Pub Date : 2011-12-19DOI: 10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107070
Dong Ho Lee, KyungWoon Lee, Ui-seok Jeong, J. Park
The optical properties of both phytoplankton and zooplankton were investigated in this study. The absorption spectrums of planktons were measured using an UV-visible spectrophotometer. An absorption peak was found at 670 nm for the phytoplankton. A particle detecting system for an optical plankton counter (OPC) was designed and built with a red LED as a light source based on the optical characteristics of plankton. In order to observe underwater environment, the embedded system was developed. The autonomous float is controlled by embedded system composed of field-programmable gate array (FPGA) and CPU to perform image signal processing, data compression, power management and satellite communication. Embedded system acquires high-resolution particle image using a linear-CCD for counting particles in underwater environment. On-board signal processing reduces amount of particle image data for good performance in satellite communication. Using OPC and the embedded system, scanning images of brine shrimp was acquired.
{"title":"Implementation of optical plankton counter with embedded system for autonomous float","authors":"Dong Ho Lee, KyungWoon Lee, Ui-seok Jeong, J. Park","doi":"10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107070","url":null,"abstract":"The optical properties of both phytoplankton and zooplankton were investigated in this study. The absorption spectrums of planktons were measured using an UV-visible spectrophotometer. An absorption peak was found at 670 nm for the phytoplankton. A particle detecting system for an optical plankton counter (OPC) was designed and built with a red LED as a light source based on the optical characteristics of plankton. In order to observe underwater environment, the embedded system was developed. The autonomous float is controlled by embedded system composed of field-programmable gate array (FPGA) and CPU to perform image signal processing, data compression, power management and satellite communication. Embedded system acquires high-resolution particle image using a linear-CCD for counting particles in underwater environment. On-board signal processing reduces amount of particle image data for good performance in satellite communication. Using OPC and the embedded system, scanning images of brine shrimp was acquired.","PeriodicalId":19442,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS'11 MTS/IEEE KONA","volume":"44 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76844792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-19DOI: 10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107197
Yongjune Kim, I. Koh, Yongshik Lee
This paper proposes a new normal mode algorithm based on Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) scheme. The proposed method can efficiently predict the wideband path-loss of the underwater acoustic channel through only one simulation, while the conventional normal mode theory based on frequency-domain analysis should be repeated many times over wideband frequency points. To validate the proposed method, a 40% bandwidth at 20 Hz has been simulated using a Gaussian pulse excitation and compared with the known normal mode solution, the Kraken, and the ray theory solution, the Bellhop.
{"title":"Path-loss prediction based on FDTD method and normal mode theory for underwater acoustic channel","authors":"Yongjune Kim, I. Koh, Yongshik Lee","doi":"10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107197","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a new normal mode algorithm based on Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) scheme. The proposed method can efficiently predict the wideband path-loss of the underwater acoustic channel through only one simulation, while the conventional normal mode theory based on frequency-domain analysis should be repeated many times over wideband frequency points. To validate the proposed method, a 40% bandwidth at 20 Hz has been simulated using a Gaussian pulse excitation and compared with the known normal mode solution, the Kraken, and the ray theory solution, the Bellhop.","PeriodicalId":19442,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS'11 MTS/IEEE KONA","volume":"47 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76856305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-19DOI: 10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107281
M. Hill
President Barack Obama announced, in April 2009, the completion of the Final Renewable Energy Framework to govern the management of the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Renewable Energy Program. Examples of the general types of renewable energy project activities the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement (BOEMRE) has the discretion to authorize include, but are not limited to: wind energy, wave energy, ocean current energy, solar energy and hydrogen production. The BOEMRE is actively implementing the program in the Atlantic and Pacific OCS Regions. In July 2011, Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar agreed to establish a BOEMRE-Hawaii OCS Renewable Energy task force and to work collaboratively to identify appropriate opportunities for research and commercial renewable energy leasing on the OCS off Hawaii. The BOEMRE has begun to work closely with state and federal agencies and local government representatives to plan and coordinate the implementation of the program in Hawaii.)
{"title":"Renewable energy on the outer continental shelf off Hawaii: Implementation of a new program under the authority of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement","authors":"M. Hill","doi":"10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107281","url":null,"abstract":"President Barack Obama announced, in April 2009, the completion of the Final Renewable Energy Framework to govern the management of the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Renewable Energy Program. Examples of the general types of renewable energy project activities the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement (BOEMRE) has the discretion to authorize include, but are not limited to: wind energy, wave energy, ocean current energy, solar energy and hydrogen production. The BOEMRE is actively implementing the program in the Atlantic and Pacific OCS Regions. In July 2011, Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar agreed to establish a BOEMRE-Hawaii OCS Renewable Energy task force and to work collaboratively to identify appropriate opportunities for research and commercial renewable energy leasing on the OCS off Hawaii. The BOEMRE has begun to work closely with state and federal agencies and local government representatives to plan and coordinate the implementation of the program in Hawaii.)","PeriodicalId":19442,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS'11 MTS/IEEE KONA","volume":"60 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75953563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-19DOI: 10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107155
J. Liou
Transient force and torque on a small Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) traversing underneath a sailing ship in deep water are quantified under idealized conditions. This study represents the ship's hull and the flow field by the lower half of the flow field associated with an axial symmetric Rankine oval. The AUV has a semi-spherical nose cone, a cylindrical body, a tapered section, and a tail-cone. Connected to the underside of the AUV is a magnetometer. The AUV and the magnetometer are represented by a two dimensional body with a profile that matches that of the AUV and the magnetometer. The flow field experienced by the AUV is essentially two dimensional and is modeled as such. Assuming potential flow with infinite extent, a panel method is used to obtain the tangential velocities on the AUV and magnetometer surfaces. Dynamic pressures at these surfaces are found using the unsteady Bernoulli equation. The force and torque are then computed. Rapid changes of these hydrodynamic loads as the AUV passes under the bow and the stern of the ship are demonstrated.
{"title":"AUV hydrodynamics for survivability and controllability","authors":"J. Liou","doi":"10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107155","url":null,"abstract":"Transient force and torque on a small Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) traversing underneath a sailing ship in deep water are quantified under idealized conditions. This study represents the ship's hull and the flow field by the lower half of the flow field associated with an axial symmetric Rankine oval. The AUV has a semi-spherical nose cone, a cylindrical body, a tapered section, and a tail-cone. Connected to the underside of the AUV is a magnetometer. The AUV and the magnetometer are represented by a two dimensional body with a profile that matches that of the AUV and the magnetometer. The flow field experienced by the AUV is essentially two dimensional and is modeled as such. Assuming potential flow with infinite extent, a panel method is used to obtain the tangential velocities on the AUV and magnetometer surfaces. Dynamic pressures at these surfaces are found using the unsteady Bernoulli equation. The force and torque are then computed. Rapid changes of these hydrodynamic loads as the AUV passes under the bow and the stern of the ship are demonstrated.","PeriodicalId":19442,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS'11 MTS/IEEE KONA","volume":"42 8 Pt 2 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82861562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-19DOI: 10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107117
M. Sangekar, B. Thornton, T. Nakatani, A. Bodenmann, T. Sakamaki, T. Ura
The autonomous underwater vehicle has proven to be an important tool for study of the seafloor. Detailed seafloor analysis often requires wide area observations with high resolution information. Certain sensors require close proximity to the seafloor or contact, with stable footing to perform integrated measurements over a period of time. Such wide area high resolution surveys cannot be performed by a cruising or hovering type vehicle alone. In this research the authors propose a new class of AUV along with a survey technique in which an underwater vehicle can generate meter order resolution wide area maps of the seafloor, but at intermediate locations, obtain higher, centimeter order resolution information by lowering scanning speed and altitude and finally, by landing to obtain micrometer order resolution measurements or to perform integrated measurements at the same position. A new underwater vehicle with slight negative buoyancy has been developed which has hardware and software to perform landing on the seafloor. Since the seafloor can change abruptly and at short intervals, the reliability and functioning of such technology requires real-time seafloor classification for detection of suitable landing sites. A landing algorithm has been developed which uses laser profile data to calculate a landing vector coordinate for safe landing in realtime and this has been implemented on a newly developed landing vehicle. An autonomous landing system has been developed which uses this algorithm to perform landing operations. Experiments were conducted at a tank facility to demonstrate real-time computation of the landing algorithm and autonomous landing of the vehicle using the proposed system. Results from the landing experiments conducted are presented in this paper.
{"title":"Autonomous landing experiments with an underwater vehicle for multi-resolution wide area seafloor observation","authors":"M. Sangekar, B. Thornton, T. Nakatani, A. Bodenmann, T. Sakamaki, T. Ura","doi":"10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107117","url":null,"abstract":"The autonomous underwater vehicle has proven to be an important tool for study of the seafloor. Detailed seafloor analysis often requires wide area observations with high resolution information. Certain sensors require close proximity to the seafloor or contact, with stable footing to perform integrated measurements over a period of time. Such wide area high resolution surveys cannot be performed by a cruising or hovering type vehicle alone. In this research the authors propose a new class of AUV along with a survey technique in which an underwater vehicle can generate meter order resolution wide area maps of the seafloor, but at intermediate locations, obtain higher, centimeter order resolution information by lowering scanning speed and altitude and finally, by landing to obtain micrometer order resolution measurements or to perform integrated measurements at the same position. A new underwater vehicle with slight negative buoyancy has been developed which has hardware and software to perform landing on the seafloor. Since the seafloor can change abruptly and at short intervals, the reliability and functioning of such technology requires real-time seafloor classification for detection of suitable landing sites. A landing algorithm has been developed which uses laser profile data to calculate a landing vector coordinate for safe landing in realtime and this has been implemented on a newly developed landing vehicle. An autonomous landing system has been developed which uses this algorithm to perform landing operations. Experiments were conducted at a tank facility to demonstrate real-time computation of the landing algorithm and autonomous landing of the vehicle using the proposed system. Results from the landing experiments conducted are presented in this paper.","PeriodicalId":19442,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS'11 MTS/IEEE KONA","volume":"77 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82484265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-19DOI: 10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107272
O. Midtgaard, R. Hansen, T. O. Saebo, V. Myers, J. Dubberley, I. Quidu
In April of 2011, FFI led a sea trial near Larvik, Norway on FFIs research vessel the H.U. Sverdrup II with participation by representatives from Canada, United States, and France. One objective of the sea trial was to acquire a data set suitable for examining incoherent and coherent change detection and automated target recognition (ATR) algorithms applied to Synthetic Aperture Sonar (SAS) imagery. The end goal is to produce an automated tool for detecting recently placed objects on the seafloor. To test these algorithms two areas were chosen, one with a comparatively benign seafloor and one with a boulder strewn complex seafloor. Each area was surveyed before and after deployment of objects. The survey time intervals varied from two days to eight days. In this paper we present the trial and show examples of SAS images and change detection of the images.
{"title":"Change detection using Synthetic Aperture Sonar: Preliminary results from the Larvik trial","authors":"O. Midtgaard, R. Hansen, T. O. Saebo, V. Myers, J. Dubberley, I. Quidu","doi":"10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107272","url":null,"abstract":"In April of 2011, FFI led a sea trial near Larvik, Norway on FFIs research vessel the H.U. Sverdrup II with participation by representatives from Canada, United States, and France. One objective of the sea trial was to acquire a data set suitable for examining incoherent and coherent change detection and automated target recognition (ATR) algorithms applied to Synthetic Aperture Sonar (SAS) imagery. The end goal is to produce an automated tool for detecting recently placed objects on the seafloor. To test these algorithms two areas were chosen, one with a comparatively benign seafloor and one with a boulder strewn complex seafloor. Each area was surveyed before and after deployment of objects. The survey time intervals varied from two days to eight days. In this paper we present the trial and show examples of SAS images and change detection of the images.","PeriodicalId":19442,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS'11 MTS/IEEE KONA","volume":"49 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82518266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-19DOI: 10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6106902
R. J. Barton, Geoffrey R. Moss, Kevin B. Smith
In this study, the properties of the scattered acoustic vector fields generated by a simple rigid motionless sphere and cylinder are investigated. Analytical solutions are derived from general acoustic pressure scattering models, and analyzed for wave numbers in the resonance region. The separable active and reactive components of the acoustic intensity are used to investigate the structural features of the scattered field components. The ability to extract scattered field features is illustrated with measurements obtained from in-air experiments using an anechoic chamber and acoustic intensity probes to measure the scattered acoustic vector field resulting from continuous plane wave illumination.
{"title":"Scattered acoustic intensity field measurements of a rigid motionless sphere and cylinder","authors":"R. J. Barton, Geoffrey R. Moss, Kevin B. Smith","doi":"10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6106902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6106902","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the properties of the scattered acoustic vector fields generated by a simple rigid motionless sphere and cylinder are investigated. Analytical solutions are derived from general acoustic pressure scattering models, and analyzed for wave numbers in the resonance region. The separable active and reactive components of the acoustic intensity are used to investigate the structural features of the scattered field components. The ability to extract scattered field features is illustrated with measurements obtained from in-air experiments using an anechoic chamber and acoustic intensity probes to measure the scattered acoustic vector field resulting from continuous plane wave illumination.","PeriodicalId":19442,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS'11 MTS/IEEE KONA","volume":"63 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81365280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-19DOI: 10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107158
D. Riley, M. Beninati, M. Krane, A. Fontaine
The flow around an array of vertical solid surface mounted cylinders is characterized. These cylinders model the support structures used for a Marine Hydrokinetic (MHK) device. MHK devices extract the kinetic energy of flowing water and use it to turn an electrical generator. Array configuration is thought to contribute to performance and the amount of extractable power. For example an offset array might extract more energy than a side-by-side array. The offset array could extract more energy from the flow by having the wakes of the upstream structures funnel the incident flow, increasing kinetic energy flux onto a downstream turbine.
{"title":"Characterization of flow through an array of cylinders modeling Marine Hydrokinetic support structures","authors":"D. Riley, M. Beninati, M. Krane, A. Fontaine","doi":"10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107158","url":null,"abstract":"The flow around an array of vertical solid surface mounted cylinders is characterized. These cylinders model the support structures used for a Marine Hydrokinetic (MHK) device. MHK devices extract the kinetic energy of flowing water and use it to turn an electrical generator. Array configuration is thought to contribute to performance and the amount of extractable power. For example an offset array might extract more energy than a side-by-side array. The offset array could extract more energy from the flow by having the wakes of the upstream structures funnel the incident flow, increasing kinetic energy flux onto a downstream turbine.","PeriodicalId":19442,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS'11 MTS/IEEE KONA","volume":"388 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89561282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-19DOI: 10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6106903
Ehsan Sadighrad, F. Ahmadi-Givi, A. Bidokhti
The ocean thermohaline circulation is caused by water density contrasts. This circulation has large capacity of carrying heat around the globe and it thus affects the energy budget and further affects the climate. Henry Stommel's (1958) abyssal circulation article contained the first theoretical analysis of the deep thermohaline circulation (THC). Due to Stommel's reasoning the incoming heat flux via the sun's radiation is stirred downward by wind and the thermal convection, and heats up the waters down to the thermocline and that this subsurface source of heat must be offset by a source of cold if the ocean is not to become continuously warmer. The resulting flow pattern is still used as the zero-order circulation of the deep oceans of the world. Since Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of salty water, therefore the study of circulation pattern in this sea for determination of pollution propagation and sediment transport is important. This study is based on a numerical model for prediction of a 2-D behavior of the Caspian Sea circulation due to the effect of uniform surface wind force and density gradients. The model is based on the equations of Navier-Stokes, salinity, and heat applying finite element method. It is assumed that the dominant surface wind is in the north-west direction. Simulation results include flow pattern of the circulation, relative vorticity, and density changes. The subdomain is partitioned into tetrahedral mesh elements and hence, the boundaries are partitioned into tetrahedral boundary elements. The specifications of medium such as fluid velocity under wind stress, inward heat flux, heat capacity of fluid, thermal conductivity, heat, and salinity diffusion coefficients are mentioned. The results of simulation and water circulation show that there are counterclockwise circulations in the South and North Caspian and clockwise circulations in the Middle Caspian. Relative vorticity, circulation and density pattern are presented and at the end some suggestions are made to obtain the results similar to reality.
{"title":"Finite element modeling of surface layer circulation in the Caspian Sea","authors":"Ehsan Sadighrad, F. Ahmadi-Givi, A. Bidokhti","doi":"10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6106903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6106903","url":null,"abstract":"The ocean thermohaline circulation is caused by water density contrasts. This circulation has large capacity of carrying heat around the globe and it thus affects the energy budget and further affects the climate. Henry Stommel's (1958) abyssal circulation article contained the first theoretical analysis of the deep thermohaline circulation (THC). Due to Stommel's reasoning the incoming heat flux via the sun's radiation is stirred downward by wind and the thermal convection, and heats up the waters down to the thermocline and that this subsurface source of heat must be offset by a source of cold if the ocean is not to become continuously warmer. The resulting flow pattern is still used as the zero-order circulation of the deep oceans of the world. Since Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of salty water, therefore the study of circulation pattern in this sea for determination of pollution propagation and sediment transport is important. This study is based on a numerical model for prediction of a 2-D behavior of the Caspian Sea circulation due to the effect of uniform surface wind force and density gradients. The model is based on the equations of Navier-Stokes, salinity, and heat applying finite element method. It is assumed that the dominant surface wind is in the north-west direction. Simulation results include flow pattern of the circulation, relative vorticity, and density changes. The subdomain is partitioned into tetrahedral mesh elements and hence, the boundaries are partitioned into tetrahedral boundary elements. The specifications of medium such as fluid velocity under wind stress, inward heat flux, heat capacity of fluid, thermal conductivity, heat, and salinity diffusion coefficients are mentioned. The results of simulation and water circulation show that there are counterclockwise circulations in the South and North Caspian and clockwise circulations in the Middle Caspian. Relative vorticity, circulation and density pattern are presented and at the end some suggestions are made to obtain the results similar to reality.","PeriodicalId":19442,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS'11 MTS/IEEE KONA","volume":"82 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89665769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-19DOI: 10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107244
J. Newton, J. Apple
Students from Native American tribes in the Pacific Northwest United States are under-represented in ocean studies despite tribes' strong cultural ties to the sea for thousands of years. Tribes with lands bordering seawater and who currently use this environment are numerous in the Puget Sound region. Yet entrainment of tribal students into ocean sciences higher education is lacking. Through efforts that span and integrate several programs, we have initiated several successful practices to understand and break through some of the barriers to improve this status. Some solutions are quite straightforward, but not obvious if Native American cultural awareness is not appreciated. One highly successful practice has been use of peer-to-peer knowledge transfer. We have also found that including sampling over the full spectrum of the pelagic ecosystem has been successful. Native American students and their communities are attracted to this work because the data are ecosystem inclusive (water to whales), the content is place-based, and the learning environment focuses on an experiential, student-led, inquiry-based approach - all of which resonate with the Native culture. The utility of this perspective as a contribution to STEM research is obvious. We seek to share our lessons learned with the ocean community to foster a wider and more diverse participation in ocean science.
{"title":"The value of peer-to-peer knowledge transfer for engaging pacific northwest tribes in stem education and oceanographic studies","authors":"J. Newton, J. Apple","doi":"10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107244","url":null,"abstract":"Students from Native American tribes in the Pacific Northwest United States are under-represented in ocean studies despite tribes' strong cultural ties to the sea for thousands of years. Tribes with lands bordering seawater and who currently use this environment are numerous in the Puget Sound region. Yet entrainment of tribal students into ocean sciences higher education is lacking. Through efforts that span and integrate several programs, we have initiated several successful practices to understand and break through some of the barriers to improve this status. Some solutions are quite straightforward, but not obvious if Native American cultural awareness is not appreciated. One highly successful practice has been use of peer-to-peer knowledge transfer. We have also found that including sampling over the full spectrum of the pelagic ecosystem has been successful. Native American students and their communities are attracted to this work because the data are ecosystem inclusive (water to whales), the content is place-based, and the learning environment focuses on an experiential, student-led, inquiry-based approach - all of which resonate with the Native culture. The utility of this perspective as a contribution to STEM research is obvious. We seek to share our lessons learned with the ocean community to foster a wider and more diverse participation in ocean science.","PeriodicalId":19442,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS'11 MTS/IEEE KONA","volume":"37 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84124642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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