Pub Date : 2024-04-10DOI: 10.52532/2663-4864-2024-1-71-12-21
D. Tuleuova, G. Serikbayev, А. Kurmanalyev, Z. Pyssanova, А. Yelekbayev
Relevance: Skin cancer, including melanoma, is a major health problem and one of the most common cancers in the world. The study aimed to obtain a complete epidemiological picture of skin cancer and melanoma in the Republic of Kazakhstan for 11 years, including analysis of data for 2022, considering various parameters such as age, sex, ethnicity, region, and tumor type. Methods: The study used data from patients registered in the national cancer registry of the Republic of Kazakhstan from 2012 to 2022, diagnosed with skin carcinoma and skin melanoma (ICD-10 code: C44-C43). The number of skin carcinomas and melanoma cases is presented as absolute and crude rates per 100,000 population. Absolute standardized morbidity and mortality rates were calculated using the world standard (World). Results: At the end of 2022, 19,714 and 2,689 patients were diagnosed with “Skin Cancer” or “Skin Melanoma” in the Republic of Kazakhstan, respectively. From 2012 to 2022, the incidence of skin cancer increased by 24% and melanoma by 15%. In 2022, the incidence of skin cancer and melanoma was higher among women by 24% and 26%, respectively. Mortality from skin cancer is in 23rd place, from melanoma in 21st place. Mortality rates from skin cancer and melanoma were 0.5 and 0.7 per 100 thousand population, respectively. The peak incidence of skin cancer in 2022 was observed in the age group 65-74 years (36%), and mortality in the age groups 65-74 and 75-84 years (17% each). The peak incidence of skin melanoma in 2022 was observed in the age groups 55-64 years and 65-74 years (24% and 25%), and mortality in the groups 45-54 years and 35-44 years (14% and 10%). Conclusion: There has been a steady increase in the incidence of skin cancer and melanoma, which indicates the seriousness of this problem in the country and underlines the need for further measures to prevent, diagnose and treat skin cancer and melanoma in the Republic of Kazakhstan. It should be remembered that many cases of skin cancer can be prevented with simple precautions.
{"title":"EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SITUATION OF SKIN CANCER AND MELANOMIA IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN IN 2012-2022","authors":"D. Tuleuova, G. Serikbayev, А. Kurmanalyev, Z. Pyssanova, А. Yelekbayev","doi":"10.52532/2663-4864-2024-1-71-12-21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52532/2663-4864-2024-1-71-12-21","url":null,"abstract":"Relevance: Skin cancer, including melanoma, is a major health problem and one of the most common cancers in the world. \u0000The study aimed to obtain a complete epidemiological picture of skin cancer and melanoma in the Republic of Kazakhstan for 11 years, including analysis of data for 2022, considering various parameters such as age, sex, ethnicity, region, and tumor type. \u0000Methods: The study used data from patients registered in the national cancer registry of the Republic of Kazakhstan from 2012 to 2022, diagnosed with skin carcinoma and skin melanoma (ICD-10 code: C44-C43). The number of skin carcinomas and melanoma cases is presented as absolute and crude rates per 100,000 population. Absolute standardized morbidity and mortality rates were calculated using the world standard (World). \u0000Results: At the end of 2022, 19,714 and 2,689 patients were diagnosed with “Skin Cancer” or “Skin Melanoma” in the Republic of Kazakhstan, respectively. From 2012 to 2022, the incidence of skin cancer increased by 24% and melanoma by 15%. In 2022, the incidence of skin cancer and melanoma was higher among women by 24% and 26%, respectively. Mortality from skin cancer is in 23rd place, from melanoma in 21st place. Mortality rates from skin cancer and melanoma were 0.5 and 0.7 per 100 thousand population, respectively. The peak incidence of skin cancer in 2022 was observed in the age group 65-74 years (36%), and mortality in the age groups 65-74 and 75-84 years (17% each). The peak incidence of skin melanoma in 2022 was observed in the age groups 55-64 years and 65-74 years (24% and 25%), and mortality in the groups 45-54 years and 35-44 years (14% and 10%). \u0000Conclusion: There has been a steady increase in the incidence of skin cancer and melanoma, which indicates the seriousness of this problem in the country and underlines the need for further measures to prevent, diagnose and treat skin cancer and melanoma in the Republic of Kazakhstan. It should be remembered that many cases of skin cancer can be prevented with simple precautions.","PeriodicalId":19480,"journal":{"name":"Oncologia i radiologia Kazakhstana","volume":"375 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140719534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-10DOI: 10.52532/2663-4864-2024-1-71-35-39
A. Tulyayeva, E. Iztleuov, A. Koishybaev, P. Aitmagambet, N. Imanbayev, G. Zhurabekova, G. Batyrova, D. Zholmukhamedova, N. Kereeva, M. Aitmagambetova
Relevance: Colorectal cancer (CRC), arising from the right-sided or left-sided colon, is a separate clinical and pathological unit. The status of KRAS and its predictive value in CRC remain controversial. The study aimed to explore the effect of primary tumor localization on KRAS gene status in CRC. Methods: The study included 60 patients with colon and rectal cancer. The KRAS mutation test was performed on paraffin-coated tumor samples using PCR methods. Colon cancer was divided into right-sided colon cancer (RSCC) and left-sided colon cancer (LSCC). Results: KRAS mutation was found much more often in rectal cancer (RC) and sigmoid colon (SC) (p=0.413) than in tumors in other parts of the colon. A combined analysis of our data and previously published data showed that KRAS mutation was more common in PSTC, especially in the area of the hepatic bend of the colon than in LSTC (p=0.120). The association of the KRAS mutation with the patient’s age (p<0.012) and the duration of hospitalization (p<0.001) was established.> Conclusion: Our study revealed no significant difference in the KRAS status between colon cancer and rectal cancer. However, KRAS mutation was much more common in RSCC compared to LSCC. Patients with RSCC with mutated KRAS also had a worse prognosis and required longer hospitalization compared to wild-type KRAS. However, patients with LSCC did not demonstrate a similar effect.
{"title":"DNA BREAKS AND REPAIR IN LYMPHOCYTES AS A DIAGNOSTIC MARKER IN PATIENTS WITH GASTRIC CANCER","authors":"A. Tulyayeva, E. Iztleuov, A. Koishybaev, P. Aitmagambet, N. Imanbayev, G. Zhurabekova, G. Batyrova, D. Zholmukhamedova, N. Kereeva, M. Aitmagambetova","doi":"10.52532/2663-4864-2024-1-71-35-39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52532/2663-4864-2024-1-71-35-39","url":null,"abstract":"Relevance: Colorectal cancer (CRC), arising from the right-sided or left-sided colon, is a separate clinical and pathological unit. The status of KRAS and its predictive value in CRC remain controversial. \u0000The study aimed to explore the effect of primary tumor localization on KRAS gene status in CRC. \u0000Methods: The study included 60 patients with colon and rectal cancer. The KRAS mutation test was performed on paraffin-coated tumor samples using PCR methods. Colon cancer was divided into right-sided colon cancer (RSCC) and left-sided colon cancer (LSCC). \u0000Results: KRAS mutation was found much more often in rectal cancer (RC) and sigmoid colon (SC) (p=0.413) than in tumors in other parts of the colon. A combined analysis of our data and previously published data showed that KRAS mutation was more common in PSTC, especially in the area of the hepatic bend of the colon than in LSTC (p=0.120). The association of the KRAS mutation with the patient’s age (p<0.012) and the duration of hospitalization (p<0.001) was established.> \u0000Conclusion: Our study revealed no significant difference in the KRAS status between colon cancer and rectal cancer. However, KRAS mutation was much more common in RSCC compared to LSCC. Patients with RSCC with mutated KRAS also had a worse prognosis and required longer hospitalization compared to wild-type KRAS. However, patients with LSCC did not demonstrate a similar effect.","PeriodicalId":19480,"journal":{"name":"Oncologia i radiologia Kazakhstana","volume":"80 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140720138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-29DOI: 10.52532/2521-6414-2023-4-70-39-45
Y. Iztleuov, M. Iztleuov, A. Elubaeva, A. Tulyaeyva, N. Abenova
Relevance: According to WHO, malignant neoplasms rank second in population mortality structure due to a constantly increasing influence of technogenic factors that have a direct carcinogenic effect on the body and suppress defense mechanisms. Ionizing radiation plays a special role in the development of cancer. It is used in industry, agriculture, medicine, and scientific research as a diagnostic tool in modern healthcare and radiation therapy for cancer treatment. The consequences of radiation influence are not only the result of a direct effect on the body but also a delayed one through generations of parents and grandparents. According to the radiobiological hypothesis, any level of radiation, no matter how small, ОБЗОРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ Онкология и Радиология Казахстана, №4 (70) 2023 45 poses a risk of long-term consequences, including cancer, in exposed people and their descendants of the first two generations. That is, cancerous tumors are likely consequences of the influence of radiation. Despite various theories of the biological effect of low doses of ionizing radiation, most authors attach primary importance to DNA damage in the manifestation of genetic effects (the concept of non-threshold mutational action). The study aimed to highlight the role of ionizing radiation in tumorigenesis. Methods: Data from MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials was analyzed to select and analyze relevant information over the past 10 years using the keywords: gamma irradiation, spontaneous oncogenesis, prevention of oncogenesis, Results: Radiation exposure may increase the risk of cancer development due to epigenetic changes leading to increased genomic instability (GI) and/or specific suppression of tumor suppressor genes. Changes in the TP53 gene network expression occur; the most significant genes as predictors of carcinogenesis are ST13, IER3, BRCAI, LRDD, and MRAS. Epigenetic changes also influence individual susceptibility to radiation-induced cancer. In addition to the mutagenic effects of ROS and AFN, there is also evidence that oxidative stress plays a fundamental role in epigenetic modifications. Conclusion: As a result of radiation exposure, damage occurs that causes genetic and epigenetic changes, leading to changes in the level of protein expression due to changes in the methylation of cytosine residues in DNA, modification of histones, and regulation of microRNA expression.
相关性：世卫组织称，恶性肿瘤在人口死亡率结构中位居第二，这是因为技术因素的影响不断增加，对人体产生直接致癌作用并抑制防御机制。电离辐射在癌症的发展中起着特殊作用。在工业、农业、医学和科学研究中，电离辐射被用作现代医疗的诊断工具和治疗癌症的放射疗法。辐射影响的后果不仅是对人体的直接影响，而且是通过父母和祖父母世代相传的延迟影响。根据放射生物学假说，任何程度的辐射，无论多么微小，都会对人体产生影响、№4 (70) 2023 45 有可能对接触者及其前两代的后代造成包括癌症在内的长期后果。也就是说，癌症肿瘤很可能是辐射影响的后果。尽管关于低剂量电离辐射生物效应的理论多种多样，但大多数作者都将 DNA 损伤作为遗传效应表现的首要因素（非阈值突变作用概念）。 本研究旨在强调电离辐射在肿瘤发生中的作用。 研究方法分析了来自 MEDLINE、Embase、Scopus、PubMed 和 Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials 的数据，以伽马辐照、自发肿瘤发生、预防肿瘤发生为关键词，筛选并分析了过去 10 年的相关信息：由于表观遗传学变化导致基因组不稳定性（GI）增加和/或肿瘤抑制基因的特异性抑制，辐照可能会增加癌症发生的风险。TP53 基因网络的表达发生了变化；预测癌症发生的最重要基因是 ST13、IER3、BRCAI、LRDD 和 MRAS。表观遗传变化也会影响个人对辐射诱发癌症的易感性。除了 ROS 和 AFN 的诱变作用外，还有证据表明氧化应激在表观遗传修饰中起着根本性的作用。 结论辐照造成的损伤会引起基因和表观遗传学的变化，导致 DNA 中胞嘧啶残基的甲基化、组蛋白的修饰和 microRNA 表达的调控引起蛋白质表达水平的变化。
{"title":"CARCINOGENICITY OF IONIZING RADIATION: A LITERATURE REVIEW","authors":"Y. Iztleuov, M. Iztleuov, A. Elubaeva, A. Tulyaeyva, N. Abenova","doi":"10.52532/2521-6414-2023-4-70-39-45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52532/2521-6414-2023-4-70-39-45","url":null,"abstract":"Relevance: According to WHO, malignant neoplasms rank second in population mortality structure due to a constantly increasing influence of technogenic factors that have a direct carcinogenic effect on the body and suppress defense mechanisms. Ionizing radiation plays a special role in the development of cancer. It is used in industry, agriculture, medicine, and scientific research as a diagnostic tool in modern healthcare and radiation therapy for cancer treatment. The consequences of radiation influence are not only the result of a direct effect on the body but also a delayed one through generations of parents and grandparents. According to the radiobiological hypothesis, any level of radiation, no matter how small, ОБЗОРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ Онкология и Радиология Казахстана, №4 (70) 2023 45 poses a risk of long-term consequences, including cancer, in exposed people and their descendants of the first two generations. That is, cancerous tumors are likely consequences of the influence of radiation. Despite various theories of the biological effect of low doses of ionizing radiation, most authors attach primary importance to DNA damage in the manifestation of genetic effects (the concept of non-threshold mutational action). The study aimed to highlight the role of ionizing radiation in tumorigenesis. Methods: Data from MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials was analyzed to select and analyze relevant information over the past 10 years using the keywords: gamma irradiation, spontaneous oncogenesis, prevention of oncogenesis, Results: Radiation exposure may increase the risk of cancer development due to epigenetic changes leading to increased genomic instability (GI) and/or specific suppression of tumor suppressor genes. Changes in the TP53 gene network expression occur; the most significant genes as predictors of carcinogenesis are ST13, IER3, BRCAI, LRDD, and MRAS. Epigenetic changes also influence individual susceptibility to radiation-induced cancer. In addition to the mutagenic effects of ROS and AFN, there is also evidence that oxidative stress plays a fundamental role in epigenetic modifications. Conclusion: As a result of radiation exposure, damage occurs that causes genetic and epigenetic changes, leading to changes in the level of protein expression due to changes in the methylation of cytosine residues in DNA, modification of histones, and regulation of microRNA expression.","PeriodicalId":19480,"journal":{"name":"Oncologia i radiologia Kazakhstana","volume":" 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139142722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-29DOI: 10.52532/2521-6414-2023-4-70-46-50
Ye. Kurakbayev, B. Turdaliyeva, K. Umbetov, Ye. Sarsekbayev
Relevance: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a common malignancy in children. Approximately 85% of ALLs have B-cell origin, and 15% are T-cell ALLs. Many patients diagnosed with hematologic cancer will require hospitalization in the intensive care unit (ICU) at some point in their treatment. The aim was to study the available literature on clinical deterioration in patients with АLL admitted to the ICU, the clinical significance and prognostic value of causes of clinical deterioration, and adverse outcomes in patients with АLL staying in the ICU. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study approach was used. We reviewed published sources from 2016 to 2023 to collect data on major reasons for ALL patients’ hospitalization to ICU. Results: First, the patient’s age at the time of initial diagnosis of ALL is crucial. Cure rates for B-cell ALL are higher between 1 and 9 years of age than in other age groups. Second, the initial white blood cell count during diagnosis is a prognostic indicator. Third, the specific subtype of ALL also affects prognosis. The risk factors emphasize the importance of comorbidities and infectious diseases, as well as monitoring and managing pulmonary and cardiovascular function in patients to avoid hospitalization in the ICU. The main causes of hospitalization in the ICU are complications related to chemotherapy, infection, and unplanned hospitalizations. Compared to normal-risk patients, high-risk patients had a higher rate of OIT hospitalization in the ICU. It is important to control chemotherapy and infections to reduce the number of admissions to the ICU in this group. Conclusion: Chemotherapy, concomitant and infectious diseases, hypoxia, and hemodynamic instability are reasons for hospitalization of these patients to ICU. The condition of various organs and systems shall be monitored.
相关性：急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）是儿童常见的恶性肿瘤。大约 85% 的急性淋巴细胞白血病起源于 B 细胞，15% 是 T 细胞急性淋巴细胞白血病。许多确诊为血液肿瘤的患者在治疗过程中都需要在重症监护室（ICU）住院治疗。 本文旨在研究有关入住重症监护室的АLLL患者临床病情恶化、临床病情恶化原因的临床意义和预后价值以及在重症监护室住院的АLLL患者不良预后的现有文献。 研究方法采用描述性横断面研究方法。我们查阅了2016年至2023年发表的资料，收集了ALL患者入住ICU的主要原因数据。 结果首先，初次诊断为ALL时患者的年龄至关重要。1至9岁的B细胞ALL治愈率高于其他年龄组。第二，诊断时的初始白细胞计数是预后指标。第三，ALL 的特定亚型也会影响预后。风险因素强调了合并症和感染性疾病的重要性，以及监测和管理患者的肺功能和心血管功能以避免在重症监护室住院的重要性。在重症监护室住院的主要原因是与化疗相关的并发症、感染和意外住院。与正常风险患者相比，高风险患者在重症监护室的 OIT 住院率更高。控制化疗和感染对减少这类患者入住重症监护室非常重要。 结论化疗、并发症和感染性疾病、缺氧和血流动力学不稳定是这些患者入住重症监护室的原因。应监测各器官和系统的状况。
{"title":"MAJOR REASONS FOR HOSPITALIZATION TO ICU OF CHILDREN WITH ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA: A LITERATURE REVIEW","authors":"Ye. Kurakbayev, B. Turdaliyeva, K. Umbetov, Ye. Sarsekbayev","doi":"10.52532/2521-6414-2023-4-70-46-50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52532/2521-6414-2023-4-70-46-50","url":null,"abstract":"Relevance: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a common malignancy in children. Approximately 85% of ALLs have B-cell origin, and 15% are T-cell ALLs. Many patients diagnosed with hematologic cancer will require hospitalization in the intensive care unit (ICU) at some point in their treatment. The aim was to study the available literature on clinical deterioration in patients with АLL admitted to the ICU, the clinical significance and prognostic value of causes of clinical deterioration, and adverse outcomes in patients with АLL staying in the ICU. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study approach was used. We reviewed published sources from 2016 to 2023 to collect data on major reasons for ALL patients’ hospitalization to ICU. Results: First, the patient’s age at the time of initial diagnosis of ALL is crucial. Cure rates for B-cell ALL are higher between 1 and 9 years of age than in other age groups. Second, the initial white blood cell count during diagnosis is a prognostic indicator. Third, the specific subtype of ALL also affects prognosis. The risk factors emphasize the importance of comorbidities and infectious diseases, as well as monitoring and managing pulmonary and cardiovascular function in patients to avoid hospitalization in the ICU. The main causes of hospitalization in the ICU are complications related to chemotherapy, infection, and unplanned hospitalizations. Compared to normal-risk patients, high-risk patients had a higher rate of OIT hospitalization in the ICU. It is important to control chemotherapy and infections to reduce the number of admissions to the ICU in this group. Conclusion: Chemotherapy, concomitant and infectious diseases, hypoxia, and hemodynamic instability are reasons for hospitalization of these patients to ICU. The condition of various organs and systems shall be monitored.","PeriodicalId":19480,"journal":{"name":"Oncologia i radiologia Kazakhstana","volume":" 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139143057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-29DOI: 10.52532/2521-6414-2023-4-70-28-30
B. Kashakov, M. Akbarova
Relevance: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common malignant tumor of the liver. HCC is one of the most important problems of the oncology service of Kazakhstan, as it has a progressive course, late detection, low survival, and unfavorable prognosis. The study aimed to evaluate the use of targeted immunotherapy in treating hepatocellular carcinoma in a clinical example. Methods: The paper presents a clinical case of targeted immunotherapy in combination with Atezolizumab 1200 mg + Bevacizumab 800 mg, once every 3 weeks, in treating HCC in the Regional Oncology Center in Kyzylorda. Results: The first symptoms of liver damage appeared in 2018, at which time HCC was discovered. Viral hepatitis B was diagnosed in 2016. MRI OBP from 15.08.20: a picture of the right lobe of the liver in S5 – 9×7×6 cm, in S3 – 3.7 cm, in S7 – 3.0 cm, in S8 – 2.5 cm. During the follow-up examination (July 2021), the enzyme immunoassay revealed a high angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) level of 450.56 IU/ml; the abdominal CT scan showed no deterioration. Later, despite the therapy, ACE increased rapidly: 2,595.3 IU/ml (August 2021) and 2,142.25 IU/ml (September 2021), and the therapy was changed to Regorafenib. ACE continued to rise to 4,405 IU/ml (November 2021) and 18,005 IU/ml (December 2021). A control abdominal CT scan showed a moderate reduction in the size of the tumor. Taking into account a steady ACE increase, in February 2022, the patient was recommended therapy with Atezolizumab and Bevacizumab. In January 2023, the patient has already received 13 courses, and ACE continued to decrease: 1,932 IU/ml (January 2023), 53.38 IU/ml (February 2023), 16.07 IU/ml (March 2023), and the abdominal CT scan showed positive dynamics. Conclusion: Targeted immunotherapy showed its effectiveness in the described case of inoperable HCC and allowed the patient to continue living, working, and leading an active lifestyle for more than 18 months.
{"title":"TARGETED IMMUNOTHERAPY FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: A CLINICAL CASE","authors":"B. Kashakov, M. Akbarova","doi":"10.52532/2521-6414-2023-4-70-28-30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52532/2521-6414-2023-4-70-28-30","url":null,"abstract":"Relevance: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common malignant tumor of the liver. HCC is one of the most important problems of the oncology service of Kazakhstan, as it has a progressive course, late detection, low survival, and unfavorable prognosis. The study aimed to evaluate the use of targeted immunotherapy in treating hepatocellular carcinoma in a clinical example. Methods: The paper presents a clinical case of targeted immunotherapy in combination with Atezolizumab 1200 mg + Bevacizumab 800 mg, once every 3 weeks, in treating HCC in the Regional Oncology Center in Kyzylorda. Results: The first symptoms of liver damage appeared in 2018, at which time HCC was discovered. Viral hepatitis B was diagnosed in 2016. MRI OBP from 15.08.20: a picture of the right lobe of the liver in S5 – 9×7×6 cm, in S3 – 3.7 cm, in S7 – 3.0 cm, in S8 – 2.5 cm. During the follow-up examination (July 2021), the enzyme immunoassay revealed a high angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) level of 450.56 IU/ml; the abdominal CT scan showed no deterioration. Later, despite the therapy, ACE increased rapidly: 2,595.3 IU/ml (August 2021) and 2,142.25 IU/ml (September 2021), and the therapy was changed to Regorafenib. ACE continued to rise to 4,405 IU/ml (November 2021) and 18,005 IU/ml (December 2021). A control abdominal CT scan showed a moderate reduction in the size of the tumor. Taking into account a steady ACE increase, in February 2022, the patient was recommended therapy with Atezolizumab and Bevacizumab. In January 2023, the patient has already received 13 courses, and ACE continued to decrease: 1,932 IU/ml (January 2023), 53.38 IU/ml (February 2023), 16.07 IU/ml (March 2023), and the abdominal CT scan showed positive dynamics. Conclusion: Targeted immunotherapy showed its effectiveness in the described case of inoperable HCC and allowed the patient to continue living, working, and leading an active lifestyle for more than 18 months.","PeriodicalId":19480,"journal":{"name":"Oncologia i radiologia Kazakhstana","volume":"10 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139147924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-29DOI: 10.52532/2521-6414-2023-4-70-31-33
A. Zeineabedyn, S. Kulbayeva, G. Taiteli, A. Tin, E. Mekhteeva, Zh. Kudaikulova
Relevance: Early detection of ovarian cancer relapses and their treatment is among the most difficult in practical oncogynecology. Early diagnosis of ovarian cancer recurrence increases the effectiveness of treatment and gives a more favorable survival prognosis. The study aimed to show the possible cause of ovarian cancer recurrence and methods for early detection of relapses. Materials and methods: We systematically analyzed 31 cases of recurrent ovarian cancer treated at the Zhambyl Regional Center of Oncology and Surgery (Kazakhstan) in 2021-2022. We divided them by age, stage, period of relapse, type of histology, tumor grade, sites of recurrence, and symptoms of recurrence. Results: Ovarian cancer is most often detected in the late stages since, in the early stages, the disease is asymptomatic. Patients with advanced stages showed more relapses and distant metastases. Most ovarian cancer and this disease’s relapses are detected at 50-70 years old. The late stages give more distant and multiple relapses than the early stages and in terms of earlier. Moreover, according to histology results, mesenchymal tumors are more significant than epithelial and G3. Conclusion: The recurrence of ovarian cancer is an aggressively occurring disease. Based on the analysis work carried out, more than 70% of patients with recurrent ovarian cancer were aged 50-70 years, and the recurrence rate was higher at later stages (St III) or with a low-grade form of the tumor. All patients received platinum-based combination therapy. Targeted therapy (Bevacizumab) was administered in generalization of the process. More than 20% of all patients are resistant to platinum, whose relapse occurred before six months; the rest are sensitive to platinum with a later relapse. Based on everything, there is an increase in distant and multiple relapses in the late stages of ovarian cancer. This indicates the need to introduce screening programs based on cancer markers (CA-125) and diagnostic instrumental examinations (MRI/CT) to detect ovarian cancer in the early stages. After the treatment, all patients with this disease should be under active supervision, especially patients with low-grade tumors and in late stages.
{"title":"RECURRENCE OF OVARIAN CANCER: POSSIBLE CAUSES, EARLY DETECTION","authors":"A. Zeineabedyn, S. Kulbayeva, G. Taiteli, A. Tin, E. Mekhteeva, Zh. Kudaikulova","doi":"10.52532/2521-6414-2023-4-70-31-33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52532/2521-6414-2023-4-70-31-33","url":null,"abstract":"Relevance: Early detection of ovarian cancer relapses and their treatment is among the most difficult in practical oncogynecology. Early diagnosis of ovarian cancer recurrence increases the effectiveness of treatment and gives a more favorable survival prognosis. The study aimed to show the possible cause of ovarian cancer recurrence and methods for early detection of relapses. Materials and methods: We systematically analyzed 31 cases of recurrent ovarian cancer treated at the Zhambyl Regional Center of Oncology and Surgery (Kazakhstan) in 2021-2022. We divided them by age, stage, period of relapse, type of histology, tumor grade, sites of recurrence, and symptoms of recurrence. Results: Ovarian cancer is most often detected in the late stages since, in the early stages, the disease is asymptomatic. Patients with advanced stages showed more relapses and distant metastases. Most ovarian cancer and this disease’s relapses are detected at 50-70 years old. The late stages give more distant and multiple relapses than the early stages and in terms of earlier. Moreover, according to histology results, mesenchymal tumors are more significant than epithelial and G3. Conclusion: The recurrence of ovarian cancer is an aggressively occurring disease. Based on the analysis work carried out, more than 70% of patients with recurrent ovarian cancer were aged 50-70 years, and the recurrence rate was higher at later stages (St III) or with a low-grade form of the tumor. All patients received platinum-based combination therapy. Targeted therapy (Bevacizumab) was administered in generalization of the process. More than 20% of all patients are resistant to platinum, whose relapse occurred before six months; the rest are sensitive to platinum with a later relapse. Based on everything, there is an increase in distant and multiple relapses in the late stages of ovarian cancer. This indicates the need to introduce screening programs based on cancer markers (CA-125) and diagnostic instrumental examinations (MRI/CT) to detect ovarian cancer in the early stages. After the treatment, all patients with this disease should be under active supervision, especially patients with low-grade tumors and in late stages.","PeriodicalId":19480,"journal":{"name":"Oncologia i radiologia Kazakhstana","volume":" 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139144764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-29DOI: 10.52532/2521-6414-2023-4-70-51-55
Z. Soltanova, S. Tokanova
Relevance: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed types of cancer worldwide. CRC incidence has increased in Kazakhstan, as in many other countries in the past decade. Therefore, it is important to identify risk factors contributing to this pathological process to develop primary prevention programs at regional and national levels. The study aimed to investigate modifiable risk factors for the development of colorectal cancer. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in electronic databases, including PubMed, Cochrane Library, eLibrary, CyberLeninka, and Google Scholar. The study included reports of randomized and cohort studies conducted on large populations, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and original full-text articles in English and Russian, available in open access and containing statistically validated conclusions. Exclusion criteria encompassed brief reports, newspaper articles, and personal communications. The search depth covered ten years (2012-2022). Results: Published data reflect the significant influence on the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) of modifiable risk factors such as dietary habits, smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity, and physical inactivity. Conclusion: CRC is a polyetiological disease that arises under the influence of both internal and external factors. However, only 25-30% of CRC cases are associated with non-modifiable risk factors, such as genetic factors, personal history of polyps, and inflammatory bowel diseases. 70-75% of CRC cases occur sporadically and are linked to modifiable risk factors, including smoking, alcohol consumption, unhealthy diet, sedentary lifestyle, lack of physical activity, and obesity
{"title":"MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS FOR COLORECTAL CANCER DEVELOPMENT: A LITERATURE REVIEW","authors":"Z. Soltanova, S. Tokanova","doi":"10.52532/2521-6414-2023-4-70-51-55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52532/2521-6414-2023-4-70-51-55","url":null,"abstract":"Relevance: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed types of cancer worldwide. CRC incidence has increased in Kazakhstan, as in many other countries in the past decade. Therefore, it is important to identify risk factors contributing to this pathological process to develop primary prevention programs at regional and national levels. The study aimed to investigate modifiable risk factors for the development of colorectal cancer. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in electronic databases, including PubMed, Cochrane Library, eLibrary, CyberLeninka, and Google Scholar. The study included reports of randomized and cohort studies conducted on large populations, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and original full-text articles in English and Russian, available in open access and containing statistically validated conclusions. Exclusion criteria encompassed brief reports, newspaper articles, and personal communications. The search depth covered ten years (2012-2022). Results: Published data reflect the significant influence on the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) of modifiable risk factors such as dietary habits, smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity, and physical inactivity. Conclusion: CRC is a polyetiological disease that arises under the influence of both internal and external factors. However, only 25-30% of CRC cases are associated with non-modifiable risk factors, such as genetic factors, personal history of polyps, and inflammatory bowel diseases. 70-75% of CRC cases occur sporadically and are linked to modifiable risk factors, including smoking, alcohol consumption, unhealthy diet, sedentary lifestyle, lack of physical activity, and obesity","PeriodicalId":19480,"journal":{"name":"Oncologia i radiologia Kazakhstana","volume":" 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139142205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-29DOI: 10.52532/2521-6414-2023-4-70-64-67
L. Belamanova, T. Turmukhanov
Azat Ilyasovna Shibanova – a veteran of Kazakhstan’s oncology service, the founder of the Clinical Cytology discipline in the Republic of Kazakhstan, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Honorary President of the Association of Clinical Cytologists of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Honorary Member of the International Academy of Cytology, the founder of the Association of Clinical Cytologists of the Republic of Kazakhstan. During her career, she trained a whole galaxy of cytologists and cytotechnicians currently working across Kazakhsta
{"title":"AZAT ILYASOVNA SHIBANOVA – A LIFE DEDICATED TO MEDICINE. TO THE 90TH JUBILEE","authors":"L. Belamanova, T. Turmukhanov","doi":"10.52532/2521-6414-2023-4-70-64-67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52532/2521-6414-2023-4-70-64-67","url":null,"abstract":"Azat Ilyasovna Shibanova – a veteran of Kazakhstan’s oncology service, the founder of the Clinical Cytology discipline in the Republic of Kazakhstan, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Honorary President of the Association of Clinical Cytologists of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Honorary Member of the International Academy of Cytology, the founder of the Association of Clinical Cytologists of the Republic of Kazakhstan. During her career, she trained a whole galaxy of cytologists and cytotechnicians currently working across Kazakhsta","PeriodicalId":19480,"journal":{"name":"Oncologia i radiologia Kazakhstana","volume":" 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139143743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-29DOI: 10.52532/2521-6414-2023-4-70-56-63
N. Shanazarov, G. Bariyeva, N. Mussin, R. Albayev, A. Kaliyev, E. Iztleuov, S. Smailova
Relevance: Cervical cancer is a major public health problem worldwide, with human papillomavirus infection playing a vital role as a risk factor. Photodynamic therapy is a minimally invasive treatment for HPV-related cervical lesions that uses photosensitizers and light to selectively destroy abnormal cells. The study aims to comprehensively review the different types of molecules used in PDT to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with cervical cancer. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted for all relevant articles investigating the efficacy and safety of PDT in the treatment of HPV-associated cervical cancer. PICO scores were determined for the review, and a literature search of the PubMed database was performed. An examination of the PubMed online database using keyword combinations identified 71 studies conducted between 2013 and 2023 that investigated using PDT to treat RSM cells. This article reviews ongoing clinical trials examining the efficacy of PDT in treating low-grade squamous cell intraepithelial neoplasia and high-grade squamous cell intraepithelial lesions, as well as preclinical approaches using different molecules for PDT in cervical cancer. Results: Potential molecules for PDT are described, their advantages and disadvantages evaluated, and solutions to improve their compatibility with antitumor treatment are proposed. Our review shows that PDT is a promising therapeutic approach for diagnosing and treating HPV-related cervical lesions. At the same time, we observe that using different classes of dyes enhances the anticancer effects of PDT. Conclusion: Fullerene and ALA-PDT are potential leaders for more intensive use in PDT, which will further help reduce the global incidence and mortality from cervical cancer. However, further studies are needed to evaluate its long-term efficacy and safety.
{"title":"PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY FOR CERVICAL CANCER: A LITERATURE REVIEW","authors":"N. Shanazarov, G. Bariyeva, N. Mussin, R. Albayev, A. Kaliyev, E. Iztleuov, S. Smailova","doi":"10.52532/2521-6414-2023-4-70-56-63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52532/2521-6414-2023-4-70-56-63","url":null,"abstract":"Relevance: Cervical cancer is a major public health problem worldwide, with human papillomavirus infection playing a vital role as a risk factor. Photodynamic therapy is a minimally invasive treatment for HPV-related cervical lesions that uses photosensitizers and light to selectively destroy abnormal cells. The study aims to comprehensively review the different types of molecules used in PDT to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with cervical cancer. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted for all relevant articles investigating the efficacy and safety of PDT in the treatment of HPV-associated cervical cancer. PICO scores were determined for the review, and a literature search of the PubMed database was performed. An examination of the PubMed online database using keyword combinations identified 71 studies conducted between 2013 and 2023 that investigated using PDT to treat RSM cells. This article reviews ongoing clinical trials examining the efficacy of PDT in treating low-grade squamous cell intraepithelial neoplasia and high-grade squamous cell intraepithelial lesions, as well as preclinical approaches using different molecules for PDT in cervical cancer. Results: Potential molecules for PDT are described, their advantages and disadvantages evaluated, and solutions to improve their compatibility with antitumor treatment are proposed. Our review shows that PDT is a promising therapeutic approach for diagnosing and treating HPV-related cervical lesions. At the same time, we observe that using different classes of dyes enhances the anticancer effects of PDT. Conclusion: Fullerene and ALA-PDT are potential leaders for more intensive use in PDT, which will further help reduce the global incidence and mortality from cervical cancer. However, further studies are needed to evaluate its long-term efficacy and safety.","PeriodicalId":19480,"journal":{"name":"Oncologia i radiologia Kazakhstana","volume":"79 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139146481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-29DOI: 10.52532/2521-6414-2023-4-70-18-22
A. Tulegenova, D. Mussakhanov, K. Datbayev, M. Omirzak, O. Seitov
Relevance: The article discusses one of the ways to improve the DRG-05M dosimeter in brachytherapy by using new components and technologies in an improved scheme, which includes more accurate sensors, advanced signal processing techniques, efficient power cells, and other solutions. The application of such advanced components and technologies in the framework of DRG-05M dosimeter modernization is a new and original contribution to the field of dosimetry. The scientific novelty of the work is the improvement of the existing circuitry, namely, the improvement of the DRG-05M dosimeter’s electrical circuitry based on the analysis of its shortcomings. This includes replacing components, optimizing circuit structure, eliminating noise and interference, and improving the stability and accuracy of measurements. 1. дозиметрмен ФЭУ тұтынатын кернеу-1,5 кВ. біз 15 В ФЭУ ұсындық, бұл ағымдағы көрсеткіштен екі ретке төмен; 2. біз қазіргі дозиметрге қарағанда заманауи АЦТ микроконтроллерін пайдалануды ұсынамыз. Ұсынылған микроконтроллер өнімділігі жағынан жоғары, бұл өлшеу дәлдігіне тікелей әсер етеді; 3. біз бүкіл тізбектің қуат көзін максимум 15 в кернеуге ауыстыруды ұсынамыз. Дозиметрде бұрын қолданылған қуат блогы кернеуді 1,5 кВ-қа дейін арттырды және бірнеше вольтты шу шығарды. Жақсартылған схеманың сипаттамаларын дозиметрдің бастапқы нұсқасымен салыстыру брахитерапиядағы дозаны өлшеудің тиімділігін, сенімділігі мен дәлдігін көрсетеді. Пайдаланылған дереккөздердің тізімі: 1. Соколов А.К., Хайкович И.М., Дмитриев А.Н. Патент РФ 96124418/20, 25.12.1996. – Сцинтилляционный дозиметр. RU 6246 U1 МПК G01T 1/20 (1995.01) [Sokolov A.K., Khaikovich I.M., Dmitryev A.N. Patent. RF 96124418/20, 25.12.1996. – Scintillyatsyonnyi dozimetr RU 6246 U1 МПК G01T 1/20 (1995.01) (in Russ.)] https://www.fips.ru/cdfi/ fips.dll/ru?ty=29&docid=6246&ki=PM 2. Дозиметры ДРГ-05, ДРГ-05М / Паспорт ЖШ2.805.397 ПС. – 1987. [Dozimetry DRG-05, ДРГ-05М / Pasport ZhSh2.805.397 PS. – 1987. (in Russ.)]. 3. Федерков Б.Г., Телец В.А. Микросхемы ЦАП и АЦП: функционирование, параметры, применение. – М.: Энергоиздат, 1990. – 320 с. [Federkov B.G., Telets V.A. Microshemi TSAP i ATSP: funksionirovanie, parametri, primenenie. – M: Energoizdat, 1990. – 320 s. (in Russ.)]. http://scbist.com/knigi-i-zhurnaly/36127-b-g-fedorkov-vtelec-mikroshemy-cap-i-acp-1990-g.html 4. Texnic.ru. КР572ПВ5 схема [Texnic.ru. KR572PV5 sxema] . 19.12.2023. 5. Одинец А.И., Науменко А.П. Цифровые устройства: АЦП и ЦАП // Учеб. пособие. – Омск: Изд-во ИРСИД, 2006. – 48 с. [Odinec A.I., Naumenko A.P. Cifrovye ustrojstva: ACP i CAP // Ucheb. posobie. – Omsk: Izd-vo IRSID, 2006. – 48 s. (in Russ.)] https://rusneb.ru/ catalog/010003_000061_a3862e678cf0d42aab092b309ed1524a/ 6. Zloy Soft Company. №5872. Преобразователь постоянного напряжения 1.5В/15В [Zloy Soft Company. №5872. Preobrazovatel’ postoyannogo napryazheniya 1.5V/15V (in Russ.)]. http://cxema. my1.ru/publ/istochniki_pitanija/preobra
{"title":"METHODS FOR IMPROVING THE DRG-05M DOSIMETER IN BRACHYTHERAPY","authors":"A. Tulegenova, D. Mussakhanov, K. Datbayev, M. Omirzak, O. Seitov","doi":"10.52532/2521-6414-2023-4-70-18-22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52532/2521-6414-2023-4-70-18-22","url":null,"abstract":"Relevance: The article discusses one of the ways to improve the DRG-05M dosimeter in brachytherapy by using new components and technologies in an improved scheme, which includes more accurate sensors, advanced signal processing techniques, efficient power cells, and other solutions. The application of such advanced components and technologies in the framework of DRG-05M dosimeter modernization is a new and original contribution to the field of dosimetry. The scientific novelty of the work is the improvement of the existing circuitry, namely, the improvement of the DRG-05M dosimeter’s electrical circuitry based on the analysis of its shortcomings. This includes replacing components, optimizing circuit structure, eliminating noise and interference, and improving the stability and accuracy of measurements. 1. дозиметрмен ФЭУ тұтынатын кернеу-1,5 кВ. біз 15 В ФЭУ ұсындық, бұл ағымдағы көрсеткіштен екі ретке төмен; 2. біз қазіргі дозиметрге қарағанда заманауи АЦТ микроконтроллерін пайдалануды ұсынамыз. Ұсынылған микроконтроллер өнімділігі жағынан жоғары, бұл өлшеу дәлдігіне тікелей әсер етеді; 3. біз бүкіл тізбектің қуат көзін максимум 15 в кернеуге ауыстыруды ұсынамыз. Дозиметрде бұрын қолданылған қуат блогы кернеуді 1,5 кВ-қа дейін арттырды және бірнеше вольтты шу шығарды. Жақсартылған схеманың сипаттамаларын дозиметрдің бастапқы нұсқасымен салыстыру брахитерапиядағы дозаны өлшеудің тиімділігін, сенімділігі мен дәлдігін көрсетеді. Пайдаланылған дереккөздердің тізімі: 1. Соколов А.К., Хайкович И.М., Дмитриев А.Н. Патент РФ 96124418/20, 25.12.1996. – Сцинтилляционный дозиметр. RU 6246 U1 МПК G01T 1/20 (1995.01) [Sokolov A.K., Khaikovich I.M., Dmitryev A.N. Patent. RF 96124418/20, 25.12.1996. – Scintillyatsyonnyi dozimetr RU 6246 U1 МПК G01T 1/20 (1995.01) (in Russ.)] https://www.fips.ru/cdfi/ fips.dll/ru?ty=29&docid=6246&ki=PM 2. Дозиметры ДРГ-05, ДРГ-05М / Паспорт ЖШ2.805.397 ПС. – 1987. [Dozimetry DRG-05, ДРГ-05М / Pasport ZhSh2.805.397 PS. – 1987. (in Russ.)]. 3. Федерков Б.Г., Телец В.А. Микросхемы ЦАП и АЦП: функционирование, параметры, применение. – М.: Энергоиздат, 1990. – 320 с. [Federkov B.G., Telets V.A. Microshemi TSAP i ATSP: funksionirovanie, parametri, primenenie. – M: Energoizdat, 1990. – 320 s. (in Russ.)]. http://scbist.com/knigi-i-zhurnaly/36127-b-g-fedorkov-vtelec-mikroshemy-cap-i-acp-1990-g.html 4. Texnic.ru. КР572ПВ5 схема [Texnic.ru. KR572PV5 sxema] . 19.12.2023. 5. Одинец А.И., Науменко А.П. Цифровые устройства: АЦП и ЦАП // Учеб. пособие. – Омск: Изд-во ИРСИД, 2006. – 48 с. [Odinec A.I., Naumenko A.P. Cifrovye ustrojstva: ACP i CAP // Ucheb. posobie. – Omsk: Izd-vo IRSID, 2006. – 48 s. (in Russ.)] https://rusneb.ru/ catalog/010003_000061_a3862e678cf0d42aab092b309ed1524a/ 6. Zloy Soft Company. №5872. Преобразователь постоянного напряжения 1.5В/15В [Zloy Soft Company. №5872. Preobrazovatel’ postoyannogo napryazheniya 1.5V/15V (in Russ.)]. http://cxema. my1.ru/publ/istochniki_pitanija/preobra","PeriodicalId":19480,"journal":{"name":"Oncologia i radiologia Kazakhstana","volume":" 80","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139144713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：