Biodiesel production increases, and each ton of biodiesel produced leads to about 100 kg of glycerol. Because of increasing amount of generated glycerol, but also according to environmental concerns and scarcity of oil, glycerol is considered as one of the top 10 building block chemicals derived from biomass that can subsequently be converted into a number of high value biobased chemicals. Besides the well established sell of purified glycerine to manufacturers of cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, a variety of novel conversion techniques are introduced. This paper provides an overview of the latest biobased compounds produced from glycerol’s conversion, and of the lower environmental impact of these new ways of production.
{"title":"Le glycérol « building blocks » majeur de la bioraffinerie oléagineuse","authors":"Jacky Vandeputte","doi":"10.1051/OCL.2012.0435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/OCL.2012.0435","url":null,"abstract":"Biodiesel production increases, and each ton of biodiesel produced leads to about 100 kg of glycerol. Because of increasing amount of generated glycerol, but also according to environmental concerns and scarcity of oil, glycerol is considered as one of the top 10 building block chemicals derived from biomass that can subsequently be converted into a number of high value biobased chemicals. Besides the well established sell of purified glycerine to manufacturers of cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, a variety of novel conversion techniques are introduced. This paper provides an overview of the latest biobased compounds produced from glycerol’s conversion, and of the lower environmental impact of these new ways of production.","PeriodicalId":19493,"journal":{"name":"Oléagineux, Corps gras, Lipides","volume":"10 1","pages":"16-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82631411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Like what is done for medical practice, any recommendations on nutrition must be built on a body of evidence to establish the credibility. But what level of evidence does it require? The levels of evidence in nutrition should be improved. Indeed, the fantastic wealth of information undermines the profession, and may be harmful to patients. However, it is not possible to have a level of evidence in the field of nutrition equivalent to that required for the drug. This conference examines the contribution in terms of level of evidence of various epidemiological studies: observational studies, intervention studies, meta-analysis. Finally, the inclusion of all this elements – metaanalysis of observational studies and intervention studies, pathophysiology, is still the best way to bring credibility to the recommendations in nutrition.
{"title":"Quel niveau de preuve faut-il exiger en nutrition pour établir des recommandations ?","authors":"Eric Bruckert","doi":"10.1051/OCL.2011.0419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/OCL.2011.0419","url":null,"abstract":"Like what is done for medical practice, any recommendations on nutrition must be built on a body of evidence to establish the credibility. But what level of evidence does it require? The levels of evidence in nutrition should be improved. Indeed, the fantastic wealth of information undermines the profession, and may be harmful to patients. However, it is not possible to have a level of evidence in the field of nutrition equivalent to that required for the drug. This conference examines the contribution in terms of level of evidence of various epidemiological studies: observational studies, intervention studies, meta-analysis. Finally, the inclusion of all this elements – metaanalysis of observational studies and intervention studies, pathophysiology, is still the best way to bring credibility to the recommendations in nutrition.","PeriodicalId":19493,"journal":{"name":"Oléagineux, Corps gras, Lipides","volume":"9 1","pages":"352-358"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87890555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Sausse, D. Chollet, P. Delval, P. Girardin, P. Jupont, L. Masson, P. Metge, R. Réau
The ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) is usually known by farmers as a detrimental weed in spring crops, especially sunflower. But it is also known more generally as a public health issue due to its allergenic pollen. The fight against ragweed implies new methods out of the scope of those usually used by agronomists. It does not concern only the cultivated field but the whole territory, not only the farmers but a group of actors not always sharing the same point of view. In order to deal with this complex situation, we built a monitoring dashboard and tested it in the context of a small territory near Lyon (France). This tool allowed the local decision makers to be informed about the management practices, the measures implemented, and their efficiency. The assessments made in 2005 and 2007 usefully highlighted some critical points, such as the management of inter cropping periods on agricultural areas. This monitoring methodology faces some practical problems and still needs to be improved. However, it presents several advantages : the adaptation to local conditions can complement or provide an alternative to approaches based only on regulation. The lessons learned at the local level in the context of this pilot operation can also lead to a global improvement of ragweed control methods.
{"title":"Quels rapports entre tournesols, santé publique et territoires ? - Proposition d’un tableau de bord pour la gestion concertée de l’ambroisie (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.)","authors":"C. Sausse, D. Chollet, P. Delval, P. Girardin, P. Jupont, L. Masson, P. Metge, R. Réau","doi":"10.1051/OCL.2011.0411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/OCL.2011.0411","url":null,"abstract":"The ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) is usually known by farmers as a detrimental weed in spring crops, especially sunflower. But it is also known more generally as a public health issue due to its allergenic pollen. The fight against ragweed implies new methods out of the scope of those usually used by agronomists. It does not concern only the cultivated field but the whole territory, not only the farmers but a group of actors not always sharing the same point of view. In order to deal with this complex situation, we built a monitoring dashboard and tested it in the context of a small territory near Lyon (France). This tool allowed the local decision makers to be informed about the management practices, the measures implemented, and their efficiency. The assessments made in 2005 and 2007 usefully highlighted some critical points, such as the management of inter cropping periods on agricultural areas. This monitoring methodology faces some practical problems and still needs to be improved. However, it presents several advantages : the adaptation to local conditions can complement or provide an alternative to approaches based only on regulation. The lessons learned at the local level in the context of this pilot operation can also lead to a global improvement of ragweed control methods.","PeriodicalId":19493,"journal":{"name":"Oléagineux, Corps gras, Lipides","volume":"8 1","pages":"372-383"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77308395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. V. Aissi, F. Tchobo, A. Natta, Georges Piombo, Pierre Villeneuve, D. K. Sohounhloue, M. Soumanou
Pentadesma butter is still traditionally extracted starting from pretreated almonds by traditional techniques of heating. The aim of this work was to study the effect of the almonds post-harvest pretreatments on the physicochemical characteristics, the extraction yield and the quality of the Pentadesma butter. In addition, the effect of the various unit operations of the extraction technology on the quality of the extracted butter from pretreated almonds was studied. According to the same traditional process of extraction, two various butters of Pentadesma were extracted starting from almonds differing only by the post-harvest pretreatment applied (roasting or boiling). The color, the aspect and the breaking strength of the almonds were different. The butter extraction yield varied according to the pretreatment applied. The best yields (33.5 ± 4.1%) were obtained from boiled almonds, but their transformation was more difficult than that of roasted. The analysis of the samples at different stages of the transformation allowed the appreciation of the effect of the almonds pretreatments on the acidity and the peroxide value variations at each unit operation of the butter extraction. The fatty acid composition and the tocopherol content of the two extracted butters varied with the almonds pretreatments. The roasted almonds provided a richer butter in stearic acid, a and d-tocopherols and less rich in oleic acid than that provided by the boiled almonds. The pretreatments allowed a total loss of the contained linolenic acid, b and dtocopherols in the butters and decreased the oleic acid and a- tocopherol contents. The physico-chemical characteristics of the Pentadesma butter varied according to the almonds pretreatments. Thus, it would be interesting to make a reasoned choice of the most suitable post-harvest pretreatment in order to obtain a butter with a good quality and an acceptable extraction yield.
{"title":"Effet des prétraitements post-récolte des amandes de Pentadesma butyracea (Sabine) sur la technologie d’extraction en milieu réel et la qualité du beurre","authors":"M. V. Aissi, F. Tchobo, A. Natta, Georges Piombo, Pierre Villeneuve, D. K. Sohounhloue, M. Soumanou","doi":"10.1051/OCL.2011.0423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/OCL.2011.0423","url":null,"abstract":"Pentadesma butter is still traditionally extracted starting from pretreated almonds by traditional techniques of heating. The aim of this work was to study the effect of the almonds post-harvest pretreatments on the physicochemical characteristics, the extraction yield and the quality of the Pentadesma butter. In addition, the effect of the various unit operations of the extraction technology on the quality of the extracted butter from pretreated almonds was studied. According to the same traditional process of extraction, two various butters of Pentadesma were extracted starting from almonds differing only by the post-harvest pretreatment applied (roasting or boiling). The color, the aspect and the breaking strength of the almonds were different. The butter extraction yield varied according to the pretreatment applied. The best yields (33.5 ± 4.1%) were obtained from boiled almonds, but their transformation was more difficult than that of roasted. The analysis of the samples at different stages of the transformation allowed the appreciation of the effect of the almonds pretreatments on the acidity and the peroxide value variations at each unit operation of the butter extraction. The fatty acid composition and the tocopherol content of the two extracted butters varied with the almonds pretreatments. The roasted almonds provided a richer butter in stearic acid, a and d-tocopherols and less rich in oleic acid than that provided by the boiled almonds. The pretreatments allowed a total loss of the contained linolenic acid, b and dtocopherols in the butters and decreased the oleic acid and a- tocopherol contents. The physico-chemical characteristics of the Pentadesma butter varied according to the almonds pretreatments. Thus, it would be interesting to make a reasoned choice of the most suitable post-harvest pretreatment in order to obtain a butter with a good quality and an acceptable extraction yield.","PeriodicalId":19493,"journal":{"name":"Oléagineux, Corps gras, Lipides","volume":"10 1","pages":"384-392"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90140063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The French Fund for Nutrition and Health (FFAS) was created on June 18th, 2011, at the initiative of the French nutrition institute (Institut Franc¸ais pour la Nutrition – IFN) and the National association of food industries (Association Nationale des Industries Alimentaires – ANIA) This funds’ mission consists in studying and promoting nutritional habits that combine pleasure and health. Its purpose is to develop a partnership between the academic community and economic actors, for a better service of public health. It is a unique structure for all stakeholders to mutualize their forces, knowledge and expertise. The French Fund for Nutrition and Health ambitions to play a role in health promotion through a diet that is both healthy and a source of pleasure. It will fund research programs on the determinants of dietary patterns, it will co-fund experimental nutrition programs with the goal of a scaling up and it will foster dialogue between science and society through a series of public debates. Three operational committees carry these missions: the research committee, the action committee and the debates committee. Each committee is composed of an equal number of academics and industry representatives. Besides, a scientific board composed of independent experts proposes general orientations to the fund and ensures decisions are made in the interest of the public independently of specific commercial interests. Soon after its creation, the French Fund for Nutrition and Health launched its first call for proposals. This call, designed by the action and research committees, has a total budget of 1,8 million euros. Three themes will be supported. The first theme, ‘‘actions in nutrition and health’’, will be funded for 1,2 million euros. It will fund research programs with experimentations in real life conditions. The other two themes are ‘‘nutritional information, consumer choice and nutritional balance’’ and ‘‘understanding and evaluation of the mechanisms of pleasure related to eating’’.
{"title":"Fonds français pour l’alimentation et la santé","authors":"Constance Bellin","doi":"10.1051/ocl.2011.0418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ocl.2011.0418","url":null,"abstract":"The French Fund for Nutrition and Health (FFAS) was created on June 18th, 2011, at the initiative of the French nutrition institute (Institut Franc¸ais pour la Nutrition – IFN) and the National association of food industries (Association Nationale des Industries Alimentaires – ANIA) This funds’ mission consists in studying and promoting nutritional habits that combine pleasure and health. Its purpose is to develop a partnership between the academic community and economic actors, for a better service of public health. It is a unique structure for all stakeholders to mutualize their forces, knowledge and expertise. The French Fund for Nutrition and Health ambitions to play a role in health promotion through a diet that is both healthy and a source of pleasure. It will fund research programs on the determinants of dietary patterns, it will co-fund experimental nutrition programs with the goal of a scaling up and it will foster dialogue between science and society through a series of public debates. Three operational committees carry these missions: the research committee, the action committee and the debates committee. Each committee is composed of an equal number of academics and industry representatives. Besides, a scientific board composed of independent experts proposes general orientations to the fund and ensures decisions are made in the interest of the public independently of specific commercial interests. Soon after its creation, the French Fund for Nutrition and Health launched its first call for proposals. This call, designed by the action and research committees, has a total budget of 1,8 million euros. Three themes will be supported. The first theme, ‘‘actions in nutrition and health’’, will be funded for 1,2 million euros. It will fund research programs with experimentations in real life conditions. The other two themes are ‘‘nutritional information, consumer choice and nutritional balance’’ and ‘‘understanding and evaluation of the mechanisms of pleasure related to eating’’.","PeriodicalId":19493,"journal":{"name":"Oléagineux, Corps gras, Lipides","volume":"10 1","pages":"363-364"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88256174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Delplanque, Q. Du, P. Leruyet, G. Agnani, N. Pagès, D. Gripois, Hassina Ould-Hamouda, P. Carayon, J. Martin
Dososahexaenoate (DHA) is highly concentrated in mammalian nervous and visual systems and its deficiency during gestation, lactation and early life, could have dramatic impacts on brain functions and mental health. Achieving an appropriate DHA status in the neonatal brain is an important goal of neonatal nutrition. We evaluated how a-linolenic acid (ALA) provided by different dietary fat matrices improved DHA content in the brains of both young male and female rats. Young rats born from dams fed during gestation and lactation with a low ALA diet (0.4% of fatty acids) were subjected for 6 weeks after weaning to an anhydrous dairy fat blend-based diet that provided 1.5% ALA or to a palm oil blend-based diet that provided the same ALA level: either 1.5% ALA or 1.5% ALA and 0.12% DHA with 0.4% arachidonic acid (ARA). With each diet the n-6/ n-3 ratio was similar (10) to follow the values generally recommended for infant formula. Fatty acids analysis in whole brain showed that 1.5% ALA dairy fat blend was superior to both 1.5% ALA palm-oil blends, supplemented or not with dietary DHA, for increasing brain DHA. Females compared to males had significantly higher brain DHA with the 1.5% ALA palm-blend diet, but the dietary supplementation with DHA smoothed the differences by a specific increase of males DHA brain. In conclusion, dairy fat blend enriched with ALA appear to be an interesting strategy for achieving optimal DHA levels in the brain of post-weaning rats. Inclusion of dairy fat in infant formulas should be reconsidered.
{"title":"Brain docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels of young rats are related to alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) levels and fat matrix of the diet: impact of dairy fat","authors":"B. Delplanque, Q. Du, P. Leruyet, G. Agnani, N. Pagès, D. Gripois, Hassina Ould-Hamouda, P. Carayon, J. Martin","doi":"10.1051/OCL.2011.0420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/OCL.2011.0420","url":null,"abstract":"Dososahexaenoate (DHA) is highly concentrated in mammalian nervous and visual systems and its deficiency during gestation, lactation and early life, could have dramatic impacts on brain functions and mental health. Achieving an appropriate DHA status in the neonatal brain is an important goal of neonatal nutrition. We evaluated how a-linolenic acid (ALA) provided by different dietary fat matrices improved DHA content in the brains of both young male and female rats. Young rats born from dams fed during gestation and lactation with a low ALA diet (0.4% of fatty acids) were subjected for 6 weeks after weaning to an anhydrous dairy fat blend-based diet that provided 1.5% ALA or to a palm oil blend-based diet that provided the same ALA level: either 1.5% ALA or 1.5% ALA and 0.12% DHA with 0.4% arachidonic acid (ARA). With each diet the n-6/ n-3 ratio was similar (10) to follow the values generally recommended for infant formula. Fatty acids analysis in whole brain showed that 1.5% ALA dairy fat blend was superior to both 1.5% ALA palm-oil blends, supplemented or not with dietary DHA, for increasing brain DHA. Females compared to males had significantly higher brain DHA with the 1.5% ALA palm-blend diet, but the dietary supplementation with DHA smoothed the differences by a specific increase of males DHA brain. In conclusion, dairy fat blend enriched with ALA appear to be an interesting strategy for achieving optimal DHA levels in the brain of post-weaning rats. Inclusion of dairy fat in infant formulas should be reconsidered.","PeriodicalId":19493,"journal":{"name":"Oléagineux, Corps gras, Lipides","volume":"1 1","pages":"293-296"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73966581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Layé, J. Delpech, V. D. Smedt-Peyrusse, C. Joffre, T. Larrieu, C. Madore, A. Nadjar, L. Capuron
The innate immune system of the brain is principally composed of microglial cells and astrocytes, which, once activated, protect neurons against noxious agents or lesions. Activated glial cells produce inflammatory cytokines that act specifically through receptors expressed in the brain, leading to the development of altered emotional and cognitive behavior. These behavioral alterations cease along with the synthesis of brain cytokines. When the level of expression of these cytokines remains high, they become toxic to neurons possibly leading to neuronal death, as observed in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. Omega-3 (n-3) type polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential nutrients and fundamental components of neuronal and glial cell membranes. Additionally, they have immunomodulatory properties. They accumulate in the brain during the perinatal period in a dietary supply-dependant fashion. Their brain levels diminish with age, but can be corrected by a diet enriched in n-3 PUFAs. The increasing exposure of the population to diets unbalanced in n-3 PUFAs could contribute to the deleterious effect of inflammatory cytokines in the brain.
{"title":"Neuroinflammation and aging: influence of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid","authors":"S. Layé, J. Delpech, V. D. Smedt-Peyrusse, C. Joffre, T. Larrieu, C. Madore, A. Nadjar, L. Capuron","doi":"10.1051/OCL.2011.0412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/OCL.2011.0412","url":null,"abstract":"The innate immune system of the brain is principally composed of microglial cells and astrocytes, which, once activated, protect neurons against noxious agents or lesions. Activated glial cells produce inflammatory cytokines that act specifically through receptors expressed in the brain, leading to the development of altered emotional and cognitive behavior. These behavioral alterations cease along with the synthesis of brain cytokines. When the level of expression of these cytokines remains high, they become toxic to neurons possibly leading to neuronal death, as observed in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. Omega-3 (n-3) type polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential nutrients and fundamental components of neuronal and glial cell membranes. Additionally, they have immunomodulatory properties. They accumulate in the brain during the perinatal period in a dietary supply-dependant fashion. Their brain levels diminish with age, but can be corrected by a diet enriched in n-3 PUFAs. The increasing exposure of the population to diets unbalanced in n-3 PUFAs could contribute to the deleterious effect of inflammatory cytokines in the brain.","PeriodicalId":19493,"journal":{"name":"Oléagineux, Corps gras, Lipides","volume":"58 1","pages":"301-306"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81172135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jean-Charles Martin, Karima Bencharif, B. Berthet, N. Banzet, Romain Bott, C. Defoort, M. Alessi
Conjugated linoleic acids are 18 carbones fatty acids members comprising a consecutive (conjugated) double bonds system with a various cis/trans geometry sequence, giving rise to at least 16 different isomers. Among those, the t10,c12 isomer has been reported to have anti-obesity properties. We evaluated the biological response of human primary adipose tissue cultured adipocytes to that CLA isomer, alone or present in a commercial mixture, using system biology approaches (primarily transcriptomics and metabolomics). We found that CLA changed the biological activity of at least 45 metabolic pathways at the genomic level, which transcriptional activities was associated to a parallelle metabolome adipocyte change (lipidome upmost) (r2value transcriptome/ metabolome of 0.89). In pairwise analysis, it appeared that 6 of these pathways at the genomic level were tightly associated to the metabolomic response, such as apoptosis, interleukine-6, proteasome, reticulum endoplasmic stress, transcription role of heterochromatine, cell proliferation through EGFR dependent tyrosine kinase, gamma-aminobutyrate receptor. This latter exhibited the most tightly relationship with the metabolome variations in multivariated analysis. One may infer that this pathway is the most targeted by CLA treatment. In conclusion, the implementation of a multi-omic global approach allowed the identification of a set of biological pathways at the genomic level associated to the metabolic balance of CLA-treated adipocytes. All of these pathways are related to insulin-resistance, metabolic syndrome and adipogenesis.
{"title":"Évaluation de l’exposition d’adipocytes humains sous-cutanés en culture aux acides linoléiques conjugués par une approche multi-omique","authors":"Jean-Charles Martin, Karima Bencharif, B. Berthet, N. Banzet, Romain Bott, C. Defoort, M. Alessi","doi":"10.1051/OCL.2011.0413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/OCL.2011.0413","url":null,"abstract":"Conjugated linoleic acids are 18 carbones fatty acids members comprising a consecutive (conjugated) double bonds system with a various cis/trans geometry sequence, giving rise to at least 16 different isomers. Among those, the t10,c12 isomer has been reported to have anti-obesity properties. We evaluated the biological response of human primary adipose tissue cultured adipocytes to that CLA isomer, alone or present in a commercial mixture, using system biology approaches (primarily transcriptomics and metabolomics). We found that CLA changed the biological activity of at least 45 metabolic pathways at the genomic level, which transcriptional activities was associated to a parallelle metabolome adipocyte change (lipidome upmost) (r2value transcriptome/ metabolome of 0.89). In pairwise analysis, it appeared that 6 of these pathways at the genomic level were tightly associated to the metabolomic response, such as apoptosis, interleukine-6, proteasome, reticulum endoplasmic stress, transcription role of heterochromatine, cell proliferation through EGFR dependent tyrosine kinase, gamma-aminobutyrate receptor. This latter exhibited the most tightly relationship with the metabolome variations in multivariated analysis. One may infer that this pathway is the most targeted by CLA treatment. In conclusion, the implementation of a multi-omic global approach allowed the identification of a set of biological pathways at the genomic level associated to the metabolic balance of CLA-treated adipocytes. All of these pathways are related to insulin-resistance, metabolic syndrome and adipogenesis.","PeriodicalId":19493,"journal":{"name":"Oléagineux, Corps gras, Lipides","volume":"52 1","pages":"365-371"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85130408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) are important constituents of the maturing brain and therefore considered crucial for brain development in utero and in early infancy. However, it is uncertain whether n-3 LCPUFA supplementation during pregnancy and lactation can have beneficial, sustainable effects on visual or cognitive development. Beneficial effects on child cognitive function after supplementation with EPA and DHA during pregnancy and lactation were observed at 4 years of age, but not at 3, 6 months or 7 years. In term infants LCPUFA when given in relative high dosages, seems to improve visual acuity, but not cognitive function. Evidence for an effect of LCPUFA supplementation of preterm infants remains inconclusive. In children older than 2 years of age, epidemiological evidence suggests an association between psychiatric or neurodevelopmental disorders and omega-3 fatty acid deficiencies. However, the evidence from randomized controlled trials exploring the impact of omega-3 fatty acids on cognitive performance or brain function in school-aged children is not conclusive. In conclusion, n-3 LCPUFA are highly present in the maturing brain and are important for normal brain functioning and development. When provided in relative high dosages, n-3 LCPUFA may improve visual acuity in term infants. However, it remains unclear whether supplementation with n-3 LCPUFA during pregnancy, early infancy, and childhood can improve cognitive function.
{"title":"The role of omega-3 fatty acids in child development*","authors":"S. Osendarp","doi":"10.1051/OCL.2011.0417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/OCL.2011.0417","url":null,"abstract":"Omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) are important constituents of the maturing brain and therefore considered crucial for brain development in utero and in early infancy. However, it is uncertain whether n-3 LCPUFA supplementation during pregnancy and lactation can have beneficial, sustainable effects on visual or cognitive development. Beneficial effects on child cognitive function after supplementation with EPA and DHA during pregnancy and lactation were observed at 4 years of age, but not at 3, 6 months or 7 years. In term infants LCPUFA when given in relative high dosages, seems to improve visual acuity, but not cognitive function. Evidence for an effect of LCPUFA supplementation of preterm infants remains inconclusive. In children older than 2 years of age, epidemiological evidence suggests an association between psychiatric or neurodevelopmental disorders and omega-3 fatty acid deficiencies. However, the evidence from randomized controlled trials exploring the impact of omega-3 fatty acids on cognitive performance or brain function in school-aged children is not conclusive. In conclusion, n-3 LCPUFA are highly present in the maturing brain and are important for normal brain functioning and development. When provided in relative high dosages, n-3 LCPUFA may improve visual acuity in term infants. However, it remains unclear whether supplementation with n-3 LCPUFA during pregnancy, early infancy, and childhood can improve cognitive function.","PeriodicalId":19493,"journal":{"name":"Oléagineux, Corps gras, Lipides","volume":"34 1","pages":"307-313"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76587688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stacy J. Gladman, Siew-Na Lim, S. Dyall, M. Knight, J. Priestley, A. Michael-Titus
Acute neurological trauma remains one of the clinical areas with the most significant unmet needs worldwide. In the central nervous system, acute trauma has two stages: the primary injury and the secondary injury. The former is irreversible, and is a direct consequence of the impact. In the aftermath of the injury, a complex series of processes exacerbate the injury and amplify tissue damage. Some of these processes are local, others involve a systemic response. It is these processes which ultimately determine the clinical outcome. The aim of the treatments is a) to confer neuroprotection and b) to promote neuroregeneration. The results reported so far with omega-3 fatty acids in animal models of neurotrauma suggest that these compounds have the potential to offer a novel therapeutic approach and target both protection and regeneration. They lead to increased neuronal and glial survival, they can limit the damaging neuroinflammation and they can also protect neurites. Long chain omega-3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid have a complex pharmacodynamics, which leads potentially to the activation of a multitude of targets, including voltage and ligand-gated ion channels, transcription factors and G-protein coupled receptors. They can produce tissue-specific metabolites which have intrinsic activity, either on the same or on different cellular targets. The apparent large therapeutic window of omega-3 fatty acids is an advantage in the context of trauma, with patients in an unstable state, with multiple injuries. The specific use of omega-3 fatty acids in spinal cord injury and peripheral nerve injury will be discussed, focusing on issues which need to be addressed in order to translate successfully to the clinic the efficacy reported in the initial proof of concept animal studies.
{"title":"Omega-3 fatty acids and acute neurological trauma: a perspective on clinical translation","authors":"Stacy J. Gladman, Siew-Na Lim, S. Dyall, M. Knight, J. Priestley, A. Michael-Titus","doi":"10.1051/OCL.2011.0421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/OCL.2011.0421","url":null,"abstract":"Acute neurological trauma remains one of the clinical areas with the most significant unmet needs worldwide. In the central nervous system, acute trauma has two stages: the primary injury and the secondary injury. The former is irreversible, and is a direct consequence of the impact. In the aftermath of the injury, a complex series of processes exacerbate the injury and amplify tissue damage. Some of these processes are local, others involve a systemic response. It is these processes which ultimately determine the clinical outcome. The aim of the treatments is a) to confer neuroprotection and b) to promote neuroregeneration. The results reported so far with omega-3 fatty acids in animal models of neurotrauma suggest that these compounds have the potential to offer a novel therapeutic approach and target both protection and regeneration. They lead to increased neuronal and glial survival, they can limit the damaging neuroinflammation and they can also protect neurites. Long chain omega-3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid have a complex pharmacodynamics, which leads potentially to the activation of a multitude of targets, including voltage and ligand-gated ion channels, transcription factors and G-protein coupled receptors. They can produce tissue-specific metabolites which have intrinsic activity, either on the same or on different cellular targets. The apparent large therapeutic window of omega-3 fatty acids is an advantage in the context of trauma, with patients in an unstable state, with multiple injuries. The specific use of omega-3 fatty acids in spinal cord injury and peripheral nerve injury will be discussed, focusing on issues which need to be addressed in order to translate successfully to the clinic the efficacy reported in the initial proof of concept animal studies.","PeriodicalId":19493,"journal":{"name":"Oléagineux, Corps gras, Lipides","volume":"13 1","pages":"317-323"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75411487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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