Nutrition reviews最新文献

Systematic review registration: Open Science Framework identifier osf.io/98n7r.

Context: The combination of vitamin D supplementation and exercise has gained attention for its potential to improve body composition and muscular strength.

Objective: In this systematic review and meta-analysis we aimed to determine whether combining vitamin D supplementation with exercise is more effective than exercise alone in improving body composition and muscular strength in adults.

Data sources: We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus up to April 1, 2024.

Data extraction: Studies evaluating vitamin D supplementation combined with exercise versus exercise-only controls were included. Outcomes assessed were 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), fat mass (FM), body fat percentage (BFP), fat-free mass (FFM), and muscular strength (handgrip, leg press, and knee extension). Weighted mean differences (WMDs) were calculated. Fractional polynomial modeling was used to assess nonlinear associations between vitamin D dose (IU/wk), intervention duration, and outcomes.

Data analysis: A total of 28 studies with 1675 participants were included. Vitamin D combined with exercise significantly increased 25(OH)D levels compared to exercise alone (WMD, 34.11 nmol/L; P = .001). Subgroup analyses showed significant increases in 25(OH)D levels in both healthy and unhealthy adults. No significant effects were observed for BW, BMI, FM, BFP, FFM, or leg press strength (all P > .05). A modest but significant improvement was found in knee extension strength (WMD, 4.36 kg; P = .039). Additionally, handgrip strength improved significantly in older adults and in those receiving higher vitamin D doses.

Conclusion: Vitamin D supplementation combined with exercise increases 25(OH)D levels but does not improve body composition more than exercise alone. Overall, muscular strength was not significantly affected; however, modest improvements were observed in knee extension strength and handgrip strength, particularly in older adults and those receiving higher vitamin D doses.

Systematic review registration: PROSPERO registration No. CRD42024548619.

Context: Zinc-biofortified staple crops offer a potentially cost-effective and sustainable approach to address zinc deficiency in low- and middle-income countries. Scientists have developed and released several zinc-biofortified staple crops varieties globally and assessed their efficacy in improving biomarkers of zinc status. However, there are inconsistencies in result across the studies.

Objective: The objective of the present research was to systematically explore the existing literature to assess the efficacy of zinc-biofortified staple crops in improving zinc status.

Data sources: We performed a comprehensive literature search using 5 electronic databases: SCOPUS, Medline, CINAHL, Embase, and Web of Science, focusing on randomized controlled trials reporting the efficacy of zinc-biofortified staple crops in improving zinc status. The initial search was conducted during April 14-16, 2024, with an updated search on April 8, 2025. The protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42025603758).

Data extraction: In this review we identified 1869 articles from the 5 databases, with 1068 studies screened for title and abstract. Full-text review was conducted on 20 articles, and the 7 were ultimately included for this review based on eligibility.

Results: Among the 7 studies included in the review, only a crossover study reported an increase in plasma zinc at the midpoint, which was abolished at the endpoint. One study reported improvement in infection-related morbidity, while another reported increased hair zinc. Exploration of the included studies revealed several methodological issues, such as not adjusting plasma zinc for inflammation and ignoring loss of zinc during cooking, as well as overlooking the potential treatment effect of habitual intake of zinc and its bioavailability.

Conclusions: Plasma zinc concentration remains largely unaffected by consumption of biofortified staple crops. Further research addressing the abovementioned limitations are crucial to determine the efficacy of zinc-biofortified staple crops in improving the zinc status of populations.

Systematic review registration: PROSPERO registration No. CRD42025603758.

Context: Cumulative evidence suggests an association between vitamin D and nocturnal lower urinary tract symptoms (nLUTS), but results remain inconclusive.

Objective: To systematically assess the relationship between vitamin D status or intake and nLUTS via a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Data sources: The PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched through July 2025 without language restrictions. Case-control, cross-sectional, cohort, and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effects of vitamin D status or intake on nLUTS were included.

Data extraction: A total of 2725 articles were identified through the literature search, of which 17 met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review. These comprised 5 RCTs, 2 cohort studies, 4 cross-sectional studies, and 6 case-control studies.

Data analysis: Vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng mL-1) was associated with a 4.86-fold increase in the odds of nLUTS, and mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were 7.75 ng mL-1 lower in individuals with nLUTS than in control participants. Vitamin D supplementation correlated with an 86% relative risk reduction for nLUTS and a decrease of 0.23 nocturnal voids per night. Stronger associations were observed in pediatric populations and patients with nocturnal polyuria.

Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency is a significant risk factor for nLUTS; supplementation may offer therapeutic benefits. Assessing vitamin D status could guide nLUTS management.

Systematic review registration: PROSPERO registration no. CRD420251004940.

Understanding human evolution is key to understanding our energy and nutrient requirements and the mechanisms that regulate food selection and responses. This knowledge also elucidates why the body is vulnerable to nutrition-related disease and dysfunction, thus guiding dietary recommendations to optimize health in different populations. Evolutionary perspectives are, however, frequently misinterpreted, rendering it difficult for nutrition scientists to benefit from the insights that this approach can bring. In this article, we first describe common misconceptions and pitfalls in some recent applications of evolutionary theory to nutrition. To avoid these problems, we outline how core tenets and concepts from evolutionary medicine-an interdisciplinary field that applies insights from evolutionary biology to human health and disease-can help inform nutrition research. These insights include considering the importance of both ultimate and proximate explanations for evolved traits, along with how vulnerabilities within our evolved biology may increase the risk of nutrition-related problems. We then provide an example of how these principles operate in a relevant field of investigation, namely, the study of how nutrient-specific appetites may drive eating behaviors and health outcomes.

Context: Sustainable and regulated educational-setting food interventions may support regular and appropriate nutritional intake, resulting in positive health outcomes.

Objective: The aim of this review was to assess the strength of associations between educational-setting food interventions and health outcomes among students.

Data sources: The PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched systematically for studies that investigated the association on educational-setting feeding intervention and health outcomes. Students receiving vs those not receiving educational-setting feeding interventions were eligible.

Data extraction: We extracted data on study characteristics, participants, feeding interventions, and health outcomes.

Data analysis: Outcomes were aggregated and reported as mean difference (MD) or event rate (ER), along with 95% CIs, using a 1-stage approach and a random-effects model. We included 91 studies with a total of 47 241 students, of whom 25 220 received an educational-setting feeding intervention. Meta-analysis results indicated a significant association between educational-setting feeding intervention and higher hemoglobin (MD = 0.80; 95% CI, 0.73-0.88), body iron (MD = 1.60; 95% CI, 0.15-3.05), vitamin D (MD = 8.63; 95% CI, 6.46-10.81), zinc (MD = 1.19; 95% CI, 0.17-2.20), and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) (MD = -0.79; 95% CI, -1.42 to -0.15). Positive significant associations were also found for anthropometric parameters, including height, weight for age, height for age, and body mass index. No significant association with cognition was detected (MD = 1.27; 95% CI, -26 to 3.81).

Conclusions: This work enhances the crucial role of educational-setting feeding interventions, highlighting their association with multiple health outcomes, and draws attention to the importance of integrated approaches to achieve better and more sustainable results.

Systematic review registration: PROSPERO registration No. CRD420251027958.

Context: Lifestyle interventions focused on dietary and physical activity strategies are the cornerstone of type 2 diabetes (T2D) prevention and management. While their clinical benefits are well established, less is known about their effects on reversing gut dysbiosis.

Objective: To investigate the role of gut microbiota modulation on T2D prevention or control in response to dietary and physical activity patterns in adults.

Data sources: Medline (PubMed), Scopus, and LILACS databases were searched from inception to September 2024 to identify studies evaluating whether gut microbiota modulation could explain the clinical benefits of dietary and/or physical activity interventions in adults with T2D or prediabetes.

Data extraction: A literature search (May-September 2024) based on PICOS (Participants, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, Study design) criteria selected randomized controlled and quasi-experimental trials. Methodological quality was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute tools, and the certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) approach.

Data analysis: Of 2928 records identified, 11 moderate-quality clinical trials (n = 319 participants) were included, 6 of which were randomized controlled trials. All studies involved dietary interventions, and 3 also incorporated physical activity. Despite methodological heterogeneity, most reported beneficial effects of healthy diets, with or without physical activity, on T2D prevention and control through gut microbiota modulation. These interventions increased the abundance of health-associated genera (eg, Faecalibacterium, Akkermansia), improved microbial diversity, and reduced the Bacillota/Bacteroidota ratio. Functional pathway analyses showed positive shifts in amino acid and lipid metabolism, supported by metabolomic data linking microbial metabolites to improved metabolic outcomes. These microbial changes correlated with better glycemic control and lower inflammation, although some effects appeared transient and diet-dependent.

Conclusion: Gut microbiota modulation plays a central role in the beneficial effects of lifestyle interventions on T2D prevention and management, particularly through increased abundance of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria associated with improved glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and inflammatory profiles.

Systematic review registration: PROSPERO registration no. CRD42024544408.

β-Hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is the primary product of ketone body metabolism. Beyond serving as an energy source, BHB plays a crucial role in metabolic regulation, anti-inflammatory and antioxidative responses, immune modulation, and neuroprotection. Circulating BHB levels are closely linked to dietary composition and lifestyle. Medium-chain fatty acids, fasting, ketogenic diets, and moderate exercise promote BHB production, and exogenous ketone supplements can rapidly elevate BHB without the need for carbohydrate restriction. Studies have shown that BHB can regulate gene expression through epigenetic modifications, with lysine β-hydroxybutyrylation (Kbhb) establishing a crucial link between ketone body metabolism and gene regulation. Kbhb modulates chromatin accessibility, gene transcription, and cellular metabolism, and its substrates extend beyond histones to include non-histone proteins. Consequently, this modification is essential for maintaining physiological homeostasis and regulating disease processes. Despite substantial progress in Kbhb research, its precise regulatory mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) and the sirtuin (SIRT) family function as "erasers" (enzymes that catalyze the removal of specific post-translational modifications from histone and non-histone proteins), whereas E1A-binding protein p300 and its homolog CREB-binding protein (p300/CBP) act as "writers" (enzymes that catalyze the addition of specific post-translational modifications to histone and non-histone proteins), both playing pivotal roles in the dynamic regulation of Kbhb modification. This review summarizes the biological functions of BHB and Kbhb, emphasizing their roles in metabolic regulation, their nutritional connections, epigenetic modifications, and disease development.

Restaurants are normative eating contexts for many families and thus are prime targets for health promotion efforts as restaurant meals are typically high in calories, saturated fat, and sodium. Recently, health promotion efforts have focused on children's menus in an effort to improve the food intake of children in these settings. The goal of the present narrative review is to summarize the current, peer-reviewed literature describing interventions and other health promotion efforts to improve the healthfulness of children's meal selection and/or intake in restaurants. Efforts to accomplish this goal were organized into implicit (subtle and typically involving environmental changes) and explicit (direct and typically information-based) strategies and described using a narrative method. Significant changes in children's ordering of restaurant food were consistently demonstrated in studies using optimal defaults (an implicit strategy) to increase the healthfulness of children's meals. Future research and policy efforts in this area could further examine this strategy alongside other strategies such as personalized prompts or pricing promotions, evaluating impacts across a wider range of sociodemographic groups. Future studies should also include randomized controlled trials with objective assessments of children's intake to build upon existing knowledge and improve the healthfulness of the restaurant environment for children.

Recent studies have indicated that insufficient iodine availability may impair reproductive health, potentially contributing to reduced fertility. This scoping review compiled and analyzed findings from 26 human studies exploring the link between iodine status and fertility in both sexes. The research, published between January 1, 2000, and February 16, 2025, was sourced from databases including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. Iodine status was assessed using urinary iodine concentration, iodine-to-creatinine ratios, and dietary assessments via food-frequency questionnaires. In women, fertility indicators examined included time to conception, fecundability ratio, miscarriage rates, spontaneous abortions, and stillbirths. Available studies suggest that iodine deficiency prior to conception may hinder female fertility, although its influence on pregnancy outcomes, such as miscarriage or stillbirth, is less definitive. In men, the studies assessed semen parameters-such as volume, concentration, motility, morphology, and total sperm count-along with hormonal markers such as testosterone levels. The results show the importance of optimal iodine status, as both deficiency and excess may negatively affect male reproductive health. However, current research includes mixed findings regarding the effectiveness of iodine supplementation in improving fertility and pregnancy outcomes. In conclusion, this scoping review highlights that both insufficient and excessive iodine intake may adversely influence reproductive outcomes; however, the current body of evidence remains limited. Moreover, the potential benefits of iodine supplementation on conception-especially among women undergoing assisted reproductive technologies-are not yet well established and warrant further investigation.