local environment for long-term station-keeping as part of DARPA's Persistent Ocean Surveillance Program. The vehicle is capable of withstanding a 1 m/s (2-kt) current and varying littoral sea states to maintain a specified watch radius. The unmanned sailing vehicle uses an autonomously controlled sail and auxiliary thruster that are integrated with GPS, an anemometer (wind speed and direction), three-axis accelerometers, and compass to allow for station-keeping. An initial prototype was designed and developed in 2005, culminating in an at-sea station-keeping demonstration in March 2006. The prototype was successful in station-keeping under sail power 91% of the 24 hour demonstration period. A second-generation prototype that incorporates Iridium communications, solar cells, and an acoustic sensor was designed, developed and tested. Results from the testing demonstrations of the initial and the second generation prototypes will be discussed.","PeriodicalId":19442,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS'11 MTS/IEEE KONA","volume":"20 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81186715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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