Pub Date : 2023-12-08DOI: 10.1117/1.oe.62.12.123101
M. Kalensky, D. Oesch, Timothy J. Bukowski, Kelsey Miller, Darren Getts
{"title":"Comparison of branch-point detection approaches using a Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor","authors":"M. Kalensky, D. Oesch, Timothy J. Bukowski, Kelsey Miller, Darren Getts","doi":"10.1117/1.oe.62.12.123101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.oe.62.12.123101","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19561,"journal":{"name":"Optical Engineering","volume":"32 33","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138588925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Experimental research on image demodulation for optical camera communication","authors":"Xizheng Ke, Chandi Liu, Jingyuan Liang, Huanhuan Qin","doi":"10.1117/1.oe.62.12.123102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.oe.62.12.123102","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19561,"journal":{"name":"Optical Engineering","volume":"78 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138586681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-07DOI: 10.1117/1.oe.62.12.127101
Fei Huang, Ran Bi, Lei Wang, Kan Chen, Xiaowu Shu, Xuan She
{"title":"Barriers in the realization of anti-PT-symmetric optical gyroscope","authors":"Fei Huang, Ran Bi, Lei Wang, Kan Chen, Xiaowu Shu, Xuan She","doi":"10.1117/1.oe.62.12.127101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.oe.62.12.127101","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19561,"journal":{"name":"Optical Engineering","volume":"52 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138591940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-06DOI: 10.1117/1.oe.62.12.125101
Yu-Zhen Mao, Chin-Ting Ho, Chao-Hsuan Kuo, Chun-Wei Liu
{"title":"Defect analysis of cementing lenses and parameter optimization based on a convolutional neural network algorithm","authors":"Yu-Zhen Mao, Chin-Ting Ho, Chao-Hsuan Kuo, Chun-Wei Liu","doi":"10.1117/1.oe.62.12.125101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.oe.62.12.125101","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19561,"journal":{"name":"Optical Engineering","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138596811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-05DOI: 10.1117/1.oe.62.12.128101
Jie Du, Min Zhang, Junqing Cai, Hongbo Zhang, Feng Wan
{"title":"Dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithm based on extreme learning machine in passive optical networks","authors":"Jie Du, Min Zhang, Junqing Cai, Hongbo Zhang, Feng Wan","doi":"10.1117/1.oe.62.12.128101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.oe.62.12.128101","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19561,"journal":{"name":"Optical Engineering","volume":"140 44","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138598696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1117/1.OE.62.12.123105
Xiaoquan Liu, Yangyang Niu, Xinwei Wang
Abstract. In recent years, vision-guided three-dimensional (3D) range-gated imaging has broken through the hardware limitations of traditional methods and brought new ideas to the field of 3D range-gated imaging. However, the existing approaches do not consider the uncertainty caused by incomplete training data, which make accuracy of the existing methods still possible for further improvement. In our work, we extend the well-known Gated2Depth framework using epistemic uncertainty by introducing Bayesian neural networks to provide uncertainty that does not exist in the input data due to incomplete training data. Finally, in the proof experiments, mean absolute error achieved 8.7% improvement on the night data and 9% improvement on the daytime data. The improvement of 3D range-gated imaging accuracy reduced the holes and blurred problems in the depth map and obtained sharper target edges.
{"title":"Vision-guided three-dimensional range-gated imaging based on epistemic uncertainty estimation","authors":"Xiaoquan Liu, Yangyang Niu, Xinwei Wang","doi":"10.1117/1.OE.62.12.123105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.OE.62.12.123105","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. In recent years, vision-guided three-dimensional (3D) range-gated imaging has broken through the hardware limitations of traditional methods and brought new ideas to the field of 3D range-gated imaging. However, the existing approaches do not consider the uncertainty caused by incomplete training data, which make accuracy of the existing methods still possible for further improvement. In our work, we extend the well-known Gated2Depth framework using epistemic uncertainty by introducing Bayesian neural networks to provide uncertainty that does not exist in the input data due to incomplete training data. Finally, in the proof experiments, mean absolute error achieved 8.7% improvement on the night data and 9% improvement on the daytime data. The improvement of 3D range-gated imaging accuracy reduced the holes and blurred problems in the depth map and obtained sharper target edges.","PeriodicalId":19561,"journal":{"name":"Optical Engineering","volume":"25 3","pages":"123105 - 123105"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139189327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Experimental research on image demodulation for optical camera communication (Erratum)","authors":"Xizheng Ke, Chandi Liu, Jingyuan Liang, Huanhuan Qin","doi":"10.1117/1.oe.62.12.129801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.oe.62.12.129801","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Erratum corrects a value in Table 1.","PeriodicalId":19561,"journal":{"name":"Optical Engineering","volume":"63 5","pages":"129801 - 129801"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139190053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1117/1.OE.62.12.125105
Zhuo Zhang, Yandong Gong, K. Pang
Abstract. Metasurface is a two-dimensional form of metamaterial that is ultra-thin in volume and light in weight and capable of controlling the polarization state of electromagnetic waves; nevertheless, it has a very small bandwidth. We offer a terahertz (THz) metamaterial with several transmission-mode-operating dielectric layers that may, over a wide frequency range, convert polarized light. The suggested polarization quarter wave plate (WP) is effective throughout a broad frequency range, including 0.85 to 2.45 THz, with a low insertion loss of 2.57 dB and an ultrabroad bandwidth approaching 1600 GHz when the angle of polarized incidence is 45 deg. Regarding the impacts of shapes, elliptical pillar geometries, and the quantity of dielectric layers, the effectiveness of polarization conversion are also investigated. The proposed WPs are highly suited for use in THz optical systems due to their ultrathin subwavelength thickness. Furthermore, the relationship between the number of layers and bandwidth based on the multi-layer elliptic cylinder results in novel transmission phase properties that increase the likelihood of polarization control of incident waves over a wider bandwidth.
{"title":"Multilayered dielectric metamaterial design for terahertz polarization quarter wave plates with ultrabroad achromatic bandwidth","authors":"Zhuo Zhang, Yandong Gong, K. Pang","doi":"10.1117/1.OE.62.12.125105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.OE.62.12.125105","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Metasurface is a two-dimensional form of metamaterial that is ultra-thin in volume and light in weight and capable of controlling the polarization state of electromagnetic waves; nevertheless, it has a very small bandwidth. We offer a terahertz (THz) metamaterial with several transmission-mode-operating dielectric layers that may, over a wide frequency range, convert polarized light. The suggested polarization quarter wave plate (WP) is effective throughout a broad frequency range, including 0.85 to 2.45 THz, with a low insertion loss of 2.57 dB and an ultrabroad bandwidth approaching 1600 GHz when the angle of polarized incidence is 45 deg. Regarding the impacts of shapes, elliptical pillar geometries, and the quantity of dielectric layers, the effectiveness of polarization conversion are also investigated. The proposed WPs are highly suited for use in THz optical systems due to their ultrathin subwavelength thickness. Furthermore, the relationship between the number of layers and bandwidth based on the multi-layer elliptic cylinder results in novel transmission phase properties that increase the likelihood of polarization control of incident waves over a wider bandwidth.","PeriodicalId":19561,"journal":{"name":"Optical Engineering","volume":"64 2","pages":"125105 - 125105"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139192347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1117/1.OE.62.12.124103
Xizheng Ke, Jing Bao, Jingyuan Liang
Abstract. The propagation of a laser beam in an underwater environment gives rise to attenuation caused by absorption and scattering as well as fading caused by turbulence. These effects lead to a decrease in light power and fluctuations in light intensity. To account for variations in water velocity, flow direction, and distance in communication links, field measurements were conducted in rivers and ocean nearshore waters. Based on these measurements, a model for an underwater wireless optical channel was developed. Our study involves the measurement and analysis of light intensity fluctuation, loss of received light power, and the structure constant in various underwater regions. Additionally, the investigation examines the variation of the bit-error rate in relation to different signal-to-noise ratios. The results suggest that the river displays attributes of low turbulence, whereas the ocean’s nearshore waters exhibit a moderate level of turbulence under the specified circumstances. As the velocity of the water increases, the scintillation index of the received optical signal also increases, indicating a higher degree of signal instability. When transmitting horizontally, the scintillation index of the received optical signal remains unaffected by the direction of water flow. Furthermore, as the distance between the transmitter and receiver increases, the scintillation index of the received optical signal intensifies, indicating a greater level of signal instability. The presence of the external interference factors can increase turbulence intensity. Within a depth range of 60 cm underwater, the turbulence intensity at different depths remains basically unchanged.
{"title":"Experimental study of underwater wireless optical channel model","authors":"Xizheng Ke, Jing Bao, Jingyuan Liang","doi":"10.1117/1.OE.62.12.124103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.OE.62.12.124103","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The propagation of a laser beam in an underwater environment gives rise to attenuation caused by absorption and scattering as well as fading caused by turbulence. These effects lead to a decrease in light power and fluctuations in light intensity. To account for variations in water velocity, flow direction, and distance in communication links, field measurements were conducted in rivers and ocean nearshore waters. Based on these measurements, a model for an underwater wireless optical channel was developed. Our study involves the measurement and analysis of light intensity fluctuation, loss of received light power, and the structure constant in various underwater regions. Additionally, the investigation examines the variation of the bit-error rate in relation to different signal-to-noise ratios. The results suggest that the river displays attributes of low turbulence, whereas the ocean’s nearshore waters exhibit a moderate level of turbulence under the specified circumstances. As the velocity of the water increases, the scintillation index of the received optical signal also increases, indicating a higher degree of signal instability. When transmitting horizontally, the scintillation index of the received optical signal remains unaffected by the direction of water flow. Furthermore, as the distance between the transmitter and receiver increases, the scintillation index of the received optical signal intensifies, indicating a greater level of signal instability. The presence of the external interference factors can increase turbulence intensity. Within a depth range of 60 cm underwater, the turbulence intensity at different depths remains basically unchanged.","PeriodicalId":19561,"journal":{"name":"Optical Engineering","volume":"14 4","pages":"124103 - 124103"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139190541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1117/1.oe.63.4.041207
Larry B. Stotts, Larry C. Andrews
We provide a tutorial on how to create link budgets and bit error rate (BER) and probability of fade calculations for optical communications systems designed to operate in the turbulent channel. It reviews the characterization models necessary for either incoherent or coherent free space optical communications uplink, downlink, and horizontal system analyses in the turbulent channel. Beam wander, scintillation, and receiver noise variance as well as pointing and tracking effects were included in this paper. Comparisons among these models, computer simulations and field measurements are provided throughout the paper. Good agreement is shown among all. An example analysis was provided using this information. The conclusion is that no matter whether the system is incoherent or coherent and/or which signaling format is used, the scintillation index will peg the BER to constant value at high signal-to-noise ratio well above the desired value. Other turbulence mitigation techniques must be employed to get the desired system performance.
{"title":"Optical communications in turbulence: a tutorial","authors":"Larry B. Stotts, Larry C. Andrews","doi":"10.1117/1.oe.63.4.041207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.oe.63.4.041207","url":null,"abstract":"We provide a tutorial on how to create link budgets and bit error rate (BER) and probability of fade calculations for optical communications systems designed to operate in the turbulent channel. It reviews the characterization models necessary for either incoherent or coherent free space optical communications uplink, downlink, and horizontal system analyses in the turbulent channel. Beam wander, scintillation, and receiver noise variance as well as pointing and tracking effects were included in this paper. Comparisons among these models, computer simulations and field measurements are provided throughout the paper. Good agreement is shown among all. An example analysis was provided using this information. The conclusion is that no matter whether the system is incoherent or coherent and/or which signaling format is used, the scintillation index will peg the BER to constant value at high signal-to-noise ratio well above the desired value. Other turbulence mitigation techniques must be employed to get the desired system performance.","PeriodicalId":19561,"journal":{"name":"Optical Engineering","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138562676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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