Les etudes r ealis ees en France depuis une dizaine d’ann ees font etat d’une augmentationdel’ob esit eetded es equilibres alimentaires, notamment au sein des populations les plus d emunies. El ement important du bien-être, et plus globalement enjeu de soci et e, l’alimentation se situe au coeur de diverses politiques publiques. Celles-ci s’attachent, avec un objectif commun de sant e, a diff erents aspects de l’alimentation : s ecurit e sanitaire des produits, adaptation de l’offre alimentaire aux besoins des populations, lutte contre les in egalit es, pr evention nutritionnelle, comp etitivit e d’un economiqueetsocialemajeuredansnotrepays. Depuis plusieurs ann ees, l’action publique d eploie des initiatives (campagnes d’informationnutritionnelle,Plannational Nutrition sant e (PNNS), actions concert ees avec l’industrie agro-alimentaire. . .) visant a faire evoluer l’alimentation dans unsens favorable a lasant e.Or, l’ evolution du surpoids dans la population montre que ces actions n’ont pas encore eu les effets attendus. C’est dans ce contexteque leminist erede l’Agriculture a adress e a l’INRA en 2010 une demande d’expertise scientifique collective sur les comportements alimentaires, consid er es comme facteur de protection ou de risque face a diverses pathologies. Les comportements alimentaires agr egent des param etres qui ne rel event pas du seul domaine de l’alimentation. L’expertise a ainsi sur plus d’un an mobilis e une vingtaine d’experts, de diff erents etablissements de recherche, repr esentant un large eventail de disciplines – epid emiologie, nutrition, science des aliments, psychologie, sociologie, economie – pour r ealiser un etat des lieux des acquis, lacunes, controverses et incertitudes de la science, a partir de la litt erature mondiale, francophone et anglophone. Les experts ont analys e plus de 1 600 articles pour d ecrire les diff erentes composantes des comportements alimentaires, et essayer d’identifier des leviers d’action pertinents pour les modifier dans le sens d’une meilleure ad equation aux recommandations nutritionnelles. Abstract: Dietary behaviours and practices: Determinants, action, outcomes Although public policies have for many years spearheaded information campaigns about how eating affects health, rising obesity rates show that the expected effects have yet to be achieved. Why consumers do not practically comply with nutritional recommendations? This question lead the ministry in charge of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries to require in 2010 an updated state of knowledge for peer-reviewed literature and to commission INRA to undertake a collective scientific expertise on dietary behaviours. The aim was to investigate the multiple determinants of behaviours and how behaviours form and change in individuals according to social class and age, but also collectively over a long period of time. The expertise reports that the consumer is subjected to different environmental stimuli which can bias opinion and that di
过去十年在法国进行的研究表明，饮食平衡的目标有所增加，特别是在最健康的人群中。食品是福利的重要组成部分，更广泛地说，是一个社会问题，它是各种公共政策的核心。sant她们在一个共同的目标一起努力,e, a加的夫erents饮食方面:e s ecurit产品健康、粮食供给适应人民的需要,打击in egalit es、pr、营养evention comp etitivit一个economiqueetsocialemajeuredansnotrepays e。好几ann黑河、公共行动的倡议(运动d’informationnutritionnelle eploie d、e 7380 sant营养(营养),股票与食品业黑河演唱会。。。a)的食物做了公共资金,以有利lasant e.Or,我们进化超重人群中显示这些行动尚未产生预期的效果。在此背景下，2010年，农业研究所要求对饮食行为进行集体科学评估，将其视为应对各种疾病的保护或风险因素。饮食行为所产生的参数并不仅仅与饮食有关。专长以及关于mobilis e一年多了近20项专家、研究报告书erents etablissements repr esentant范围广泛的学科—epids emiologie营养学、食品科学、心理学、社会学、经济学为r—ealiser现场一个科技成就、差距、争议和不确定性,a world of american erature起,法语和英语。专家们分析了1600多篇文章，列出了饮食行为的不同组成部分，并试图确定相关的政策杠杆，以更好地满足营养建议。摘要:饮食行为和做法:决定因素、行动、结果尽管公共政策多年来一直在开展关于饮食如何影响健康的宣传活动，不断上升的肥胖率表明预期的效果尚未实现。为什么消费者实际上不符合营养建议?这一问题导致负责农业、粮食和渔业部要求在2010年更新同行评议文献的知识状况，并要求INRA委员会就饮食行为问题进行集体科学专门知识。目的是研究行为的多重决定因素，以及行为如何根据社会阶层和年龄在个体中形成和变化，但也要在很长一段时间内集体形成和变化。专家报告说，消费者受到不同环境刺激的影响，这些环境刺激会使意见产生偏见，饮食行为也会受到结合不同手段和针对个人或特定群体的信息战略的影响。本文汇集了来自世界各地近1600篇科学文章的专家报告的结论，该报告是由流行病学、营养学、社会学和经济学等不同领域的20位专家编写的。
{"title":"Les comportements alimentaires","authors":"C. Sabbagh, P. Etiévant","doi":"10.1684/OCL.2012.0468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1684/OCL.2012.0468","url":null,"abstract":"Les etudes r ealis ees en France depuis une dizaine d’ann ees font etat d’une augmentationdel’ob esit eetded es equilibres alimentaires, notamment au sein des populations les plus d emunies. El ement important du bien-être, et plus globalement enjeu de soci et e, l’alimentation se situe au coeur de diverses politiques publiques. Celles-ci s’attachent, avec un objectif commun de sant e, a diff erents aspects de l’alimentation : s ecurit e sanitaire des produits, adaptation de l’offre alimentaire aux besoins des populations, lutte contre les in egalit es, pr evention nutritionnelle, comp etitivit e d’un economiqueetsocialemajeuredansnotrepays. Depuis plusieurs ann ees, l’action publique d eploie des initiatives (campagnes d’informationnutritionnelle,Plannational Nutrition sant e (PNNS), actions concert ees avec l’industrie agro-alimentaire. . .) visant a faire evoluer l’alimentation dans unsens favorable a lasant e.Or, l’ evolution du surpoids dans la population montre que ces actions n’ont pas encore eu les effets attendus. C’est dans ce contexteque leminist erede l’Agriculture a adress e a l’INRA en 2010 une demande d’expertise scientifique collective sur les comportements alimentaires, consid er es comme facteur de protection ou de risque face a diverses pathologies. Les comportements alimentaires agr egent des param etres qui ne rel event pas du seul domaine de l’alimentation. L’expertise a ainsi sur plus d’un an mobilis e une vingtaine d’experts, de diff erents etablissements de recherche, repr esentant un large eventail de disciplines – epid emiologie, nutrition, science des aliments, psychologie, sociologie, economie – pour r ealiser un etat des lieux des acquis, lacunes, controverses et incertitudes de la science, a partir de la litt erature mondiale, francophone et anglophone. Les experts ont analys e plus de 1 600 articles pour d ecrire les diff erentes composantes des comportements alimentaires, et essayer d’identifier des leviers d’action pertinents pour les modifier dans le sens d’une meilleure ad equation aux recommandations nutritionnelles. Abstract: Dietary behaviours and practices: Determinants, action, outcomes Although public policies have for many years spearheaded information campaigns about how eating affects health, rising obesity rates show that the expected effects have yet to be achieved. Why consumers do not practically comply with nutritional recommendations? This question lead the ministry in charge of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries to require in 2010 an updated state of knowledge for peer-reviewed literature and to commission INRA to undertake a collective scientific expertise on dietary behaviours. The aim was to investigate the multiple determinants of behaviours and how behaviours form and change in individuals according to social class and age, but also collectively over a long period of time. The expertise reports that the consumer is subjected to different environmental stimuli which can bias opinion and that di","PeriodicalId":19493,"journal":{"name":"Oléagineux, Corps gras, Lipides","volume":"12 1","pages":"261-269"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87174485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In a globalised world, the trade of goods and services constitute the heart of the economic system. But the trade patterns may show extreme diversity depending upon the nature of the concerned products. The technical and functional constraints do impose their laws, particularly when they relate to biological products/commodities. The term globalization is generally used to describe a complex process of international integration. When referring to oilseeds, the term must also relate to agriculture and human nutritional requirements for a rising human population spread all over the world, particularly in large urban environment.With an annual harvest of about 450 Mn T, oilseeds are naturally “globalized” in their production patterns. The complexity of their production schemes associated with the diversity of their usage on widespread geographical regions gives this group of commodities a unique role on the world markets. This process of opened trade channels has enabled the sector to meet the supply requirements of a quickly rising demand coming from both the population and all the industrial usages including alternative “green” energy.However, for the time being, demand growth has not been fully counter-balanced by production growth. As a consequence, unless some strict reallocation of acreage is effectively organized or new high yielding technologies are developed, it is a fact that vegetable oil will keep a strong demand base for a long time, compounded by the mechanical demand from economic growth in highly populated emerging economies. The balancing of supply and demand is expected to remain a tight exercise every year. At the end of the day, the future of the entire industry largely lies in technology because the final stake is to ensure the proper feeding of a 9 billion people population in a not too far future.
{"title":"The globalization of international oilseeds trade","authors":"J. Mittaine, T. Mielke","doi":"10.1051/OCL.2012.0470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/OCL.2012.0470","url":null,"abstract":"In a globalised world, the trade of goods and services constitute the heart of the economic system. But the trade patterns may show extreme diversity depending upon the nature of the concerned products. The technical and functional constraints do impose their laws, particularly when they relate to biological products/commodities. The term globalization is generally used to describe a complex process of international integration. When referring to oilseeds, the term must also relate to agriculture and human nutritional requirements for a rising human population spread all over the world, particularly in large urban environment.With an annual harvest of about 450 Mn T, oilseeds are naturally “globalized” in their production patterns. The complexity of their production schemes associated with the diversity of their usage on widespread geographical regions gives this group of commodities a unique role on the world markets. This process of opened trade channels has enabled the sector to meet the supply requirements of a quickly rising demand coming from both the population and all the industrial usages including alternative “green” energy.However, for the time being, demand growth has not been fully counter-balanced by production growth. As a consequence, unless some strict reallocation of acreage is effectively organized or new high yielding technologies are developed, it is a fact that vegetable oil will keep a strong demand base for a long time, compounded by the mechanical demand from economic growth in highly populated emerging economies. The balancing of supply and demand is expected to remain a tight exercise every year. At the end of the day, the future of the entire industry largely lies in technology because the final stake is to ensure the proper feeding of a 9 billion people population in a not too far future.","PeriodicalId":19493,"journal":{"name":"Oléagineux, Corps gras, Lipides","volume":"15 1","pages":"249-260"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81788072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Re-analysing the 1945-1975 period, these three post-war decades of massive economic and strong demographic growths, is a way to understand a large part of the actual evolution encountered in China. Just as Europe did more than a century ago, China woke up and is about to regain the place in the economy it used to occupy at the beginning of the 19th century. In 2009, China was one of the fourth biggest buyers of agricultural lands in the world with Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and South Korea. Just as Europe did in 1945, over the last three decades China has built coastal infrastructures such as harbours, highways, airports, encouraging the mobility of people, goods and information. Cities and buildings have developed; there has been industrialization, supply of goods and services to consumers... and finally development of a middle class, especially on the East coast. Or more precisely two middle classes – an upper middle class (105 millions of consumers, with an income of 4 800$ to 12 500$/year) and a lower middle class (190 millions of consumers, with an income of 3 000$ to 4 800$/year) –, both responsible for the actual evolution of food consumption in China. Traditional consumption of rice is decreasing, just as potatoes did after the 60’s in France; meat and milk consumption (pork, chicken) are soaring. Consequently, the explosion of demand and changes in diets are increasing the strains on world agricultural commodity markets. Nobody knows if China is living the last days of these Golden Years (its gross domestic product (GDP) drop from 14 % to 8 % between 2007 and 2012) or if it is just a step before a new take-off based this time on Central China, after the one based on the East coast. And what about the consequences of the ageing of the Chinese population and of the ‘‘one child’’ policy on future changing lifestyles?
{"title":"La révolution mondiale de la consommation alimentaire : l’émergence d’une nouvelle classe moyenne chinoise","authors":"D. Desjeux","doi":"10.1051/OCL.2012.0472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/OCL.2012.0472","url":null,"abstract":"Re-analysing the 1945-1975 period, these three post-war decades of massive economic and strong demographic growths, is a way to understand a large part of the actual evolution encountered in China. Just as Europe did more than a century ago, China woke up and is about to regain the place in the economy it used to occupy at the beginning of the 19th century. In 2009, China was one of the fourth biggest buyers of agricultural lands in the world with Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and South Korea. Just as Europe did in 1945, over the last three decades China has built coastal infrastructures such as harbours, highways, airports, encouraging the mobility of people, goods and information. Cities and buildings have developed; there has been industrialization, supply of goods and services to consumers... and finally development of a middle class, especially on the East coast. Or more precisely two middle classes – an upper middle class (105 millions of consumers, with an income of 4 800$ to 12 500$/year) and a lower middle class (190 millions of consumers, with an income of 3 000$ to 4 800$/year) –, both responsible for the actual evolution of food consumption in China. Traditional consumption of rice is decreasing, just as potatoes did after the 60’s in France; meat and milk consumption (pork, chicken) are soaring. Consequently, the explosion of demand and changes in diets are increasing the strains on world agricultural commodity markets. Nobody knows if China is living the last days of these Golden Years (its gross domestic product (GDP) drop from 14 % to 8 % between 2007 and 2012) or if it is just a step before a new take-off based this time on Central China, after the one based on the East coast. And what about the consequences of the ageing of the Chinese population and of the ‘‘one child’’ policy on future changing lifestyles?","PeriodicalId":19493,"journal":{"name":"Oléagineux, Corps gras, Lipides","volume":"41 1","pages":"299-303"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80815143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mediterranean countries, in particular Spain, Italy and Tunisia, rule the international market of olive oil, in terms of land, production and exports. However, several new countries, such as Argentina, Chile, the United States and Australia have entered the market and are becoming important actors: their production, as well as imports of olive oil, are growing fast. Thanks to the positive image that it acquired due to its health benefits, olive oil is more and more appreciated in countries where its consumption is recent and non traditional. On the contrary, in Mediterranean countries, namely in Tunisia, other vegetable oils and fats tend to substitute olive oil, which is more expensive. However, such oils and fats could be responsible for the increase of cardiovascular diseases and obesity.
{"title":"Un produit emblématique à la dérive des continents et des consommateurs : l’huile d’olive","authors":"G. Palma, M. Padilla","doi":"10.1051/OCL.2012.0467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/OCL.2012.0467","url":null,"abstract":"Mediterranean countries, in particular Spain, Italy and Tunisia, rule the international market of olive oil, in terms of land, production and exports. However, several new countries, such as Argentina, Chile, the United States and Australia have entered the market and are becoming important actors: their production, as well as imports of olive oil, are growing fast. Thanks to the positive image that it acquired due to its health benefits, olive oil is more and more appreciated in countries where its consumption is recent and non traditional. On the contrary, in Mediterranean countries, namely in Tunisia, other vegetable oils and fats tend to substitute olive oil, which is more expensive. However, such oils and fats could be responsible for the increase of cardiovascular diseases and obesity.","PeriodicalId":19493,"journal":{"name":"Oléagineux, Corps gras, Lipides","volume":"41 1","pages":"283-289"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78771075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Consumption patterns are part of a globalized context of interdependence with major uncertainties and increasing constraints. Linking them with food security is essential. Challenges are therefore political, economic, environmental, social but also ethical. Ethics is, mainly, a reflexive intellectual attitude based on problematisation and questioning. One must questions one’s own actions and relationships with others, both in intention and impact. With regard to consumption patterns and food security, the areas in which ‘‘concern [should be] necessary and endless’’ are numerous. Nine major ethical issues can be stated; they are related to agricultural production, consumption, traceability and research priorities.
{"title":"Dimensions éthiques de la dynamique des modèles de consommation alimentaires","authors":"S. Duboc, M. D. Lattre-Gasquet","doi":"10.1051/OCL.2012.0469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/OCL.2012.0469","url":null,"abstract":"Consumption patterns are part of a globalized context of interdependence with major uncertainties and increasing constraints. Linking them with food security is essential. Challenges are therefore political, economic, environmental, social but also ethical. Ethics is, mainly, a reflexive intellectual attitude based on problematisation and questioning. One must questions one’s own actions and relationships with others, both in intention and impact. With regard to consumption patterns and food security, the areas in which ‘‘concern [should be] necessary and endless’’ are numerous. Nine major ethical issues can be stated; they are related to agricultural production, consumption, traceability and research priorities.","PeriodicalId":19493,"journal":{"name":"Oléagineux, Corps gras, Lipides","volume":"81 1","pages":"270-275"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83889451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
China’s opening to the world and economic reforms began in 1978 and resulted in remarkable economic growth. Food transition then occurred for part of Chinese citizens, meaning more meat consumption and less grain consumption. Many factors explained this transition. As China’s economy grew rapidly, peoples’ average income have been rising and cities have been growing at a rapid pace. Foreign investments in retail also have played a major role. But some gaps remain throughout the country: income inequality between rural and urban, between people living on the coast and in-land people, among generations. . . Food transition is not over yet for an important part of the Chinese population.China was able to feed its population until the beginning of the 21st century. But the imports of soybean and milk products have widened its food trade deficit since 2004. The crisis that has been affecting the global economy for the past 4 years might force the Chinese authorities to boost home consumption to be able to maintain the economic growth. This move would mean more imports and might have big consequences on food international trade in the years to come.
{"title":"La Chine au risque de la dépendance alimentaire","authors":"Jean-Marc Chaumet, T. Pouch","doi":"10.4000/BOOKS.PUR.54142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4000/BOOKS.PUR.54142","url":null,"abstract":"China’s opening to the world and economic reforms began in 1978 and resulted in remarkable economic growth. Food transition then occurred for part of Chinese citizens, meaning more meat consumption and less grain consumption. Many factors explained this transition. As China’s economy grew rapidly, peoples’ average income have been rising and cities have been growing at a rapid pace. Foreign investments in retail also have played a major role. But some gaps remain throughout the country: income inequality between rural and urban, between people living on the coast and in-land people, among generations. . . Food transition is not over yet for an important part of the Chinese population.China was able to feed its population until the beginning of the 21st century. But the imports of soybean and milk products have widened its food trade deficit since 2004. The crisis that has been affecting the global economy for the past 4 years might force the Chinese authorities to boost home consumption to be able to maintain the economic growth. This move would mean more imports and might have big consequences on food international trade in the years to come.","PeriodicalId":19493,"journal":{"name":"Oléagineux, Corps gras, Lipides","volume":"54 1","pages":"290-299"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75292532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although public policies have for many years spearheaded information campaigns about how eating affects health, rising obesity rates show that the expected effects have yet to be achieved. Why consumers do not practically comply with nutritional recommendations? This question lead the ministry in charge of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries to require in 2010 an updated state of knowledge for peer-reviewed literature and to commission INRA to undertake a collective scientific expertise on dietary behaviours. The aim was to investigate the multiple determinants of behaviours and how behaviours form and change in individuals according to social class and age, but also collectively over a long period of time. The expertise reports that the consumer is subjected to different environmental stimuli which can bias opinion and that dietary behavior can be affected by information strategies combining different tools and targeting individuals or specific groups.This article sets out the conclusions of the expertise report which draws on nearly 1,600 scientific articles from around the world and was prepared by some twenty experts from fields as diverse as epidemiology, nutrition, sociology and economics.
{"title":"Les comportements alimentaires - Quels en sont les déterminants ? Quelles actions pour les faire évoluer vers une meilleure adéquation avec les recommandations nutritionnelles ? Les conclusions de l’expertise scientifique collective conduite par l’INRA en 2010","authors":"C. Sabbagh, P. Etiévant","doi":"10.1051/OCL.2012.0468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/OCL.2012.0468","url":null,"abstract":"Although public policies have for many years spearheaded information campaigns about how eating affects health, rising obesity rates show that the expected effects have yet to be achieved. Why consumers do not practically comply with nutritional recommendations? This question lead the ministry in charge of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries to require in 2010 an updated state of knowledge for peer-reviewed literature and to commission INRA to undertake a collective scientific expertise on dietary behaviours. The aim was to investigate the multiple determinants of behaviours and how behaviours form and change in individuals according to social class and age, but also collectively over a long period of time. The expertise reports that the consumer is subjected to different environmental stimuli which can bias opinion and that dietary behavior can be affected by information strategies combining different tools and targeting individuals or specific groups.This article sets out the conclusions of the expertise report which draws on nearly 1,600 scientific articles from around the world and was prepared by some twenty experts from fields as diverse as epidemiology, nutrition, sociology and economics.","PeriodicalId":19493,"journal":{"name":"Oléagineux, Corps gras, Lipides","volume":"2 2","pages":"261-269"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91424155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soaring of food prices in 2007/08 has put again food security high in the global agenda. Several elements of explanation have been put forward to explain this crisis, including traditional ones such as imbalance supply/demand and stocks, energy effect, dollar effect ; and new factors such as biofuels, financial speculation and low interest rates, export bans. Various arguments linked to this food crisis have also questioned the global nature of food security issue : global insecurity (with the urban food riots), humanitarian (with the worsening situation of the bottom billion), cross-sectoral (with the relationships between agriculture and other related issues such as environment, health, trade rules and market impacts, etc.). Several initiatives have insisted on the need to address more seriously the problem at the global level. Indeed, lack of global coordination on food security has been recognized as a major problem. This lack of coordination could be understood both at the substantive level (i.e. between the different issue-areas which are part of the food security problem) and at the institutional level (i.e. between the different international organizations in charge of food security) leading to the fragmentation of global food security governance. This paper respectively analyses these two dimensions of fragmentation in order to assess the extent to which current global initiatives better address coordination needs for global food security.
{"title":"La sécurité alimentaire : la construction d’un bien public global ?","authors":"F. Lérin, S. Louafi","doi":"10.1051/OCL.2012.0473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/OCL.2012.0473","url":null,"abstract":"Soaring of food prices in 2007/08 has put again food security high in the global agenda. Several elements of explanation have been put forward to explain this crisis, including traditional ones such as imbalance supply/demand and stocks, energy effect, dollar effect ; and new factors such as biofuels, financial speculation and low interest rates, export bans. Various arguments linked to this food crisis have also questioned the global nature of food security issue : global insecurity (with the urban food riots), humanitarian (with the worsening situation of the bottom billion), cross-sectoral (with the relationships between agriculture and other related issues such as environment, health, trade rules and market impacts, etc.). Several initiatives have insisted on the need to address more seriously the problem at the global level. Indeed, lack of global coordination on food security has been recognized as a major problem. This lack of coordination could be understood both at the substantive level (i.e. between the different issue-areas which are part of the food security problem) and at the institutional level (i.e. between the different international organizations in charge of food security) leading to the fragmentation of global food security governance. This paper respectively analyses these two dimensions of fragmentation in order to assess the extent to which current global initiatives better address coordination needs for global food security.","PeriodicalId":19493,"journal":{"name":"Oléagineux, Corps gras, Lipides","volume":"43 1","pages":"276-282"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86634476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ethical dimensions of the dynamics of food consumption models Consumption patterns are part of a globalized context of interdependence with major uncertainties and increasing constraints. Linking them with food security is essential. Challenges are therefore political, economic, environmental, social but also ethical. Ethics is, mainly, a reflexive intellectual attitude based on problematisation and questioning. One must questions one's own actions and relationships with others, both in intention and impact. With regard to consumption patterns and food security, the areas in which ''concern (should be) necessary and endless'' are numerous. Nine major ethical issues can be stated; they are related to agricultural production, consumption, traceability and research priorities.
{"title":"DOSSIER : MONDIALISATION ET IMPACT SUR LES CONSOMMATIONS ALIMENTAIRES","authors":"M. D. Lattre-Gasquet","doi":"10.1051/OCL.2012.0475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/OCL.2012.0475","url":null,"abstract":"Ethical dimensions of the dynamics of food consumption models Consumption patterns are part of a globalized context of interdependence with major uncertainties and increasing constraints. Linking them with food security is essential. Challenges are therefore political, economic, environmental, social but also ethical. Ethics is, mainly, a reflexive intellectual attitude based on problematisation and questioning. One must questions one's own actions and relationships with others, both in intention and impact. With regard to consumption patterns and food security, the areas in which ''concern (should be) necessary and endless'' are numerous. Nine major ethical issues can be stated; they are related to agricultural production, consumption, traceability and research priorities.","PeriodicalId":19493,"journal":{"name":"Oléagineux, Corps gras, Lipides","volume":"1 1","pages":"245-248"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89783880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Weedy sunflowers have been officially reported in South-Western France in 2004. They display a combination of phenotypic traits of the wild and domesticated forms of the species and infest between 15 and 20% of fields of sunflower crop in this area, although at variable levels. When the infestation is strong, it affects seed yield and oil quality. Molecular studies showed that weedy sunflowers most probably resulted from accidental crop-wild hybridization during the seed production process and from the introduction of the resulting hybrids into commercial seed lots. Multiple independent introductions were at the source of the number of infested fields observed nowadays. The temporal dynamics of the infestation of a field and the detailed conditions for its success remain largely unknown. The flowering synchrony between crops and weeds is substantial, even if a variable fraction of the weeds (15-55%) flower completely outside the crop flowering period. Molecular survey of adult weedy plants and their progenies showed that crop-toweed gene flow occurs, at a rate that can reach 35 %on average, at the peak of the crop flowering period. We draw perspectives on the durability of herbicide-tolerant sunflower varieties as a solution to control these weeds, and call for more studies tackling weed management from an evolutionary lens.
{"title":"Les tournesols adventices : un exemple d’évolution d’une mauvaise-herbe apparentée à une espèce cultivée – Synthèse des recherches menées sur les populations adventices de tournesol en France depuis 2004","authors":"M. Muller, Marie Roumet, V. Lecomte","doi":"10.1051/OCL.2012.0465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/OCL.2012.0465","url":null,"abstract":"Weedy sunflowers have been officially reported in South-Western France in 2004. They display a combination of phenotypic traits of the wild and domesticated forms of the species and infest between 15 and 20% of fields of sunflower crop in this area, although at variable levels. When the infestation is strong, it affects seed yield and oil quality. Molecular studies showed that weedy sunflowers most probably resulted from accidental crop-wild hybridization during the seed production process and from the introduction of the resulting hybrids into commercial seed lots. Multiple independent introductions were at the source of the number of infested fields observed nowadays. The temporal dynamics of the infestation of a field and the detailed conditions for its success remain largely unknown. The flowering synchrony between crops and weeds is substantial, even if a variable fraction of the weeds (15-55%) flower completely outside the crop flowering period. Molecular survey of adult weedy plants and their progenies showed that crop-toweed gene flow occurs, at a rate that can reach 35 %on average, at the peak of the crop flowering period. We draw perspectives on the durability of herbicide-tolerant sunflower varieties as a solution to control these weeds, and call for more studies tackling weed management from an evolutionary lens.","PeriodicalId":19493,"journal":{"name":"Oléagineux, Corps gras, Lipides","volume":"40 1","pages":"304-312"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85399058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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