Nutrition reviews最新文献

Context: Relationships between ultraprocessed food (UPF) intakes and health have been well described in adults, but evidence of these relationships in older adults is rather limited. Demographic shifts in aging emphasize the importance of understanding the role of diet in maintaining health during later life.

Objective: The aim of this systematic review was to identify health outcomes associated with UPF consumption in those aged ≥60 years.

Data sources: The Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase databases were searched from inception until June 2023, using search terms representing UPF and any health outcome. Observational studies restricted to individuals aged ≥60 years using the Nova food classification were included. Articles were screened independently by 2 researchers using PECOS inclusion criteria.

Data extraction: Two-thirds of the studies in the present review were prospective cohort studies (n = 4) and the rest were cross-sectional (n = 2). The number of participants ranged from 652 to 2713 across the 6 studies. The mean age of participants ranged between 67 and 73 years.

Data analysis: In the prospective cohort studies, the highest consumption of UPF was associated with incident frailty, incident dyslipidemia, renal function decline, and abdominal obesity. For cross-sectional studies, the highest intake of UPF was associated with negative outcomes similar to young and middle-aged cohorts, with the addition of nutritional frailty and worse cognitive performance.

Conclusions: Currently, the limited understanding of how high UPF intakes could be associated with negative health outcomes for older adults influences the ability to inform policy and practice recommendations. More research is required owing to the very limited number of studies, specifically in older adults.

Systematic review registration: PROSPERO registration no. CRD42023442783.

The gut microbiome is a complex system that directly interacts with and influences many systems in the body. This delicate balance of microbiota plays an important role in health and disease and is highly influenced by lifestyle factors and the surrounding environment. As further research emerges, understanding the full potential of the gut microbiome and the impact of using nutraceuticals to positively influence its function may open the door to greater therapeutic outcomes in the treatment and prevention of disease. Curcumin, a bioactive compound derived from the turmeric rhizome, has been studied in depth for its influence on human health as a potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, the therapeutic activity of curcumin is limited by its low oral bioavailability. While most available research has primarily focused on the curcuminoid compounds of turmeric, the non-curcuminoid compounds hold promise to offer therapeutic benefits while synergistically enhancing the bioavailability of curcumin and supporting the gut microbiome. This review summarizes current knowledge of the relationship between the gut and the various systems within the body, and how dysbiosis, or disruption in the gut microbial balance, leads to inflammation and increased risk of chronic disease. The review also summarizes recent research that focuses on the bioactivity of both the curcuminoid and non-curcuminoid compounds that comprise the whole turmeric root and their synergistic role in enhancing bioavailability to support a healthy gut microbiome and promising use in the treatment and prevention of disease.

Context: The impacts of elevated ketone body levels on cardiac function and hemodynamics in patients with heart failure (HF) remain unclear.

Objective: The effects of ketone intervention on these parameters in patients with HF were evaluated quantitatively in this meta-analysis.

Data sources: We searched the PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases for relevant studies published from inception to April 13, 2024. Ketone therapy included ketone ester and β-hydroxybutyrate intervention.

Data extraction: Seven human studies were included for the quantitative analysis.

Data analysis: Our results showed that ketone therapy significantly improved left ventricular ejection fraction (standardized mean difference, 0.52 [95% CI, 0.25-0.80]; I2 = 0%), cardiac output (0.84 [95% CI, 0.36-1.32]; I2 = 68%) and stroke volume (0.47 [95% CI, 0.10-0.84]; I2 = 39%), and significantly reduced systemic vascular resistance (-0.92 [95% CI, -1.52 to -0.33]; I2 = 74%) without influencing mean arterial pressure (-0.09 [95% CI: -0.40 to 0.22]; I2 = 0%) in patients with HF. Subgroup analysis revealed that the enhanced cardiac function and favorable hemodynamic effects of ketone therapy were also applicable to individuals without HF.

Conclusions: Ketone therapy may significantly improve cardiac systolic function and hemodynamics in patients with HF and in patients without HF, suggesting it may be a promising treatment for patients with HF and also a beneficial medical strategy for patients without HF or healthy individuals.

Context: Previous studies have explored the relationship between vitamin D and lipid profile in individuals with obesity or overweight women, but the results have been inconsistent.

Objective: This meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted to assess the effect of vitamin D on lipid profile in women who are overweight or obese.

Data sources: A meticulous search strategy was used across the Scopus, PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, and Embase databases up to June 2024.

Data extraction: RCT studies administering vitamin D to overweight or obese women were extracted. A random-effects model was applied to compute the weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% CIs of the intervention on each variable.

Data analyses: Thirteen eligible publications with 16 arms focused on low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), 16 arms on high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), 18 arms on total cholesterol (TC), and 18 arms on triglycerides (TG) were included in the final quantitative analysis. Vitamin D supplementation resulted in significant reductions in TG (WMD: -6.13 mg/dL; 95% CI: -8.99 to -3.28; P = .000) and TC (WMD: -4.45 mg/dL; 95% CI: -7.06 to -1.83; P = .001), as well as a significant increase in HDL-C concentrations (WMD: 1.54 mg/dL; 95% CI: 0.57 to 2.52; P = .002). Stratified analysis indicated a greater reduction in TG levels in studies with a mean baseline TG concentration ≥150 mg/dL (WMD: -23.58 mg/dL) and when vitamin D was administered for ≤26 weeks (WMD: -11.44 mg/dL).

Conclusion: According to our findings, vitamin D has a significant effect on hypertriglyceridemia in individuals who are overweight or obese. However, vitamin D has no significant effect on LDL-C concentrations in this population.

Objective: To conduct a scoping review to summarize the state of the evidence on associations between participation in nonfood social safety net programs (eg, income assistance, housing assistance) in the United States and food- and nutrition insecurity-related outcomes.

Background: Food and nutrition insecurity are persistent public health challenges in the United States that increase chronic disease risk and exacerbate health disparities. Several food assistance programs enhance food and nutrition security. Nonfood social safety net programs, however, may also improve these outcomes by relieving households' financial strain. Understanding the scope of research on nonfood social safety net programs' associations with not only food insecurity but also nutrition insecurity is needed to understand their potential to reduce the burden of diet-related chronic disease.

Methods: Six databases were systematically searched for peer-reviewed articles. Articles were included if they were published between 1995 and 2023; conducted in the United States; available in English; included a dependent variable of food- and/or nutrition insecurity-related measures; and included an independent variable of participation in a federally funded, nonfood social safety net program.

Results: Included articles (n = 65) reported on studies that examined 10 unique social safety net programs; 8 studies examined program interactions. Twenty studies focused on COVID-19 pandemic-era programs. Fifty-eight studies used food insecurity, food insufficiency, or food hardship as outcomes, and 11 studies used nutrition insecurity-related outcomes. Overall, results suggest that participation in nonfood social safety net programs is associated with reductions in food insecurity. Current evidence for an association between program participation and nutrition insecurity-related outcomes is limited.

Conclusion: Further research is warranted on the association between nonfood social safety net programs and nutrition insecurity; potential interactions between social safety net programs; associations between the expiration of pandemic-era programs and food and nutrition insecurity; and how program impacts might differ among populations with persistent disparities in food and nutrition insecurity.

The World Health Organization recommended the global elimination of industrial trans fats by 2023, leading to a decrease in their use in packaged foods. Nevertheless, a gap remains in the scientific literature regarding the ingredients adopted as substitutes by the food industry. This study aimed to map evidence on substitutes for industrial trans fats in packaged foods, discussing their possible designation in the ingredients lists. For this, a scoping review was conducted according to recommendations from the Joanna Briggs Institute. Systematic searches were performed in 6 databases using terms related to industrial trans fats, identification of possible substitutes, and trans fats exemption. The search retrieved 5072 articles. Of these, 233 (152 original articles and 81 review studies) were included in the scoping review. A total of 87 different raw materials were cited as trans fats substitutes in the selected studies, with palm stearin being the most frequent. The processing methods were categorized in 8 groups, with interesterification being the most cited (46% of studies). Food items belonging to 15 food groups were found to contain trans fats substitutes, mainly margarine, shortenings, and spreads. From the collected data, it was estimated that there are at least 690 distinct terms for referring to industrial trans fats substitutes in the ingredients list. Despite the extensive body of research on the subject, the Codex Alimentarius guidelines and some national labeling regulations do not address the reporting of such materials in the ingredients lists. Furthermore, there is limited understanding of the short- and long-term effects of novel technological ingredients on human health. The disclosure of industrial processes to modify oils and fats, as well as the raw materials used, is suggested to be made mandatory in the ingredients list, aiming to safeguard consumers' right to information and enhance monitoring efforts.

Phytochemicals, which are bioactive compounds contained in fruits, vegetables, and teas, have a positive effect on human health by having anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticarcinogenic effects. Several studies have highlighted the ability of bioactive compounds to activate key cellular enzymes associated with important signaling pathways related to cell division and proliferation, as well as their role in inflammatory and immunological responses. Some phytochemicals are associated with increased proliferation, differentiation, and expression of markers related to osteogenesis, bone formation, and mineralization by activating various signaling pathways. The objective of this study was to clarify which bioactive compounds present in fruits have osteogenic effects on mesenchymal stem cells and the possible associated mechanisms. A literature search was conducted in the LILACS, MEDLINE, and PubMed databases for pertinent articles published between 2014 and 2024. This review included 34 articles that report the osteogenic effects of various bioactive compounds found in different fruits. All the articles reported that phytochemicals play a role in enhancing the regenerative properties of mesenchymal cells, such as proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, secretion of angiogenic factors, and extracellular matrix formation. This review highlights the potential of these phytochemicals in the prevention and treatment of bone diseases. However, more studies are recommended to identify and quantify the therapeutic dose of phytochemicals, investigate their mechanisms in humans, and ensure their safety and effectiveness for health, particularly for bone health.

Context: The efficacy of probiotics and diet management in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is controversial, and their relative effectiveness remains unclear.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of probiotics, diet management, and their combination on IBS.

Data sources: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science were searched from inception to July 10, 2023, for relevant studies, including symptom relief, IBS-symptom severity score (-SSS), and IBS-quality of life measure (-QOL).

Data extraction: Two investigators independently performed the data extraction and quality assessment.

Data analysis: A network meta-analysis was performed using a frequentist approach and a random-effects model to estimate the relative risk (RR) and 95% CI.

Results: Forty-four articles were eligible for this study. In relieving IBS symptoms, compared with a sham diet, a low-fermentable oligosaccharide, disaccharide, monosaccharide, and polyols (low-FODMAP) diet (RR: 3.22; 95% CI: 1.70-6.26) and low-FODMAP diet combined with probiotics (RR: 17.79; 95% CI: 3.27-112.54) significantly relieved IBS symptoms. The control group showed significantly lower effectiveness than the probiotics group (RR: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.32-0.69). According to the surface under the cumulative rank curve (SUCRA), a low-FODMAP diet combined with probiotics (80.4%) had the best effect in relieving IBS symptoms, followed by a low-FODMAP diet (70.8%), probiotics (65.1%), and a gluten-free diet (54.3%). In reducing the total IBS-SSS, the low-FODMAP diet (90.5%) was the most effective, followed by the low-FODMAP diet combined with probiotics (76.6%), probiotics alone (62.3%), and gluten-free diet (28.3%). In reducing total IBS-QOL, probiotics (72.1%) ranked first, followed by gluten-free (57.0%) and low-FODMAP (56.9%) diets. Probiotics (34.9%) were associated with the lowest risk of adverse effects.

Conclusion: A low-FODMAP diet combined with probiotics is most effective in relieving IBS symptoms. A low-FODMAP diet is the most recommended diet for alleviating IBS severity, and probiotics were associated with improving the QOL of patients with IBS, with the fewest adverse events.

Systematic review registration: PROSPERO registration no. CRD42024499113.

It has been 15 years since the introduction of the NOVA food-processing classification. While it was designed to identify ultra-processed foods linked to noncommunicable diseases, the NOVA system has a holistic concept that fits with sustainable nutrition. However, NOVA's connection to other sustainable diet indicators has not been thoroughly explored. The aim was to summarize the research and methodological context of using the NOVA system with other sustainable diet indicators and to investigate NOVA's synergies and discordance with them. A scoping review was conducted based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses-Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Studies published between 2009 and 2023 were collected from the Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed databases. 1612 studies were initially screened; in the selected studies (n = 77), the NOVA system was applied in addition to other sustainable diet indicator(s). The studies were analyzed within a qualitative data analysis framework. 77 studies were analyzed in which healthiness (n = 66), environmental pressure (n = 9), affordability (n = 11), other processing classifications (n = 6), and other sustainable diet indicators (n = 10) were applied with NOVA. Among them, the identified relationships between the NOVA system and other healthfulness indicators were synergistic in the majority of studies (n = 70/93). For environmental pressure indicators, a mixed picture was observed; the NOVA classification was predominantly synergistic with greenhouse gas emissions (n = 8/13), while it was mostly discordant with fresh water use (n = 8/12). Economic affordability was also found to be discordant with the NOVA classification in the majority of studies (n = 10/16). To complete the NOVA classification with nutrient profiling would be beneficial to identify healthy diets. In the case of the integration of NOVA into sustainable nutrition research, environmental pressure and economic affordability indicators should be controlled to reach optimal trade-offs for more sustainable diets. The application of NOVA is gaining relevance; thus, its methodological adaptation to sustainable nutrition research is necessary.

The purpose of the present narrative review was to propose a unifying generalized conceptual model of mechanisms and processes in appetite self-regulation (ASR) in childhood. Appetite self-regulation, along with other domains of self-regulation, develops across childhood and contributes to energy intake and balance, diet quality, weight, and therefore long-term health outcomes. There have been efforts to conceptualize and measure components of ASR and associated processes/mechanisms, but, at present, there is no unifying conceptualization of ASR in childhood. A search of key databases supplemented by snowballing was undertaken for definitions/conceptions and theoretical models of ASR with a focus on children. An interpretive synthesis approach was used to identify themes from the definitions and models. The themes formed the basis of the proposed unifying generalized model of ASR in childhood, which is the main contribution of the article. At the center of the model is bottom-up reactivity to food, food cues and hunger, satiation and satiety signals, together with top-down regulatory control. An additional contribution is the proposed 5 interacting and overlapping domains (biological, hedonics, cognitive, behavioral, and traits) that function in and influence both bottom-up reactivity and top-down regulation. The domains also contribute to ASR outcomes of enactment and competence. External contextual and intrapersonal factors are conceived as impacting the domains and the bottom-up, top-down processes. The relevance of the model for explanations of ASR phenomena in childhood and children's food choice and diet quality, as well as its implications for research directions and approaches to preventive intervention, including food parenting practices, are discussed. The model provides a framework for researchers and practitioners to support and interpret children's problems and competence in self-directing food choices, energy intake, and nutrition.