Pub Date : 2023-06-06DOI: 10.20870/oeno-one.2023.57.2.7246
Hugo Fernandez-Mena, N. Guilpart, P. Lagacherie, Renan Le Roux, Mayeul Plaige, M. Dumont, Marine Gautier, N. Graveline, J. Touzard, H. Hannin, C. Gary
Often unable to fulfill theoretical production potentials and to obtain the maximum yields set by wine quality labels, many vineyards and cellars need to solve the issue of so-called grapevine yield gaps in order to assure their durability. These yield gaps particularly occur in Mediterranean wine regions, where extreme events have intensified because of climate change. Yield gaps at the regional level have been widely studied in arable crops using big datasets, but much less so in perennial crops, such as grapevine. Understanding the environmental factors involved in yield gaps, such as those linked to climate and soil, is the first step in grapevine yield gap analysis. At a regional scale, there are numerous studies on ‘terroir’ linked to wine typicity and quality; however, none have classified spatial zones based on environmental factors identified as being involved in grapevine yield. In the present study, we aggregated into one big dataset information obtained from producers at the municipality level in the wine region Languedoc-Roussillon (South of France) between 2010 and 2018. We used a backward stepwise model selection process using linear mixed-effect models to discriminate and select the statistically significant indicators capable of estimating grapevine yield at the municipality level. We then determined spatial zones by using the selected indicators to create clusters of municipalities with similar soil and climate characteristics. Finally, we analysed the indicators of each zone related to the grapevine yield gap, as well as the variations among the grapevine varieties in the zones. Our selection process evidenced 6 factors that could explain annual grapevine yield annually (R2 = 0.112) and average yield for the whole period (R2 = 0.546): Soil Available Water Capacity (SAWC), soil pH, Huglin Index, the Climate Dryness Index, the number of Very Hot Days and Days of Frost. The clustering results show seven different zones with two marked yield gap levels, although all the zones had municipalities with no or high yield gaps. On each zone, grapevine yield was found to be driven by a combination of climate and soil factors, rather than by a single environmental factor. The white wine varieties showed larger yield gaps than the red and rosé wine varieties. Environmental factors at this scale largely explained yield variability across the municipalities, but they were not performant in terms of annual yield prediction. Further research is required on the interactions between environmental variables and plant material and farming practices, as well as on vineyard strategies, which also play an important role in grapevine yield gaps at vineyard and regional scale.
{"title":"Grapevine yield gap: identification of environmental limitations by soil and climate zoning in the region of Languedoc-Roussillon (South of France)","authors":"Hugo Fernandez-Mena, N. Guilpart, P. Lagacherie, Renan Le Roux, Mayeul Plaige, M. Dumont, Marine Gautier, N. Graveline, J. Touzard, H. Hannin, C. Gary","doi":"10.20870/oeno-one.2023.57.2.7246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2023.57.2.7246","url":null,"abstract":"Often unable to fulfill theoretical production potentials and to obtain the maximum yields set by wine quality labels, many vineyards and cellars need to solve the issue of so-called grapevine yield gaps in order to assure their durability. These yield gaps particularly occur in Mediterranean wine regions, where extreme events have intensified because of climate change. Yield gaps at the regional level have been widely studied in arable crops using big datasets, but much less so in perennial crops, such as grapevine. Understanding the environmental factors involved in yield gaps, such as those linked to climate and soil, is the first step in grapevine yield gap analysis. At a regional scale, there are numerous studies on ‘terroir’ linked to wine typicity and quality; however, none have classified spatial zones based on environmental factors identified as being involved in grapevine yield. In the present study, we aggregated into one big dataset information obtained from producers at the municipality level in the wine region Languedoc-Roussillon (South of France) between 2010 and 2018. We used a backward stepwise model selection process using linear mixed-effect models to discriminate and select the statistically significant indicators capable of estimating grapevine yield at the municipality level. We then determined spatial zones by using the selected indicators to create clusters of municipalities with similar soil and climate characteristics. Finally, we analysed the indicators of each zone related to the grapevine yield gap, as well as the variations among the grapevine varieties in the zones. Our selection process evidenced 6 factors that could explain annual grapevine yield annually (R2 = 0.112) and average yield for the whole period (R2 = 0.546): Soil Available Water Capacity (SAWC), soil pH, Huglin Index, the Climate Dryness Index, the number of Very Hot Days and Days of Frost. The clustering results show seven different zones with two marked yield gap levels, although all the zones had municipalities with no or high yield gaps. On each zone, grapevine yield was found to be driven by a combination of climate and soil factors, rather than by a single environmental factor. The white wine varieties showed larger yield gaps than the red and rosé wine varieties. Environmental factors at this scale largely explained yield variability across the municipalities, but they were not performant in terms of annual yield prediction. Further research is required on the interactions between environmental variables and plant material and farming practices, as well as on vineyard strategies, which also play an important role in grapevine yield gaps at vineyard and regional scale.","PeriodicalId":19510,"journal":{"name":"OENO One","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48546538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-02DOI: 10.20870/oeno-one.2023.57.2.7438
M. Millan, T. Simonneau, Aude Coupe-Ledru, Romain Boulord, A. Christophe, B. Pallas
In the context of climate change, extreme heatwaves are often observed. The consequences of these events led to leaf and grape burning, as observed in June 2019 in the South of France. Previous observations showed that genotypic variability exists in response to these heatwaves. One of the main hypotheses to explain the differences is that genotypes could differentially regulate their leaf temperature. This temperature is closely associated with stomatal conductance and the amount of energy absorbed by the leaves. This amount of energy is known to be a consequence of plant architecture that determines light interception. This study was performed on a set of 33 genotypes that were selected with different leaf-burning sensitivities to high temperatures. Functional (i.e., stomatal conductance, photosynthesis) and architectural traits (internode length, leaf area and leaf elevation angles) were measured to compute their heritabilities and to determine correlations between these traits. Measurements of stomatal conductance and leaf temperature were performed during 30 measurement periods in 2021 and 2022. Architectural traits were extracted from 3D digitizing. High heritability in architectural traits were observed (around 0.8). Heritability of functional traits, although lower, were not negligible (higher than 0.6) and were partly dependent on the weather conditions during the measurements. A clustering of genotypes based on mean values of their architectural and functional traits revealed that both types of traits could be combined independently. New combinations of traits and their impact on leaf temperature were then examined. Stomatal conductance appeared to be associated with the intensity of the burning symptoms than architectural traits. The genotypes with high stomatal conductance also displayed low leaf temperature in accordance with the evaporative cooling effect. However, these genotypes were also the most sensitive to leaf burn. This likely suggests that leaf burn resulted from a high transpiration rate that could cause embolism under hot and dry weather conditions. For future works, modelling approaches could be of major interest to quantify the relative impact of architectural and functional traits on leaf temperature. Nevertheless, our study shows that leaf temperature is not completely associated with the observed leaf-burning symptoms and that other processes are involved.
{"title":"Relationships between leaf temperature, stomatal conductance and architecture: potential impact on leaf burning among a range of genotypes in grapevine","authors":"M. Millan, T. Simonneau, Aude Coupe-Ledru, Romain Boulord, A. Christophe, B. Pallas","doi":"10.20870/oeno-one.2023.57.2.7438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2023.57.2.7438","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of climate change, extreme heatwaves are often observed. The consequences of these events led to leaf and grape burning, as observed in June 2019 in the South of France. Previous observations showed that genotypic variability exists in response to these heatwaves. One of the main hypotheses to explain the differences is that genotypes could differentially regulate their leaf temperature. This temperature is closely associated with stomatal conductance and the amount of energy absorbed by the leaves. This amount of energy is known to be a consequence of plant architecture that determines light interception. This study was performed on a set of 33 genotypes that were selected with different leaf-burning sensitivities to high temperatures. Functional (i.e., stomatal conductance, photosynthesis) and architectural traits (internode length, leaf area and leaf elevation angles) were measured to compute their heritabilities and to determine correlations between these traits. Measurements of stomatal conductance and leaf temperature were performed during 30 measurement periods in 2021 and 2022. Architectural traits were extracted from 3D digitizing. High heritability in architectural traits were observed (around 0.8). Heritability of functional traits, although lower, were not negligible (higher than 0.6) and were partly dependent on the weather conditions during the measurements. A clustering of genotypes based on mean values of their architectural and functional traits revealed that both types of traits could be combined independently. New combinations of traits and their impact on leaf temperature were then examined. Stomatal conductance appeared to be associated with the intensity of the burning symptoms than architectural traits. The genotypes with high stomatal conductance also displayed low leaf temperature in accordance with the evaporative cooling effect. However, these genotypes were also the most sensitive to leaf burn. This likely suggests that leaf burn resulted from a high transpiration rate that could cause embolism under hot and dry weather conditions. For future works, modelling approaches could be of major interest to quantify the relative impact of architectural and functional traits on leaf temperature. Nevertheless, our study shows that leaf temperature is not completely associated with the observed leaf-burning symptoms and that other processes are involved.","PeriodicalId":19510,"journal":{"name":"OENO One","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47814181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-02DOI: 10.20870/oeno-one.2023.57.2.7437
Meredith J. Persico, Donald E. Smith, Marian Smith, H. Hopfer, M. Centinari
Delaying grapevine budbreak through viticultural management practices is a promising method to prevent spring freeze damage for small vineyards. However, in cool-climate regions, delaying budbreak can potentially delay fruit development and maturation, negatively impacting wine quality. In this three-year study, 2017–2019, we evaluated the impacts of delaying budbreak on wine volatile and nonvolatile composition for Vitis vinifera c.v. Lemberger at a cool-climate site, and we related treatment impacts on wine composition to consumer perception. We also assessed if treatment impacts were similar across vintages, or if seasonal weather conditions were more important for wine composition than delaying budbreak. We evaluated four treatments each year: a control (C) (no delayed budbreak strategy applied), a vegetable oil-based adjuvant (Amigo®) applied at either 8 % or 10 % (v/v) concentration during dormancy (A8, A10), and late pruning conducted shortly after budbreak (1–4 leaves unfolded) of apical buds (LP). Delays in budbreak between treatments and C vines ranged from 5 days (A8, 2017) to 23 days (LP, 2017) across the 3 years. Furthermore, berry colour change, one of the parameters used to assess véraison, started later in LP vines than in C vines each year. Within each vintage, we found that delayed budbreak treatments, especially LP, had lower concentrations of several volatile compounds than C wines. Furthermore, LP wines tended to have higher monomeric anthocyanins relative to C wines, ranging from 18 % (2019) to 36 % higher (2018). Results from consumer discrimination testing broadly reflected differences in wine chemical composition: consumers perceived LP wines as different from C or A8, depending on the year, and all treatments were different in 2019. However, we found that vintage impacted wine composition more than the delayed budbreak treatments. Of the 49 volatile and nonvolatile compounds detected every year, about half showed significant vintage effects, while only three were consistently different by treatment. Together, our results suggest that delaying grapevine budbreak at a cool-climate site can impact wine chemical composition and perception, especially if phenological delays are still present around véraison; however, seasonal weather conditions remain a more important driver of wine chemical composition than relatively small changes in phenological development.
{"title":"Delaying grapevine budbreak to prevent spring freeze damage impacts Lemberger wine flavour compounds under variable weather conditions","authors":"Meredith J. Persico, Donald E. Smith, Marian Smith, H. Hopfer, M. Centinari","doi":"10.20870/oeno-one.2023.57.2.7437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2023.57.2.7437","url":null,"abstract":"Delaying grapevine budbreak through viticultural management practices is a promising method to prevent spring freeze damage for small vineyards. However, in cool-climate regions, delaying budbreak can potentially delay fruit development and maturation, negatively impacting wine quality. In this three-year study, 2017–2019, we evaluated the impacts of delaying budbreak on wine volatile and nonvolatile composition for Vitis vinifera c.v. Lemberger at a cool-climate site, and we related treatment impacts on wine composition to consumer perception. We also assessed if treatment impacts were similar across vintages, or if seasonal weather conditions were more important for wine composition than delaying budbreak. We evaluated four treatments each year: a control (C) (no delayed budbreak strategy applied), a vegetable oil-based adjuvant (Amigo®) applied at either 8 % or 10 % (v/v) concentration during dormancy (A8, A10), and late pruning conducted shortly after budbreak (1–4 leaves unfolded) of apical buds (LP). Delays in budbreak between treatments and C vines ranged from 5 days (A8, 2017) to 23 days (LP, 2017) across the 3 years. Furthermore, berry colour change, one of the parameters used to assess véraison, started later in LP vines than in C vines each year. Within each vintage, we found that delayed budbreak treatments, especially LP, had lower concentrations of several volatile compounds than C wines. Furthermore, LP wines tended to have higher monomeric anthocyanins relative to C wines, ranging from 18 % (2019) to 36 % higher (2018). Results from consumer discrimination testing broadly reflected differences in wine chemical composition: consumers perceived LP wines as different from C or A8, depending on the year, and all treatments were different in 2019. However, we found that vintage impacted wine composition more than the delayed budbreak treatments. Of the 49 volatile and nonvolatile compounds detected every year, about half showed significant vintage effects, while only three were consistently different by treatment. Together, our results suggest that delaying grapevine budbreak at a cool-climate site can impact wine chemical composition and perception, especially if phenological delays are still present around véraison; however, seasonal weather conditions remain a more important driver of wine chemical composition than relatively small changes in phenological development.","PeriodicalId":19510,"journal":{"name":"OENO One","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45398287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.20870/oeno-one.2023.57.2.7389
C. Linder, Michel Jeanrenaud, P. Kehrli
Flavescence dorée is a quarantine phytoplasma-borne disease transmitted primarily by the leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus. When S. titanus and Flavescence dorée are present in the same vineyard, the vector has to be controlled mandatory with insecticides to limit the transmission of the disease to healthy grapevines. Natural pyrethrins are currently the only registered insecticide to control this vector in Swiss commercial vineyards. To find alternative products against this insect, we tested the effectiveness of kaolin, a white inert aluminosilicate mineral, in 11 independent field trials over four consecutive years from 2018 to 2021. Using kaolin at rates between 20 and 40 kg/ha applied two to three times at the beginning of hatching resulted in an average reduction in leafhopper densities of 36.8 %, with efficacy values ranging from 0 to 88.9 % for the 18 different interventions. Overall, the efficacy of the different kaolin dosages and application strategies did not equal those commonly recorded for natural pyrethrins, which showed a mean efficacy of 74.8 % in the six independent field trials and single reduction values ranging from 41.3 to 97.4 %. Given these highly variable efficacy levels of kaolin, we conclude that the use of kaolin to control S. titanus does not provide an efficient alternative to natural pyrethrins in compulsory control areas of Flavescence dorée in Swiss vineyards.
{"title":"Controlling Scaphoideus titanus with kaolin? Summary of four years of field trials in Switzerland","authors":"C. Linder, Michel Jeanrenaud, P. Kehrli","doi":"10.20870/oeno-one.2023.57.2.7389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2023.57.2.7389","url":null,"abstract":"Flavescence dorée is a quarantine phytoplasma-borne disease transmitted primarily by the leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus. When S. titanus and Flavescence dorée are present in the same vineyard, the vector has to be controlled mandatory with insecticides to limit the transmission of the disease to healthy grapevines. Natural pyrethrins are currently the only registered insecticide to control this vector in Swiss commercial vineyards. To find alternative products against this insect, we tested the effectiveness of kaolin, a white inert aluminosilicate mineral, in 11 independent field trials over four consecutive years from 2018 to 2021. Using kaolin at rates between 20 and 40 kg/ha applied two to three times at the beginning of hatching resulted in an average reduction in leafhopper densities of 36.8 %, with efficacy values ranging from 0 to 88.9 % for the 18 different interventions. Overall, the efficacy of the different kaolin dosages and application strategies did not equal those commonly recorded for natural pyrethrins, which showed a mean efficacy of 74.8 % in the six independent field trials and single reduction values ranging from 41.3 to 97.4 %. Given these highly variable efficacy levels of kaolin, we conclude that the use of kaolin to control S. titanus does not provide an efficient alternative to natural pyrethrins in compulsory control areas of Flavescence dorée in Swiss vineyards.","PeriodicalId":19510,"journal":{"name":"OENO One","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45831880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-30DOI: 10.20870/oeno-one.2023.57.2.7424
T. Verdenal, V. Zufferey, Á. Dienes-Nagy, Gilles Bourdin, J. Spring
The present trial follows a previous study about pre-flowering leaf removal (LR) (Verdenal et al., 2019) and validates the sustainability of mechanical pre-flowering LR under local Swiss vineyard conditions, using a low-pressure double airflow, to reduce the cost of laborious bunch thinning. In previous studies, pre-flowering LR has shown additional benefits over post-berry-set LR in terms of yield regulation and grape and wine compositions. This trial had two objectives: 1) to test the technical feasibility of mechanical pre-flowering LR, using a low-pressure double airflow and 2) to observe the impact of this practice over five years on yield parameters, grape composition at harvest and wine quality over five years. For this purpose, a trial was conducted on the two cultivars, Doral (white) and Gamay (red), to compare four LR treatments, that is, A) mechanical post-berry-set LR, B) manual pre-flowering LR, C) mechanical pre-flowering LR, and D) double mechanical pre-flowering + post-berry-set LR. More broadly, this work provides practical insights into the consequences of pre-flowering LR on the grapevine, pointing out the advantages and the limits of intensity, timing and mechanisation of this practice. In comparison with the mechanical post-berry-set LR, mechanical pre-flowering LR induced a 7 % loss in bud fruitfulness, a 30 % yield loss and a 3 % gain in total soluble solids (TSS) accumulation in grapes in both cultivars, although the improvement in grape maturity was small and uneven through the years; Gamay anthocyanin concentration remained stable. Pre-flowering LR had no overall impact on the quality of Doral and Gamay wines. Damage was observed on the inflorescences due to the intensity of mechanical pre-flowering LR, which resulted in fewer berries per cluster and a lower yield than with manual LR by the same date. A second LR after berry set was also tested to limit the growth of laterals and clean the clusters from the remaining flower caps to prevent the development of fungal diseases, but it did not show any benefit over a single pre-flowering LR. In conclusion of this trial, a single, moderate mechanical pre-flowering LR is an effective and sustainable practice under temperate climatic conditions, to reduce the costs of laborious manual pre-flowering LR.
本试验遵循了之前关于开花前叶片去除（LR）的研究（Verdenal et al.，2019），并验证了在瑞士当地葡萄园条件下，使用低压双气流进行机械开花前叶片移除的可持续性，以降低费力的疏穗成本。在之前的研究中，在产量调节以及葡萄和葡萄酒成分方面，开花前LR比浆果后LR表现出额外的优势。该试验有两个目标：1）使用低压双气流测试机械开花前LR的技术可行性；2）观察五年来这种做法对产量参数、收获时葡萄成分和葡萄酒质量的影响。为此，在两个品种Doral（白色）和Gamay（红色）上进行了一项试验，以比较四种LR处理，即a）机械后浆果组LR，B）手动开花前LR，C）机械开花前LR和D）双机械开花前+浆果组LR。更广泛地说，这项工作为开花前LR对葡萄藤的影响提供了实用的见解，指出了这种做法在强度、时间和机械化方面的优势和局限性。与机械后浆果组LR相比，机械开花前LR导致两个品种的葡萄芽果性损失7%，产量损失30%，总可溶性固形物（TSS）积累增加3%，尽管葡萄成熟度的提高幅度较小且多年来不均衡；佳美花青素浓度保持稳定。开花前LR对多拉尔和佳美葡萄酒的质量没有总体影响。由于机械开花前LR的强度，在花序上观察到了损伤，这导致到同一日期，每簇浆果较少，产量低于手动LR。浆果后的第二个LR也被测试来限制侧枝的生长，并从剩余的花帽上清除花簇，以防止真菌疾病的发展，但它没有显示出比单一的开花前LR有任何好处。本试验的结论是，在温带气候条件下，单一的、适度的机械开花前LR是一种有效和可持续的做法，以降低费力的人工开花前LR的成本。
{"title":"Mechanisation of pre-flowering leaf removal under the temperate climate conditions of Switzerland","authors":"T. Verdenal, V. Zufferey, Á. Dienes-Nagy, Gilles Bourdin, J. Spring","doi":"10.20870/oeno-one.2023.57.2.7424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2023.57.2.7424","url":null,"abstract":"The present trial follows a previous study about pre-flowering leaf removal (LR) (Verdenal et al., 2019) and validates the sustainability of mechanical pre-flowering LR under local Swiss vineyard conditions, using a low-pressure double airflow, to reduce the cost of laborious bunch thinning. In previous studies, pre-flowering LR has shown additional benefits over post-berry-set LR in terms of yield regulation and grape and wine compositions. This trial had two objectives: 1) to test the technical feasibility of mechanical pre-flowering LR, using a low-pressure double airflow and 2) to observe the impact of this practice over five years on yield parameters, grape composition at harvest and wine quality over five years. For this purpose, a trial was conducted on the two cultivars, Doral (white) and Gamay (red), to compare four LR treatments, that is, A) mechanical post-berry-set LR, B) manual pre-flowering LR, C) mechanical pre-flowering LR, and D) double mechanical pre-flowering + post-berry-set LR. More broadly, this work provides practical insights into the consequences of pre-flowering LR on the grapevine, pointing out the advantages and the limits of intensity, timing and mechanisation of this practice. In comparison with the mechanical post-berry-set LR, mechanical pre-flowering LR induced a 7 % loss in bud fruitfulness, a 30 % yield loss and a 3 % gain in total soluble solids (TSS) accumulation in grapes in both cultivars, although the improvement in grape maturity was small and uneven through the years; Gamay anthocyanin concentration remained stable. Pre-flowering LR had no overall impact on the quality of Doral and Gamay wines. Damage was observed on the inflorescences due to the intensity of mechanical pre-flowering LR, which resulted in fewer berries per cluster and a lower yield than with manual LR by the same date. A second LR after berry set was also tested to limit the growth of laterals and clean the clusters from the remaining flower caps to prevent the development of fungal diseases, but it did not show any benefit over a single pre-flowering LR. In conclusion of this trial, a single, moderate mechanical pre-flowering LR is an effective and sustainable practice under temperate climatic conditions, to reduce the costs of laborious manual pre-flowering LR.","PeriodicalId":19510,"journal":{"name":"OENO One","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46313010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-30DOI: 10.20870/oeno-one.2023.57.2.7370
Hannah M. Charnock, G. Pickering, Belinda Kemp
Liqueur d’expedition (dosage) is a final sugar addition made to sparkling wine which determines the sweetness and balance of the finished product. In the present study, the influence of dosage sugar composition on Maillard reaction-associated products and precursors in traditional method (bottle-fermented) sparkling wines was evaluated over 18-months of storage in climate-controlled cellar conditions (14 °C, 70 % relative humidity). Evaluated dosage sugar-types included glucose, fructose, cane-derived sucrose, beet-derived sucrose, maltose, and Must Concentrate Rectified (MCR) Sucraisin®, which were compared to a zero dosage (no sugar added) control. Maillard reaction-associated products were quantified by headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC/MS), and precursors including sugars and amino acids, were measured by enzymatic assay and proton (1H) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, respectively. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was used to effectively discriminate between wines based on aging duration but did not adequately separate wines treated with different dosage sugar-types. Decreases in alanine and glycine were observed after 18-months of cellar aging, suggesting that Maillard reaction product formation may be partially related to their depletion. Benzaldehyde and ethyl-3-mercaptopropionate were identified as discriminatory Maillard reaction-associated compounds when comparing 0- and 18-month aged wines, with benzaldehyde increasing and ethyl-3-mercaptopropionate decreasing over the aging period. This research contributes to an increased understanding of Maillard reaction pathways in the unique low-temperature and low pH sparkling wine matrix and establishes the relatively greater effect of aging duration compared to dosage sugar-type on the formation of Maillard reaction-associated products. The combined application of HS-SPME-GC/MS and 1H NMR based metabolomics presents new insights into the chemical composition of sparkling wines during aging.
{"title":"The impact of dosage sugar-type and aging on Maillard reaction-associated products in traditional method sparkling wines","authors":"Hannah M. Charnock, G. Pickering, Belinda Kemp","doi":"10.20870/oeno-one.2023.57.2.7370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2023.57.2.7370","url":null,"abstract":"Liqueur d’expedition (dosage) is a final sugar addition made to sparkling wine which determines the sweetness and balance of the finished product. In the present study, the influence of dosage sugar composition on Maillard reaction-associated products and precursors in traditional method (bottle-fermented) sparkling wines was evaluated over 18-months of storage in climate-controlled cellar conditions (14 °C, 70 % relative humidity). Evaluated dosage sugar-types included glucose, fructose, cane-derived sucrose, beet-derived sucrose, maltose, and Must Concentrate Rectified (MCR) Sucraisin®, which were compared to a zero dosage (no sugar added) control. Maillard reaction-associated products were quantified by headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC/MS), and precursors including sugars and amino acids, were measured by enzymatic assay and proton (1H) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, respectively. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was used to effectively discriminate between wines based on aging duration but did not adequately separate wines treated with different dosage sugar-types. Decreases in alanine and glycine were observed after 18-months of cellar aging, suggesting that Maillard reaction product formation may be partially related to their depletion. Benzaldehyde and ethyl-3-mercaptopropionate were identified as discriminatory Maillard reaction-associated compounds when comparing 0- and 18-month aged wines, with benzaldehyde increasing and ethyl-3-mercaptopropionate decreasing over the aging period. This research contributes to an increased understanding of Maillard reaction pathways in the unique low-temperature and low pH sparkling wine matrix and establishes the relatively greater effect of aging duration compared to dosage sugar-type on the formation of Maillard reaction-associated products. The combined application of HS-SPME-GC/MS and 1H NMR based metabolomics presents new insights into the chemical composition of sparkling wines during aging.","PeriodicalId":19510,"journal":{"name":"OENO One","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45126140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-30DOI: 10.20870/oeno-one.2023.57.2.7405
M. Berger, L. Stammitti, Natalia Carrillo, Erna Blancquaert, Bernadette Rubio, E. Teyssier, P. Gallusci
Climate change imposes numerous threats to viticulture. Different strategies have been developed to mitigate these effects that range from innovative vineyard management methods and precision viticulture to the breeding of new varieties and rootstocks better adapted to environmental challenges. Epigenetics refer to heritable changes in genome functioning that are not mediated by DNA sequence variations. The recent discovery that epigenetic memories can mediate acclimation and adaptation of plants to their environment now provides new levers for plant improvement facing climate changes without significant impact on the genetic information. This can be mediated either by using the epigenetic memories of stresses and/or by creating epigenetic diversity in the form of new epialleles without changing the genetic information. Indeed, grapevine is a perennial grafted clonally propagated plant, and as such, presents epigenetic specificities. These specificities require adapting strategies that have already been developed in model plants but also offer opportunities to explore how epigenetic memories and diversity can be a major source of rapid adaptation to the environment for plants bearing similar properties. Among these strategies, both annual and trans-annual plant priming with different types of elicitors might provide efficient ways to better face (a)biotic stresses. The use of epigenetic exchanges between scion and rootstocks and/or the creation of non-targeted epigenetic variations at a genome-wide scale, or targeted using epigenetic editing, may provide innovative and promising avenues for grapevine improvement to face challenges imposed by climate changes.
{"title":"Epigenetics: an innovative lever for grapevine breeding in times of climatic changes","authors":"M. Berger, L. Stammitti, Natalia Carrillo, Erna Blancquaert, Bernadette Rubio, E. Teyssier, P. Gallusci","doi":"10.20870/oeno-one.2023.57.2.7405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2023.57.2.7405","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change imposes numerous threats to viticulture. Different strategies have been developed to mitigate these effects that range from innovative vineyard management methods and precision viticulture to the breeding of new varieties and rootstocks better adapted to environmental challenges. Epigenetics refer to heritable changes in genome functioning that are not mediated by DNA sequence variations. The recent discovery that epigenetic memories can mediate acclimation and adaptation of plants to their environment now provides new levers for plant improvement facing climate changes without significant impact on the genetic information. This can be mediated either by using the epigenetic memories of stresses and/or by creating epigenetic diversity in the form of new epialleles without changing the genetic information. Indeed, grapevine is a perennial grafted clonally propagated plant, and as such, presents epigenetic specificities. These specificities require adapting strategies that have already been developed in model plants but also offer opportunities to explore how epigenetic memories and diversity can be a major source of rapid adaptation to the environment for plants bearing similar properties. Among these strategies, both annual and trans-annual plant priming with different types of elicitors might provide efficient ways to better face (a)biotic stresses. The use of epigenetic exchanges between scion and rootstocks and/or the creation of non-targeted epigenetic variations at a genome-wide scale, or targeted using epigenetic editing, may provide innovative and promising avenues for grapevine improvement to face challenges imposed by climate changes.","PeriodicalId":19510,"journal":{"name":"OENO One","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49669841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-30DOI: 10.20870/oeno-one.2023.57.2.7439
L. G. Santesteban, Isabel Rekarte, Nazareth Torres, Mónica Galar, Ana Villa-Llop, F. Visconti, D. Intrigliolo, J. Escalona, F. De Herralde, C. Miranda
Rootstock election is one of the key decisions when designing a vineyard. Although the research performed to determine the effect they induce in the behaviour of scion varieties is not scarce, it is not easy to have a global idea, as results are usually published scattered. In this work, we re-examine previous research conducted in Spain on rootstock implications on vine agronomic performance through the performance of a meta-analysis (MA). As a result, we were able to integrate the information reported in 20 articles that included rootstock experimentation conducted with 36 different varieties and 47 different rootstocks, totalling 764 individual records. However, when the information was filtered before the meta-analysis, this number decreased to 312 records, for which rootstock Response Ratios (RR) were calculated. The characteristics conferred by the rootstock were more closely related to the rootstock itself, rather than to the characteristics of the Vitis sp. crossing used to create the rootstock. Several rootstocks were identified as more suitable for adapting to future climate change conditions, as far as they were able to moderate sugar accumulation and pH (161-49 C, 41-B MGt and 420A MGt). Meanwhile, 140 Ru and 5-BB were observed to provide high pH and sugar contents despite their high yield. In conclusion, despite being based on data from a single country, the meta-analysis was shown to be a useful tool for enhancing the value of previous research on rootstocks. Combining articles from both peer-reviewed and technical journals helped in the assessment of the implications of different rootstocks, although further steps should be taken to facilitate data integration (harmonisation of measurement and reporting procedures, open data repositories, etc).
{"title":"The role of rootstocks for grape growing adaptation to climate change. Meta-analysis of the research conducted in Spanish viticulture","authors":"L. G. Santesteban, Isabel Rekarte, Nazareth Torres, Mónica Galar, Ana Villa-Llop, F. Visconti, D. Intrigliolo, J. Escalona, F. De Herralde, C. Miranda","doi":"10.20870/oeno-one.2023.57.2.7439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2023.57.2.7439","url":null,"abstract":"Rootstock election is one of the key decisions when designing a vineyard. Although the research performed to determine the effect they induce in the behaviour of scion varieties is not scarce, it is not easy to have a global idea, as results are usually published scattered. In this work, we re-examine previous research conducted in Spain on rootstock implications on vine agronomic performance through the performance of a meta-analysis (MA). As a result, we were able to integrate the information reported in 20 articles that included rootstock experimentation conducted with 36 different varieties and 47 different rootstocks, totalling 764 individual records. However, when the information was filtered before the meta-analysis, this number decreased to 312 records, for which rootstock Response Ratios (RR) were calculated.\u0000The characteristics conferred by the rootstock were more closely related to the rootstock itself, rather than to the characteristics of the Vitis sp. crossing used to create the rootstock. Several rootstocks were identified as more suitable for adapting to future climate change conditions, as far as they were able to moderate sugar accumulation and pH (161-49 C, 41-B MGt and 420A MGt). Meanwhile, 140 Ru and 5-BB were observed to provide high pH and sugar contents despite their high yield. In conclusion, despite being based on data from a single country, the meta-analysis was shown to be a useful tool for enhancing the value of previous research on rootstocks. Combining articles from both peer-reviewed and technical journals helped in the assessment of the implications of different rootstocks, although further steps should be taken to facilitate data integration (harmonisation of measurement and reporting procedures, open data repositories, etc).","PeriodicalId":19510,"journal":{"name":"OENO One","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49239500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-25DOI: 10.20870/oeno-one.2023.57.2.7178
O. Dóka, G. Ficzek, G. Simon, Zs. Zsófi, Sz. Villangó, G. Végvári
The He-Ne laser (632.8 nm) and photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS), a variant of the photothermal methods, were combined with the Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetry method to determine total phenolics in wine lees. Utilising this method we found that the total polyphenol content of the nine selected wine lees varied from 1305 to 3907 mg/L. The gallic acid equivalent was determined by means of spectrophotometry using 765 nm as the analytical wavelength. The original Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetry assay was modified for the PAS measurements. Since the PAS does not need dilution, the filtration steps and the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent were used directly on the wine lees samples. Using the original colour reaction process and the modified reaction, the PAS showed linear behaviour between the total polyphenol content and the PA signal; the results of which gave determination coefficients of 0.9946 and 0.9936, while the limit of detection was 232.6 mg/L in both cases.
{"title":"Quantification of total polyphenol content in wine lees by conventional optical and photoacoustic spectroscopy","authors":"O. Dóka, G. Ficzek, G. Simon, Zs. Zsófi, Sz. Villangó, G. Végvári","doi":"10.20870/oeno-one.2023.57.2.7178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2023.57.2.7178","url":null,"abstract":"The He-Ne laser (632.8 nm) and photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS), a variant of the photothermal methods, were combined with the Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetry method to determine total phenolics in wine lees. Utilising this method we found that the total polyphenol content of the nine selected wine lees varied from 1305 to 3907 mg/L. The gallic acid equivalent was determined by means of spectrophotometry using 765 nm as the analytical wavelength. The original Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetry assay was modified for the PAS measurements. Since the PAS does not need dilution, the filtration steps and the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent were used directly on the wine lees samples. Using the original colour reaction process and the modified reaction, the PAS showed linear behaviour between the total polyphenol content and the PA signal; the results of which gave determination coefficients of 0.9946 and 0.9936, while the limit of detection was 232.6 mg/L in both cases.","PeriodicalId":19510,"journal":{"name":"OENO One","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43303137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-19DOI: 10.20870/oeno-one.2023.57.2.7239
A. Mihelčič, A. Vanzo, P. Sivilotti, B. Vrščaj, Klemen Lisjak
Terraced vineyards are cultural landscapes with a special value. The increase in costs and the lack of professional workers make viticulture on terraces difficult to be maintained. Thus, in the face of climate change and production challenges, we aimed to study the impact of slope-wise cultivation on wine quality. The quality of Merlot wines from terraced and slightly lower non-terraced vineyards within a small area characterised by similar mesoclimatic features was compared in the seasons 2019 and 2020. The non-terraced and terraced vineyards differed in both soil profile and morphology. The number of buds, number of clusters, and leaf area were standardised, and the stem water potential (SWP) was measured during wine-growing seasons. Upon reaching maturity, grapes were hand-picked on the same day in all vineyards and microvinified. The wines were analysed chemically and sensorially. In both years, the SWP showed higher water stress in the vines from terraces. The yield, berry weight, and leaf area were lower on terraced than on non-terraced vineyards in both years, and the skin- and seed-to-flesh ratios were higher. The darker seed colour pointed to the advanced ripening on terraces, where the wines had a higher alcohol concentration and a higher total dry extract. The wines from terraces had higher concentrations of total polyphenols, anthocyanins, and proanthocyanidins (PAs) than the wines from non-terraced vineyards in both years, and the PAs in the wines from terraces in 2019 had fewer prodelphinidins and were more galloylated. Higher concentrations of higher alcohols and lower concentrations of esters and methoxypyrazines were found in the wines from terraces. The sensory analysis revealed a preference for wines from terraces with better colour intensity, fruitiness, astringency, midpalate, and overall quality. Under experimental conditions (the same harvest date, standardised viticultural variables), the wines from terraces had both better phenolic potential and better sensory quality than the wines from non-terraced vineyards.
{"title":"An investigation of vine water status as a major factor in the quality of Merlot wine produced in terraced and non-terraced vineyards in the Vipava Valley, Slovenia","authors":"A. Mihelčič, A. Vanzo, P. Sivilotti, B. Vrščaj, Klemen Lisjak","doi":"10.20870/oeno-one.2023.57.2.7239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2023.57.2.7239","url":null,"abstract":"Terraced vineyards are cultural landscapes with a special value. The increase in costs and the lack of professional workers make viticulture on terraces difficult to be maintained. Thus, in the face of climate change and production challenges, we aimed to study the impact of slope-wise cultivation on wine quality. The quality of Merlot wines from terraced and slightly lower non-terraced vineyards within a small area characterised by similar mesoclimatic features was compared in the seasons 2019 and 2020. The non-terraced and terraced vineyards differed in both soil profile and morphology. The number of buds, number of clusters, and leaf area were standardised, and the stem water potential (SWP) was measured during wine-growing seasons. Upon reaching maturity, grapes were hand-picked on the same day in all vineyards and microvinified. The wines were analysed chemically and sensorially. In both years, the SWP showed higher water stress in the vines from terraces. The yield, berry weight, and leaf area were lower on terraced than on non-terraced vineyards in both years, and the skin- and seed-to-flesh ratios were higher. The darker seed colour pointed to the advanced ripening on terraces, where the wines had a higher alcohol concentration and a higher total dry extract. The wines from terraces had higher concentrations of total polyphenols, anthocyanins, and proanthocyanidins (PAs) than the wines from non-terraced vineyards in both years, and the PAs in the wines from terraces in 2019 had fewer prodelphinidins and were more galloylated. Higher concentrations of higher alcohols and lower concentrations of esters and methoxypyrazines were found in the wines from terraces. The sensory analysis revealed a preference for wines from terraces with better colour intensity, fruitiness, astringency, midpalate, and overall quality. Under experimental conditions (the same harvest date, standardised viticultural variables), the wines from terraces had both better phenolic potential and better sensory quality than the wines from non-terraced vineyards.","PeriodicalId":19510,"journal":{"name":"OENO One","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47281433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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