Pub Date : 2020-09-07DOI: 10.15406/oajs.2020.04.00158
P. C. Quero-Jiménez, Lester Alejandro Arias Felipe, Lisyaulen Rega López
Within marine species, the shark has resurfaced internationally, not only for the value of its fins, but also for the importance of oil extracted from its liver for health.1 The main constituents and nutrients that have been identified in shark liver oil are alkylglycerols,2 triglycerides3,4 free fattyacids,3 fatty acids ω-3, ω-6 andω-9,5 vitamin E and A6 and squalene.7 Shark liver oil is promoted as a dietary supplement used to boost the immune system, fight infection, and heal wounds.
{"title":"Oil extraction and derivatization method: a review","authors":"P. C. Quero-Jiménez, Lester Alejandro Arias Felipe, Lisyaulen Rega López","doi":"10.15406/oajs.2020.04.00158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/oajs.2020.04.00158","url":null,"abstract":"Within marine species, the shark has resurfaced internationally, not only for the value of its fins, but also for the importance of oil extracted from its liver for health.1 The main constituents and nutrients that have been identified in shark liver oil are alkylglycerols,2 triglycerides3,4 free fattyacids,3 fatty acids ω-3, ω-6 andω-9,5 vitamin E and A6 and squalene.7 Shark liver oil is promoted as a dietary supplement used to boost the immune system, fight infection, and heal wounds.","PeriodicalId":19581,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Science","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80186751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-19DOI: 10.15406/oajs.2020.04.00157
Raimi Aziba- anyam Gift, Fortune Obindah
Pushing through the 21st century, the vast amount of accumulated theoretical knowledge and practical experience related to human resources as well as the ever growing need to seek new ways to survive and compete in the global economy. The new complex industry and global competitive conditions also create an increased interest in understanding the multidimensional nature of motivation on the overall organizational productivity. Hence, private hospitals in Bayelsa State are faced with challenges which impedes on successful service delivery. While, motivation is increasingly seen as underlying an organizational productivity. The overall workplace behaviour has been recognised as an important element in organisational performance. This perspective views the influence of motivation as crucial in sustaining an organizational productivity. The population of the study was 204 comprising office managers and other staff in ten different hospitals in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State. A sample size of 135 was gotten using taro Yamane formula. This study adopted a descriptive survey design. Methods used to analyse the data were mean, standard deviation and simple regression. The instrument used for this study was a questionnaire titled Eustress and Organizational Productivity in Bayelsa State Private Hospitals. Reliability of the instrument was tested using cronbach’s alpha statistical tool and it yielded a coefficient level of 0.768. All the research questions were answered using standard deviation and mean. While all the hypothesis were tested with 0.05 level of significance. Results shows that 12.5 percent of the variation in organizational productivity was accounted for by motivation. Meaning that improvement in motivation will result to corresponding improvement in organizational productivity. It also reveals that the F-calculated (18.958) is greater than the F-critical (3.91) at 0.05 level of significances which means that there is a significant linear relationship between motivation and organizational productivity. Therefore, there is a significant influence of motivation on organizational productivity in Bayelsa State private hospitals. The result indicates that the higher the level of motivation, the better the organizational productivity among office managers’ in Bayelsa State private hospitals. Based on the findings, the study concludes that organization can improve productivity by motivating and promoting their office managers. The researcher put forward some recommendations which includes; private hospitals should have a well-articulated strategies in motivating and promoting their employees on the aspect of motivation, office managers should be encouraged, but should be applied moderately and in the long-run, a continuous improvement mechanism by various stakeholders in the private hospital is deemed necessary to maintain delivery standards.
{"title":"Examining the influence of motivation on organizational productivity in Bayelsa state private hospitals","authors":"Raimi Aziba- anyam Gift, Fortune Obindah","doi":"10.15406/oajs.2020.04.00157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/oajs.2020.04.00157","url":null,"abstract":"Pushing through the 21st century, the vast amount of accumulated theoretical knowledge and practical experience related to human resources as well as the ever growing need to seek new ways to survive and compete in the global economy. The new complex industry and global competitive conditions also create an increased interest in understanding the multidimensional nature of motivation on the overall organizational productivity. Hence, private hospitals in Bayelsa State are faced with challenges which impedes on successful service delivery. While, motivation is increasingly seen as underlying an organizational productivity. The overall workplace behaviour has been recognised as an important element in organisational performance. This perspective views the influence of motivation as crucial in sustaining an organizational productivity. The population of the study was 204 comprising office managers and other staff in ten different hospitals in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State. A sample size of 135 was gotten using taro Yamane formula. This study adopted a descriptive survey design. Methods used to analyse the data were mean, standard deviation and simple regression. The instrument used for this study was a questionnaire titled Eustress and Organizational Productivity in Bayelsa State Private Hospitals. Reliability of the instrument was tested using cronbach’s alpha statistical tool and it yielded a coefficient level of 0.768. All the research questions were answered using standard deviation and mean. While all the hypothesis were tested with 0.05 level of significance. Results shows that 12.5 percent of the variation in organizational productivity was accounted for by motivation. Meaning that improvement in motivation will result to corresponding improvement in organizational productivity. It also reveals that the F-calculated (18.958) is greater than the F-critical (3.91) at 0.05 level of significances which means that there is a significant linear relationship between motivation and organizational productivity. Therefore, there is a significant influence of motivation on organizational productivity in Bayelsa State private hospitals. The result indicates that the higher the level of motivation, the better the organizational productivity among office managers’ in Bayelsa State private hospitals. Based on the findings, the study concludes that organization can improve productivity by motivating and promoting their office managers. The researcher put forward some recommendations which includes; private hospitals should have a well-articulated strategies in motivating and promoting their employees on the aspect of motivation, office managers should be encouraged, but should be applied moderately and in the long-run, a continuous improvement mechanism by various stakeholders in the private hospital is deemed necessary to maintain delivery standards.","PeriodicalId":19581,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Science","volume":"216 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79657483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-07DOI: 10.15406/oajs.2020.04.00156
Raimi Morufu Olalekan
Background The professionalism of environmental health practitioners (EHPs) has been an emerging trend in Nigeria and is governed by the EHORECON, though the EHPs are aware of their professional responsibilities but are concerned about the lack of active engagement with their professional board. Whilst empirical research was undertaken to comprise a case study of a group of EHPs practising to assess the “reality”, on the ground, in terms of the level of awareness and understanding among EHPs about their ethical and professional responsibilities and related challenges. Objective This study assesses the level of satisfaction with the implementation of the Environmental Health Ethics in institutions in Nigeria. Methods Online google form was used to access a large group of EHPs. One hundred and thirty-nine (139) questionnaires were settled for, as the sample size for the study through an adapted and validated questionnaire instrument. Data collected were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 software. Results Most of the practitioners, in general, were satisfied (85.6%) and the teaching method (54.0%) informed their decision. However, the ethical cases that were of the most concern to the majority of the practitioners (53.2%) were negligence. Conclusions This study contributes some ideological facts to the existing literature and practice in nature. Even though, to come to the generalization with the aid of the particular study findings is complex. The study found satisfactory perceptions that signal a need for increased communication between professional bodies, respective organization/institutions, and practitioners regarding applied ethics in environmental health practice so that curriculums could reflect both theory and application. Also, decision-making guides that are empirically informed and tailored for practitioners having some value should be emphasized upon.
{"title":"“What we learn today is how we behave tomorrow”: a study on satisfaction level and implementation of environmental health ethics in Nigeria institutions","authors":"Raimi Morufu Olalekan","doi":"10.15406/oajs.2020.04.00156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/oajs.2020.04.00156","url":null,"abstract":"Background The professionalism of environmental health practitioners (EHPs) has been an emerging trend in Nigeria and is governed by the EHORECON, though the EHPs are aware of their professional responsibilities but are concerned about the lack of active engagement with their professional board. Whilst empirical research was undertaken to comprise a case study of a group of EHPs practising to assess the “reality”, on the ground, in terms of the level of awareness and understanding among EHPs about their ethical and professional responsibilities and related challenges. Objective This study assesses the level of satisfaction with the implementation of the Environmental Health Ethics in institutions in Nigeria. Methods Online google form was used to access a large group of EHPs. One hundred and thirty-nine (139) questionnaires were settled for, as the sample size for the study through an adapted and validated questionnaire instrument. Data collected were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 software. Results Most of the practitioners, in general, were satisfied (85.6%) and the teaching method (54.0%) informed their decision. However, the ethical cases that were of the most concern to the majority of the practitioners (53.2%) were negligence. Conclusions This study contributes some ideological facts to the existing literature and practice in nature. Even though, to come to the generalization with the aid of the particular study findings is complex. The study found satisfactory perceptions that signal a need for increased communication between professional bodies, respective organization/institutions, and practitioners regarding applied ethics in environmental health practice so that curriculums could reflect both theory and application. Also, decision-making guides that are empirically informed and tailored for practitioners having some value should be emphasized upon.","PeriodicalId":19581,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Science","volume":"106 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77552638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The COVID-19 pandemic is a tethering on the edge of a make or mar moment in the history of the world as it is chiefly a crisis for health and a tragedy for humanity, but it also poses economic consequences that is far-reaching. In emerging countries like Nigeria, it has already disrupted the livelihoods of millions of individuals, with uneven impact among poor and vulnerable households and small and informal industries and the disruption pace is expected to accelerate the crisis in the coming weeks. No nation or community is exempt; in oil-rich countries such as Nigeria, the challenges of COVID-19 is exacerbated by falling price in crude. The COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has raised sundry questions for sectors including water and energy around the world. While workers provide services in a geographic areas, operational and systematic concerns and understandings apply across national borders. This paper draw attention to the importance of electricity and water, sanitation and hygiene in Nigeria especially in areas such as slums, given that many Nigerians live in overcrowded and deprived areas facing major socioeconomic impediments, to these efforts, the important contribution to handwashing is to help reduce disease spread and also highlight the significance of water as an industry that is so critical to the well-being of societies, economies, and the environment and key for the current health crisis. The water and electricity sector should be proactive in doing its part to address COVID-19 pandemic and the ramifications of its spread. As the continent's leaders take decisive action in the formal, informal and development sectors to save human lives and shield trades, households and geographic economies from the pandemic consequence. Therefore, the responsibility is up to all governments and their development partners to improve health care services and other measures that are critical by providing near constant electricity and water supply for its citizenry to help contribute immensely to social distancing, deepening stay at home, in order to slow the spread of COVID-19 both in the short and long run and teaching of public health that is based on systematic evidence to decrease the distress and apprehension caused by distorted and misinformation through social media. In particular, Nigerian government should act swiftly and decisively to provide robust support and not just the rhetoric of stimulus announced by the Central Bank of Nigeria for significant national public health and health care programs, development of medical countermeasure, domestic preparedness programs and response instruments and global cooperationto reduce the virus impacts. Prompt action now is needed to avoid worst case health and economic consequences.
{"title":"Nigerians crying for availability of electricity and water: a key driver to life coping measures for deepening stay at home inclusion to slow covid-19 spread","authors":"Raimi Aziba- anyam Gift, Raimi Morufu Olalekan, Ochayi Ekoja Owobi, Raimi Mariam Oluwakemi, Babatunde Anu, Abdulraheem Aishat Funmilayo","doi":"10.15406/oajs.2020.04.00155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/oajs.2020.04.00155","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic is a tethering on the edge of a make or mar moment in the history of the world as it is chiefly a crisis for health and a tragedy for humanity, but it also poses economic consequences that is far-reaching. In emerging countries like Nigeria, it has already disrupted the livelihoods of millions of individuals, with uneven impact among poor and vulnerable households and small and informal industries and the disruption pace is expected to accelerate the crisis in the coming weeks. No nation or community is exempt; in oil-rich countries such as Nigeria, the challenges of COVID-19 is exacerbated by falling price in crude. The COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has raised sundry questions for sectors including water and energy around the world. While workers provide services in a geographic areas, operational and systematic concerns and understandings apply across national borders. This paper draw attention to the importance of electricity and water, sanitation and hygiene in Nigeria especially in areas such as slums, given that many Nigerians live in overcrowded and deprived areas facing major socioeconomic impediments, to these efforts, the important contribution to handwashing is to help reduce disease spread and also highlight the significance of water as an industry that is so critical to the well-being of societies, economies, and the environment and key for the current health crisis. The water and electricity sector should be proactive in doing its part to address COVID-19 pandemic and the ramifications of its spread. As the continent's leaders take decisive action in the formal, informal and development sectors to save human lives and shield trades, households and geographic economies from the pandemic consequence. Therefore, the responsibility is up to all governments and their development partners to improve health care services and other measures that are critical by providing near constant electricity and water supply for its citizenry to help contribute immensely to social distancing, deepening stay at home, in order to slow the spread of COVID-19 both in the short and long run and teaching of public health that is based on systematic evidence to decrease the distress and apprehension caused by distorted and misinformation through social media. In particular, Nigerian government should act swiftly and decisively to provide robust support and not just the rhetoric of stimulus announced by the Central Bank of Nigeria for significant national public health and health care programs, development of medical countermeasure, domestic preparedness programs and response instruments and global cooperationto reduce the virus impacts. Prompt action now is needed to avoid worst case health and economic consequences.","PeriodicalId":19581,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Science","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74259989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-08DOI: 10.15406/oajs.2020.04.00154
Ferhan Soyuer
Web-based rehabilitation is defined as a set of tools, procedures and protocols to remotely enable the rehabilitation process. The importance of web-based rehabilitation emerges in in-hospital rehabilitation interventions and management of patients in the acute phase of the disease, as well as in the remote management of individuals with chronic health problems. As an alternative to traditional face to face treatment methods and a low cost rehabilitation option, it is increasing rapidly.
{"title":"Advantages of Web-based Rehabilitation","authors":"Ferhan Soyuer","doi":"10.15406/oajs.2020.04.00154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/oajs.2020.04.00154","url":null,"abstract":"Web-based rehabilitation is defined as a set of tools, procedures and protocols to remotely enable the rehabilitation process. The importance of web-based rehabilitation emerges in in-hospital rehabilitation interventions and management of patients in the acute phase of the disease, as well as in the remote management of individuals with chronic health problems. As an alternative to traditional face to face treatment methods and a low cost rehabilitation option, it is increasing rapidly.","PeriodicalId":19581,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Science","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82626596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-29DOI: 10.15406/oajs.2020.04.00153
R. Ribeiro, Francini Toito Ribeiro, Milagro del Cielo Chirinos, Henrique Tuzzolo Neto, J. S. Barbosa, Sandro Taira Camba, C. Costa
The main donor graft has the palatal mucosa as its main donor area. The thickness of the connective tissue is important in view of the fact that very thin grafts can fail. Although knowing the thickness of the palatal mucosa is important to improve the predictability of various surgical procedures, this assessment is ignored due to the lack of reliable planning methods for this purpose. In this study, an individual was evaluated making 3 markings on the palatal region, at a distance of 5 mm from the cervical palate of the first molar, second premolar and first premolar. To measure the markings, three methods were used: directly in the tomographic image (Group 1), in the superimposition of the computed tomography with scanning of the plaster model obtained from the patient’s mouth (Group 2) and in the superimposition of the computed tomography and the scanning directly in mouth (Group 3), comparing with the gold standard using a needle with an endodontic stop at the three demarcated sites. Group 1 that represented the TCFC was the one that presented values closer to the gold standard values compared to the other two methods, and the first premolar and first molar regions were the regions that showed the least difference when compared to the gold standard. According to this study and its limitations, the group 1 method (CBTC) was the one that came closest to the gold standard in the three measured points, when compared with the other methods. Therefore, the use of CBTC to assess the thickness of the palatal mucosa is the most indicated.
{"title":"Evaluation of the accuracy of measuring the thickness of palatal tissue by different methods","authors":"R. Ribeiro, Francini Toito Ribeiro, Milagro del Cielo Chirinos, Henrique Tuzzolo Neto, J. S. Barbosa, Sandro Taira Camba, C. Costa","doi":"10.15406/oajs.2020.04.00153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/oajs.2020.04.00153","url":null,"abstract":"The main donor graft has the palatal mucosa as its main donor area. The thickness of the connective tissue is important in view of the fact that very thin grafts can fail. Although knowing the thickness of the palatal mucosa is important to improve the predictability of various surgical procedures, this assessment is ignored due to the lack of reliable planning methods for this purpose. In this study, an individual was evaluated making 3 markings on the palatal region, at a distance of 5 mm from the cervical palate of the first molar, second premolar and first premolar. To measure the markings, three methods were used: directly in the tomographic image (Group 1), in the superimposition of the computed tomography with scanning of the plaster model obtained from the patient’s mouth (Group 2) and in the superimposition of the computed tomography and the scanning directly in mouth (Group 3), comparing with the gold standard using a needle with an endodontic stop at the three demarcated sites. Group 1 that represented the TCFC was the one that presented values closer to the gold standard values compared to the other two methods, and the first premolar and first molar regions were the regions that showed the least difference when compared to the gold standard. According to this study and its limitations, the group 1 method (CBTC) was the one that came closest to the gold standard in the three measured points, when compared with the other methods. Therefore, the use of CBTC to assess the thickness of the palatal mucosa is the most indicated.","PeriodicalId":19581,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Science","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76990793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-18DOI: 10.15406/oajs.2020.04.00152
S. Hussain
Carbon based materials have acquired pivotal importance in the recent era for the removal of pollutants from the effluents. In this study, wooden soot (WS) obtained from wood burning has been utilized as an adsorbent for the removal of Rhodamine B dye (RB). The adsorption of RB on WS was studied as function of the contact time, concentration, and temperature. The amount of dye adsorbed onto the WS increased with the increase in the contact time, concentration and temperature. The adsorption data fitted well in Langmuir and Freundlich models with comparatively greater R2 value for the Langmuir model. Adsorption data followed the pseudo second order kinetics. The uptake of dye by the adsorbent was 238 mg/g. The various Thermodynamic parameters such as ∆Ho, ∆So and ∆Go were studied which indicated that the adsorption of RB on WS adsorbent remained a spontaneous endothermic process. The surface morphology was studied through FESEM before and after the adsorption of RB, which indicated accumulation of dye on to the small pores. The functional group analysis was performed through FT-IR which indicated a clear change at 2360 cm-1 after the adsorption which confirmed the adsorption phenomena. The pore size, pore volume and pore diameter were 47.44 m2/g, 0.07 cm3/g and 35.23 A0 respectively. This study will highly acknowledge the use of low cost adsorbent materials for the environmental remediation.
{"title":"Assessment and development of carbonaceous soot from wood burning process: adsorption, kinetics and thermodynamics study for Rhodamine B dye","authors":"S. Hussain","doi":"10.15406/oajs.2020.04.00152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/oajs.2020.04.00152","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon based materials have acquired pivotal importance in the recent era for the removal of pollutants from the effluents. In this study, wooden soot (WS) obtained from wood burning has been utilized as an adsorbent for the removal of Rhodamine B dye (RB). The adsorption of RB on WS was studied as function of the contact time, concentration, and temperature. The amount of dye adsorbed onto the WS increased with the increase in the contact time, concentration and temperature. The adsorption data fitted well in Langmuir and Freundlich models with comparatively greater R2 value for the Langmuir model. Adsorption data followed the pseudo second order kinetics. The uptake of dye by the adsorbent was 238 mg/g. The various Thermodynamic parameters such as ∆Ho, ∆So and ∆Go were studied which indicated that the adsorption of RB on WS adsorbent remained a spontaneous endothermic process. The surface morphology was studied through FESEM before and after the adsorption of RB, which indicated accumulation of dye on to the small pores. The functional group analysis was performed through FT-IR which indicated a clear change at 2360 cm-1 after the adsorption which confirmed the adsorption phenomena. The pore size, pore volume and pore diameter were 47.44 m2/g, 0.07 cm3/g and 35.23 A0 respectively. This study will highly acknowledge the use of low cost adsorbent materials for the environmental remediation.","PeriodicalId":19581,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Science","volume":"89 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72832170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-08DOI: 10.15406/oajs.2020.04.00151
Ozan Yağmuroğlu, Bilgen Subasi
With the discovery of chemical weapons, mankind has faced a great threat. These weapons are also called weapon of mass destruction and cause mass human deaths in the region where they are used, regardless of whether they are soldiers or civilians. Countries have focused on chemical defense activities because of the easy production and development of chemical weapons and negative psychological effects on the public. Many people were killed or injured due to the use of chemical weapons during World War I. Nerve agents started to be used in making chemical weapons before World War II began. Thus, the threat of chemical weapons on humanity has reached a much more critical point. Especially during World War II and the Cold War, the development of chemical weapons and the production of nerve agents increased more than ever.In this review, various sensor systems developed for detecting nerve agents have been investigated and these sensors have been compared in terms of operating principles and detection limits.
{"title":"Nerve agents: chemical structures, effect mechanisms and detection methods","authors":"Ozan Yağmuroğlu, Bilgen Subasi","doi":"10.15406/oajs.2020.04.00151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/oajs.2020.04.00151","url":null,"abstract":"With the discovery of chemical weapons, mankind has faced a great threat. These weapons are also called weapon of mass destruction and cause mass human deaths in the region where they are used, regardless of whether they are soldiers or civilians. Countries have focused on chemical defense activities because of the easy production and development of chemical weapons and negative psychological effects on the public. Many people were killed or injured due to the use of chemical weapons during World War I. Nerve agents started to be used in making chemical weapons before World War II began. Thus, the threat of chemical weapons on humanity has reached a much more critical point. Especially during World War II and the Cold War, the development of chemical weapons and the production of nerve agents increased more than ever.In this review, various sensor systems developed for detecting nerve agents have been investigated and these sensors have been compared in terms of operating principles and detection limits.","PeriodicalId":19581,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Science","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86044220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-28DOI: 10.15406/oajs.2020.04.00150
Saumu Shabani, Simon Henry Mamuya
Background: Motorcycle taxis have arisen as a key feature of rural and urban transport services. It is among occupation in which workers are highly exposed to ambient air pollutants and probably make them to be susceptible in developing respiratory diseases. Objective: To determine prevalence of respiratory symptoms and the associated factors among motorcycle taxi drivers in Ubungo municipality. Materials and methods: The study design was descriptive cross sectional study conducted from March to July 2018. Multistage sampling technique was used to obtain sample of 200 motorcycle taxi drivers and 100 office attendants. A modified British medical research council questionnaire and personal sampling pump (SKC Sidekick pump) were used for data collection. Data were analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Science software22versions. Results: Motorcycle taxi drivers had personal exposure to geometric mean dust concentration 1.60 mg/m3 (SD=2.12) while office attendants had 0.071 mg/m3 (SD=1.26) for eight hours, which was less than TLV according to the ACGIH. The prevalence of respiratory symptoms were reported to be higher among motorcycle taxi drivers compared to office attendants for all symptoms and the differences were statistically significant at P-value <0.001, where morning cough (55.5% vs. 27%); cough last for three months yearly (26% vs 2%); phlegm (53.2% vs 15%), phlegm last for three months yearly (23% vs.0%) wheezing (29% vs 2%) and shortness of breath (47.7% vs. 16%). Work duration was the factor significantly associated with cough, cough last for three months, phlegm and shortness of breath among motorcycle taxi drivers. Conclusion: Prevalence of the respiratory health symptoms was higher among motorcycle taxi drivers than the control. Working as motorcycle taxi driver for four years and above is a risk factorfor developing respiratory health problems.
背景:摩的出租车已经成为农村和城市交通服务的一个重要特征。这是工人高度暴露于环境空气污染物的职业之一，可能使他们容易患上呼吸系统疾病。目的:了解优戈市摩的司机呼吸道症状的流行情况及相关因素。材料与方法:研究设计为描述性横断面研究，于2018年3月至7月进行。采用多阶段抽样技术，对200名摩的司机和100名办公室工作人员进行抽样。采用改良的英国医学研究委员会问卷和个人抽样泵(SKC Sidekick泵)进行数据收集。采用Statistical Package for Social Science软件22versions对数据进行分析。结果:摩的司机8小时接触几何平均粉尘浓度为1.60 mg/m3 (SD=2.12)，办公人员8小时接触几何平均粉尘浓度为0.071 mg/m3 (SD=1.26)，均低于ACGIH规定的TLV。据报道，在所有症状中，摩托车出租车司机的呼吸道症状患病率高于办公室服务员，p值<0.001，差异有统计学意义，其中早晨咳嗽(55.5%对27%);每年咳嗽持续3个月(26% vs 2%);痰(53.2%比15%)，痰每年持续3个月(23%比0%)，喘息(29%比2%)和呼吸短促(47.7%比16%)。摩托车出租车司机咳嗽、咳嗽持续3个月、痰多、呼吸短促与工作时长显著相关。结论:摩的司机呼吸道健康症状的患病率高于对照组。驾驶电单车的士达四年或以上是患上呼吸系统疾病的风险因素。
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Pub Date : 2020-05-27DOI: 10.15406/oajs.2020.04.00149
Heleno Almeida Júnior
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