Nutrition reviews最新文献

Context: Nutritional status is a critical factor in the selection of patients for solid tumor resection. A variety of indices have been developed to quantify nutritional status, and they have differing degrees of predictive power for various postoperative outcomes.

Objective: This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the predictive ability of commonly used nutritional indices in relation to postoperative complications (POCs), recurrence-free survival (RFS), and OS.

Data sources: We performed a systematic review of 14 established nutritional indices from January 2015 to July 2022.

Data extraction: The primary end point was OS, while the secondary end points were POCs and RFS. A subsequent meta-analysis was performed to further assess the predictive ability of these indices for OS based on general index type, primary tumor site, and the patient's index status.

Data analysis: In this evaluation, 38 articles reporting data on 23 970 patients were analyzed, focusing on 14 nutritional indices. The indices were categorized into phenotypic, metabolic, immunologic, and combined types. Patients within the cut-off range of any index were predicted to have lower OS (hazard ratio [HR] 2.14, 95% CI 1.84-2.49, P < .01). Lower gastrointestinal (GI) and "other" sites were less predictive than upper GI primary tumors (HR 1.63, HR 1.82, and HR 2.54, respectively; all with P < .01). Phenotypic indices were less predictive than combined indices (HR 1.73 vs HR 2.47, P < .01). Within the combined category, there was no significant difference in the predictive ability of Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI) vs Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) vs Controlling Nutritional Index (CONUT) (HR 2.63 vs HR 2.42 vs HR 2.07, P = .07).

Conclusion: The predictive efficacy of a nutritional index was found to be highly dependent on the index type, the primary tumor site, and the outcome of interest. In the context of upper GI resections, nutritional status appeared to be more of a significant predictor of OS, compared with cases involving lower GI and hepatic malignancies. Indices that integrate phenotypic, metabolic, and immunologic patient factors potentially offer greater clinical utility in forecasting OS.

Context: There is scarce evidence about which probiotic, prebiotic, or synbiotic supplementation is the most appropriate to improve sarcopenia parameters, and this presents a challenge.

Objective: The effects of consumption of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on sarcopenia, muscle strength, muscle mass, and physical performance and function were assessed in this study. In addition, another aim of the study was to determine the best probiotic, prebiotic, and/or synbiotic for the management of sarcopenia in older adults.

Data sources: A systematic search was conducted in the MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane Library, SCOPUS databases, and other sources (eg, references obtained from articles identified in databases).

Data extraction: The search was limited from 2000 to 2023 and was based on sarcopenia parameters, and probiotics, prebiotics, or synbiotics supplementation. The quality of each included study also was assessed.

Data analysis: A meta-analysis was performed with the Review Manager program and publication bias and sensitivity analysis were performed.

Results: Eight randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in the systematic review and 4 in the meta-analysis. Results showed that probiotics supplementation improved muscle strength and physical performance and function and suggested a beneficial effect on muscle mass. Prebiotics are suggested to be effective on muscle strength. The meta-analysis also determined that probiotic interventions were effective in increasing muscle strength by handgrip strength (mean difference [MD], 2.50 kg [95% CI, 1.33-3.66]; P < .0001) and physical performance and function by gait speed (MD, 0.10 m/s [95% CI, 1.33-3.66]; P < .0001) and physical performance and function by gait speed (MD, 0.10 m/s [95%CI, 0.03-0.16]; P = .003), but when sensitivity analysis was applied, the effectiveness was only maintained for gait speed.

Conclusion: Nutritional strategies based on probiotic supplementation seem to improve muscle strength and physical function. More robust research is needed with high-quality RCTs to confirm probiotics' effects. There is still limited evidence about prebiotic and synbiotic strategies, and more evidence is needed to elucidate their effects on sarcopenia parameters.

Systematic review registration: PROSPERO registration no. CRD42022360514.

The development and progression of several noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are associated with microRNA (miR) 155 (miR-155) activation, which promotes inflammation and oxidative stress. In particular, miR-155 regulates nuclear transcription factor-kappa B (NF-κB) by silencing gene expression of proteins involved in NF-κB suppression, such as suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) and SH-2 containing inositol 5' polyphosphate 1 (SHIP1), increases the production of reactive oxygen species, and suppresses gene expression of antioxidant enzymes through nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) inhibition. In this context, a healthy lifestyle based on a diet rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds as well as regular physical activity may modulate the activity of several miRs. Following this concept, studies involving nutrients, bioactive compounds, and physical activity have been developed to modulate miR-155 activation. This narrative review aims to discuss how a healthy lifestyle based on a diet rich in nutrients, bioactive compounds, and physical activity may modulate the miR-155 pathway and consequently prevent the development and progression of NCDs. Nutrients and bioactive compounds from food may act by inhibiting pathways that promote miR-155 activation such as NF-κB and promote activation of pathways that are associated with the downregulation of miR-155, such as Nrf2, and SOCS1 pathways. Regular physical activity also seems to influence miR-155 levels through an improvement in the immune system during muscle recovery. There is relevant evidence that shows a positive effect of nutrients, bioactive compounds, and physical activity with the modulation of miR-155, which can potentially provide benefits in the clinical setting in cases of NCDs.

Objective: To map the international methods used to measure energy expenditure of adults living with motor neuron disease (MND) and to highlight discrepancies when indicating hypermetabolism in the MND literature.

Background: A decline in the nutritional status of patients is associated with exacerbated weight loss and shortened survival. Assessments of energy expenditure, using a variety of methods, are important to ensure an adequate energy intake to prevent malnutrition-associated weight loss. Assessments of energy expenditure are also commonly used to indicate hypermetabolism in MND, although these approaches may not be optimal.

Methods: A protocol based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses extension for Scoping Reviews Guidelines was developed. Three electronic databases (Medline [Ovid], CINAHL [EBSCO], and Web of Science) were exhaustively searched. Identified publications were systematically screened according to predefined PICOS eligibility criteria. The primary outcome was the identification of methods used to measure energy expenditure in MND. The secondary outcome was the identification of applications of energy expenditure assessments to indicate hypermetabolism in MND.

Results: Thirty-two observational primary research publications were identified. Thirteen (40.6%) were longitudinal in design, with data on repeated measurements of energy expenditure presented in 3 (9.4%). Thirteen (40.6%) were case-control studies, of which 11 use a matched control group. Pulmonary function was used to assess eligibility in 10 publications. Energy expenditure was measured using indirect calorimetry (IC) in 31 studies. Discrepancies in the durations of fasted, measurement, and washout periods were observed. Of all included publications, 50% used assessments of resting energy expenditure to identify hypermetabolism. Bioelectrical impedance analysis was used to assess body composition alongside energy expenditure in 93.8% of publications.

Conclusions: Resting energy expenditure is most frequently measured using an open-circuit IC system. However, there is a lack of a standardized, validated protocol for the conduct and reporting of IC and metabolic status in patients with MND.

Context: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in Western countries and is strongly associated with several metabolic disorders. Plant-derived bioactive extracts, such as berry extracts, with high antioxidant capacity have been used for the treatment and prevention of this pathology. Moreover, they promote circular economy and sustainability.

Objective: To study the beneficial effects of extracts from different parts of berry plants in animal models of NAFLD.

Data sources: A systematic research of the MEDLINE (via PubMed), Cochrane, and Scopus databases was conducted to identify relevant studies published after January 2011. In vivo animal studies of NAFLD were included in which berry extracts of different parts of the plant were administered and significantly improved altered biomarkers related to the pathology, such as lipid metabolism and hepatic steatosis, glucose and glycogen metabolism, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory biomarkers.

Data extraction: Of a total of 203 articles identified, 31 studies were included after implementation of the inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Data analysis: Most of the studies showed a decrease in steatosis and a stimulation of genes related to β-oxidation and downregulation of lipogenic genes, with administration of berry extracts. Berry extracts also attenuated inflammation and oxidative stress.

Conclusions: Administration of berry extracts seems to have promising potential in the design of enriched foodstuffs or nutraceuticals for the treatment of NAFLD.

Context: Social ties are associated with the mortality and morbidity of aging populations; however, the role of social ties in healthy eating practices or gender differences in this link is less understood.

Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the longitudinal evidence for the impact of changes in social ties on fruit and vegetable (FV) intakes among aging adults, with attention to gender differences.

Data sources: Medline, Embase, Scopus, CINAHL, and ProQuest databases were searched until December 2022.

Data extraction: Longitudinal studies evaluating changes in living arrangement, marital status, social network, or social participation and changes in FV intake among middle- and older-age adults were included. Data from the included studies were extracted using a standardized template and analyzed using a narrative approach.

Data analysis: A total of 4956 titles were eligible after deduplication, and 75 full texts were screened. Seven studies met the inclusion criteria, and all examined marital transitions only. Five marital transitions were assessed: staying married, becoming widowed, becoming divorced, remaining unmarried, and becoming married. Both the quantity and variety of fruit and/or vegetables eaten were studied. Three of the included studies had only male or only female populations. The studies found that marital dissolution (divorce or widowhood), and remaining unmarried, were associated with reduced FV intakes in older women or men, compared with staying married. The associations were stronger in men than in women. Two studies showed that becoming married was associated with increased vegetable intakes, but 3 reported null results. The included studies were of medium quality.

Conclusions: There is a paucity of longitudinal research on whether changes in social ties are associated with changes in FV intakes among aging adults. This review showed that specific marital transitions may influence healthy eating habits, especially in older men. No evidence exists on whether changes in other social ties might alter healthy eating.

Systematic review registration: PROSPERO registration No. CRD42022365795.

South Asians are among the fastest growing immigrant population groups in the United States. Their traditional diets are rich in minimally processed fruits, vegetables, grains, herbs, and spices. However, the proliferation of ultra-processed foods (highly processed, industrially manufactured formulations) around the globe may compromise the nutrition profile of South Asians, threatening to increase their risk of noncommunicable diseases. This commentary discusses the rise in ultra-processed food consumption among South Asians in the United States and hypothesizes that South Asians may be especially vulnerable to the effects of ultra-processed foods due to their unique cardiovascular disease risk profiles. Using these emerging data, we propose several strategies for preventing the overconsumption of ultra-processed foods among South Asian Americans. These include the implementation of policies to encourage the consumption of whole foods over ultra-processed foods and the development of culturally tailored interventions, which include promoting consumption of traditional diets, improving affordability of healthful, culturally appropriate foods, and cultivating healthier food environments for South Asians living in the United States.