Solid waste, that is produced as a result of human activity on a daily basis, must be properly managed. Like other cities in developing nations, Addis Ababa is facing problems linked to poorly managing solid waste gathering operations. This study analyzed the existing public solid waste gathering system in the city and undertook a comparative analysis with Shanghai’s solid waste collection system. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected th- rough surveys as well as secondary sources and then comparative analysis with Shanghai has been undertaken. According to the investigation of this research, solid waste collection coverage of Addis Ababa is 70% and only 28.6% of households have separate solid waste at source. Besides, according to respondents, 75.3% of residents were using a sack to collect the waste and only 14.5% were using the waste bin. The study found that lack of access of infrastructures, a lack of an adequately built collection route system and schedule, inadequate and faulty facilities for operations, and corner littering around skips that resulted in improper disposal are among the causes of poor efficiency of solid waste handling in the metropolitan. Lack of understanding, improper disposal, the poor status of waste collectors, the absence of the private sector, and public engagement are some of the social issues that have been experienced. The main problem with the incompetence of this sector in the city was the lack of trained labor and inadequate service delivery. In conclusion, based on Shanghai City’s best practices, the research applied about useful suggestions for strengthening the system and re-designing it.
{"title":"Redesign Solid Waste Collection and Transference System for Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) Based on the Comparison with Shanghai, China","authors":"Diriba Dechasa Beka, Xiang-zhou Meng","doi":"10.4236/OALIB.1107470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OALIB.1107470","url":null,"abstract":"Solid waste, that is produced as a result of human activity on a daily basis, must be properly managed. Like other cities in developing nations, Addis Ababa is facing problems linked to poorly managing solid waste gathering operations. This study analyzed the existing public solid waste gathering system in the city and undertook a comparative analysis with Shanghai’s solid waste collection system. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected th- rough surveys as well as secondary sources and then comparative analysis with Shanghai has been undertaken. According to the investigation of this research, solid waste collection coverage of Addis Ababa is 70% and only 28.6% of households have separate solid waste at source. Besides, according to respondents, 75.3% of residents were using a sack to collect the waste and only 14.5% were using the waste bin. The study found that lack of access of infrastructures, a lack of an adequately built collection route system and schedule, inadequate and faulty facilities for operations, and corner littering around skips that resulted in improper disposal are among the causes of poor efficiency of solid waste handling in the metropolitan. Lack of understanding, improper disposal, the poor status of waste collectors, the absence of the private sector, and public engagement are some of the social issues that have been experienced. The main problem with the incompetence of this sector in the city was the lack of trained labor and inadequate service delivery. In conclusion, based on Shanghai City’s best practices, the research applied about useful suggestions for strengthening the system and re-designing it.","PeriodicalId":19593,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Library Journal","volume":"46 1","pages":"1-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80485210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Global warming and its associated impacts of Sea Level Rise hazards of flooding by storm surge, inundation, salt water intrusion to ground water, salt water incursion to rivers/estuaries affects low lying coastal Countries and small islands. Douala, with ecological and socio-economic vital values for the country is exposed to and should be prepared for the impacts of Sea Level Rise hazards while partaking in mitigation schemes. Consequently, vulnerability of fresh water resources of Sea Level Rise (SLR) hazards was assessed and projected areas at risk mapped. These were estimated using the coastal vulnerability index matrix. Projected areas at risk were obtained using the geographical information system geo-processing query. The calculated coastal vulnerability index (CVI)-SLR was 3.6 for the Douala low lying region indicating that it is high. Inundation (4) followed by SWI into ground water aquifers (3.86) was the dominant Sea Level Rise hazard impacts for the study area. Bareground (132.21 and 446.82 km2) and settlement (152. And 476.5 km2) classes of land cover will be more affected by 5 and 10 m projected flood levels. This study therefore suggests that major investments should be made to improve the data base of climate change variables of the coastlines of Douala and the entire nation since information from these databases will form the basis for the development of adaptation strategies to any future SLR hazards.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Impacts of Sea Level Rise Hazards in Douala-Cameroon","authors":"Mary Lum Fonteh Niba, S. Gideon","doi":"10.4236/OALIB.1107427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OALIB.1107427","url":null,"abstract":"Global warming and its associated impacts of Sea Level Rise hazards of flooding by storm surge, inundation, salt water intrusion to ground water, salt water incursion to rivers/estuaries affects low lying coastal Countries and small islands. Douala, with ecological and socio-economic vital values for the country is exposed to and should be prepared for the impacts of Sea Level Rise hazards while partaking in mitigation schemes. Consequently, vulnerability of fresh water resources of Sea Level Rise (SLR) hazards was assessed and projected areas at risk mapped. These were estimated using the coastal vulnerability index matrix. Projected areas at risk were obtained using the geographical information system geo-processing query. The calculated coastal vulnerability index (CVI)-SLR was 3.6 for the Douala low lying region indicating that it is high. Inundation (4) followed by SWI into ground water aquifers (3.86) was the dominant Sea Level Rise hazard impacts for the study area. Bareground (132.21 and 446.82 km2) and settlement (152. And 476.5 km2) classes of land cover will be more affected by 5 and 10 m projected flood levels. This study therefore suggests that major investments should be made to improve the data base of climate change variables of the coastlines of Douala and the entire nation since information from these databases will form the basis for the development of adaptation strategies to any future SLR hazards.","PeriodicalId":19593,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Library Journal","volume":"21 1","pages":"1-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85959424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Party building is a great project. As the educational idea of the Party Central Committee in the new era, the ideological and political curriculum must hold high the banner of Party construction. At present, from the perspective of Party building to explore the new era of socialist builders and successors of moral education is a need to continue to strengthen the topic. Starting from the possibility, necessity and sufficiency of the combination of Party building and ideological and political education in Colleges and universities, this paper explores how teachers carry out the ideological and political education reform in classroom teaching and competition activities under the banner of Party building, so as to establish a new practice of Party building leading the ideological and political education reform.
{"title":"Research on the Collaborative Education of Ideological and Political Education under the Guidance of Party Construction","authors":"Zhonghui Xue, J. Lai, Qianfeng Ma","doi":"10.4236/OALIB.1107259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OALIB.1107259","url":null,"abstract":"The Party building is a great project. As the educational idea of the Party Central Committee in the new era, the ideological and political curriculum must hold high the banner of Party construction. At present, from the perspective of Party building to explore the new era of socialist builders and successors of moral education is a need to continue to strengthen the topic. Starting from the possibility, necessity and sufficiency of the combination of Party building and ideological and political education in Colleges and universities, this paper explores how teachers carry out the ideological and political education reform in classroom teaching and competition activities under the banner of Party building, so as to establish a new practice of Party building leading the ideological and political education reform.","PeriodicalId":19593,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Library Journal","volume":"15 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75262138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Waterborne diseases remain a major global public health issue and a great environmental concern and the outbreak is common in African countries. Illness due to waterborne diseases causes morbidity and mortality in less developed countries among children aged below 5 years. This study was aimed at reviewing literature on past and present studies on waterborne diseases, the risk factors as well as the intervention practices. The unavailability of piped water and dependence of rural dwellers on surface waters which are often contaminated with fecal materials are the major causes of the rising prevalence of waterborne diseases. Poor hygienic practices have also been found to play significant role in the spread of waterborne diseases. Besides, poor environmental practices such as lack of sanitation facilities encourages spread of liquid and solid wastes within residential areas contributing to the increasing waterborne illness. Improvements in drinking water, sanitation facilities and hygiene practices in less developed countries have been suggested by many studies as key interventions to reduce waterborne diseases.
{"title":"Waterborne Disease Risk Factors and Intervention Practices: A Review","authors":"Winfred Mbinya Manetu, A. Karanja","doi":"10.4236/OALIB.1107401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OALIB.1107401","url":null,"abstract":"Waterborne diseases remain a major global public health issue and a great environmental concern and the outbreak is common in African countries. Illness due to waterborne diseases causes morbidity and mortality in less developed countries among children aged below 5 years. This study was aimed at reviewing literature on past and present studies on waterborne diseases, the risk factors as well as the intervention practices. The unavailability of piped water and dependence of rural dwellers on surface waters which are often contaminated with fecal materials are the major causes of the rising prevalence of waterborne diseases. Poor hygienic practices have also been found to play significant role in the spread of waterborne diseases. Besides, poor environmental practices such as lack of sanitation facilities encourages spread of liquid and solid wastes within residential areas contributing to the increasing waterborne illness. Improvements in drinking water, sanitation facilities and hygiene practices in less developed countries have been suggested by many studies as key interventions to reduce waterborne diseases.","PeriodicalId":19593,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Library Journal","volume":"3 12 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85080780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the development of digital nuclear pulse processing technology, the requirements for the analog front-end circuit of digital energy spectrometers are getting higher and higher. Not only need to reduce the noise caused by the device as much as possible, but also need to meet the needs of multi-channel data acquisition. This article based on VGA (Variable Gain Amplifier) has designed a multi-channel low-noise analog front-end circuit to meet the functional requirements of the energy spectrometer while reducing the signal transmission in the analog front-end circuit as much as possible. The circuit noise is strictly controlled to ensure the signal-to-noise ratio of signal transmission. AD9255 is used for waveform digitization, and the input range is 100 μV-2 VPP. After testing, the circuit has a wider gain range and better noise control. Input 100 μVpp signal when the analog front-end gain is 24 dB, and its signal-to-noise ratio can reach 1:1.
{"title":"Multi-Channel Low-Noise Analog Front Design","authors":"Bin Bai","doi":"10.4236/OALIB.1107410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OALIB.1107410","url":null,"abstract":"With the development of digital nuclear pulse processing technology, the requirements for the analog front-end circuit of digital energy spectrometers are getting higher and higher. Not only need to reduce the noise caused by the device as much as possible, but also need to meet the needs of multi-channel data acquisition. This article based on VGA (Variable Gain Amplifier) has designed a multi-channel low-noise analog front-end circuit to meet the functional requirements of the energy spectrometer while reducing the signal transmission in the analog front-end circuit as much as possible. The circuit noise is strictly controlled to ensure the signal-to-noise ratio of signal transmission. AD9255 is used for waveform digitization, and the input range is 100 μV-2 VPP. After testing, the circuit has a wider gain range and better noise control. Input 100 μVpp signal when the analog front-end gain is 24 dB, and its signal-to-noise ratio can reach 1:1.","PeriodicalId":19593,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Library Journal","volume":"74 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83129725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study of the dose load received by the personnel working with x-ray equipment is a very important task in the modern world. The purpose of this article is to assess the dose load based on published dosimetric measurements obtained by an interventional cardiologist from scattered X-ray during the angiographic procedure LCx stenting. The procedure is carried out under X-ray guidance using a Philips Allura Xper FD10 system. The dose calculations and assessments are made for three positions of the patient table—basic (zero), lowest and highest position, and for three control points—“Head”, “Gonads” and “Steps” where the dosimetric measurements of the received effective dose were performed. During the angiographic procedure, three different projections are used (RAO-caudal, LAO-caudal and Pure Cranial), each of which can be basic and the other two non-basic. In this regard, calculations have been made for each of them as a basic one. The results show that the dose load obtained from this procedure is mainly due to the work in the radiographic mode. To reduce the received dose it is necessary to take into account the position of the patient table at each projection, used as basic projection. To reduce the dose load on the body of the interventional cardiologist, it is important to wear appropriate individual radiation protection.
{"title":"Dose Load during Angiographic Procedures LCx Stenting","authors":"Bistra Manusheva","doi":"10.4236/OALIB.1107394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OALIB.1107394","url":null,"abstract":"The study of the dose load received by the personnel working with x-ray equipment is a very important task in the modern world. The purpose of this article is to assess the dose load based on published dosimetric measurements obtained by an interventional cardiologist from scattered X-ray during the angiographic procedure LCx stenting. The procedure is carried out under X-ray guidance using a Philips Allura Xper FD10 system. The dose calculations and assessments are made for three positions of the patient table—basic (zero), lowest and highest position, and for three control points—“Head”, “Gonads” and “Steps” where the dosimetric measurements of the received effective dose were performed. During the angiographic procedure, three different projections are used (RAO-caudal, LAO-caudal and Pure Cranial), each of which can be basic and the other two non-basic. In this regard, calculations have been made for each of them as a basic one. The results show that the dose load obtained from this procedure is mainly due to the work in the radiographic mode. To reduce the received dose it is necessary to take into account the position of the patient table at each projection, used as basic projection. To reduce the dose load on the body of the interventional cardiologist, it is important to wear appropriate individual radiation protection.","PeriodicalId":19593,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Library Journal","volume":"18 6 1","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87363090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In order to adapt to the development of modern science and technology, I-Ching needs to be modified. In order to make it easy to understand, and become a powerful “science” tool for our learning, thinking and practice, according to the characteristics of our thinking, I tried to revise the images of the hexagrams, gua ci and lines of the I-Ching. Then when we use I-Ching to thought; it will let us examine various factors, changes and relationships of various influences, so that we can solve problems faster, better and more creatively.
{"title":"New I-Ching and Sports Database","authors":"H. Cheng","doi":"10.4236/OALIB.1107321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OALIB.1107321","url":null,"abstract":"In order to adapt to the development of modern science and technology, I-Ching needs to be modified. In order to make it easy to understand, and become a powerful “science” tool for our learning, thinking and practice, according to the characteristics of our thinking, I tried to revise the images of the hexagrams, gua ci and lines of the I-Ching. Then when we use I-Ching to thought; it will let us examine various factors, changes and relationships of various influences, so that we can solve problems faster, better and more creatively.","PeriodicalId":19593,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Library Journal","volume":"87 1","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77634538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Transportation of Dangerous goods by road may have serious consequences in case of an accident occur. The consequences of a road accident of a heavy goods vehicle carrying dangerous goods may affect not only the truck driver but also the nearby population present. Routing selection is a complicated issue influenced from a number of parameters that may vary during the day, a week or a month. The purpose of the research is to develop a preliminary tool concerning the Transportation of Dangerous Goods which will prove whether a risk analysis using real time data (traffic flows, meteorological conditions, etc.) can offer higher level of safety to the society and the personnel involved in the transportation. The final goal is to enhance safety by making the Dangerous Goods (DG) Risk transportation totally digitalized as a risk management process with real time data acquisition and real time risk assessment through an online platform linked with Global Positioning System (GPS). During the research the risk analysis conducted taking into account all critical parameters for two selected routes. All the necessary data derived from annual statistical data and “simulated” real time data. Data collected concerned all the critical parameters and constraints in order to compare the results to be comparable. Risk quantification was implemented using the DG Quantitative Risk Assessment Model (QRAM) and was illustrated in terms of F/N curves. The results of this research were compared with the ones existed till today which are calculated based on annual statistical data for the above-mentioned factors. The results obtained were compared by means of Societal Risk expressed by Expected Value (EV) and showed that specific factors affect the final routing selection because of the calculated risk.
{"title":"Tool for Analyzing the Risks in Dangerous Goods Transportation","authors":"N. Vagiokas, Christos Zacharias","doi":"10.4236/OALIB.1107373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OALIB.1107373","url":null,"abstract":"Transportation of Dangerous goods by road may have serious consequences in case of an accident occur. The consequences of a road accident of a heavy goods vehicle carrying dangerous goods may affect not only the truck driver but also the nearby population present. Routing selection is a complicated issue influenced from a number of parameters that may vary during the day, a week or a month. The purpose of the research is to develop a preliminary tool concerning the Transportation of Dangerous Goods which will prove whether a risk analysis using real time data (traffic flows, meteorological conditions, etc.) can offer higher level of safety to the society and the personnel involved in the transportation. The final goal is to enhance safety by making the Dangerous Goods (DG) Risk transportation totally digitalized as a risk management process with real time data acquisition and real time risk assessment through an online platform linked with Global Positioning System (GPS). During the research the risk analysis conducted taking into account all critical parameters for two selected routes. All the necessary data derived from annual statistical data and “simulated” real time data. Data collected concerned all the critical parameters and constraints in order to compare the results to be comparable. Risk quantification was implemented using the DG Quantitative Risk Assessment Model (QRAM) and was illustrated in terms of F/N curves. The results of this research were compared with the ones existed till today which are calculated based on annual statistical data for the above-mentioned factors. The results obtained were compared by means of Societal Risk expressed by Expected Value (EV) and showed that specific factors affect the final routing selection because of the calculated risk.","PeriodicalId":19593,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Library Journal","volume":"5 1","pages":"1-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79720321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study focuses on the advertisement of children’s mathematical thinking. It analyses the scientific nature of the advertisement (curriculum system) and summarizes some methods to cultivate logical thinking. It also points out the limit of the course, such as: children’s action thinking has not been fully concerned, entity image thinking and mathematical language thinking is difficult to cultivate.
{"title":"A Study on Infant Learning Thinking Based on the Integration of Truth and Reality","authors":"Yiran Zhang, Kailai Jiang","doi":"10.4236/OALIB.1107437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OALIB.1107437","url":null,"abstract":"This study focuses on the advertisement of children’s mathematical thinking. It analyses the scientific nature of the advertisement (curriculum system) and summarizes some methods to cultivate logical thinking. It also points out the limit of the course, such as: children’s action thinking has not been fully concerned, entity image thinking and mathematical language thinking is difficult to cultivate.","PeriodicalId":19593,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Library Journal","volume":"29 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89578352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Raphael Byamungu Mugondozi, Gaspard Makambo Mohilo, Maurice Masoda Nyamalyongo
Syphilis in a pregnant woman keeps threatening the life of both the woman and her fetus at any time of pregnancy. While the control of this disease seemed to be effective around the 2000s in developed countries, its prevalence in pregnant women has risen all over the world especially in countries with limited resources. Although syphilis control in pregnant women would be part of the health policy of almost all the countries of sub-Saharan Africa, this opportunity is unfortunately not capitalized to the maximum by pregnant women who, for the most part, do attend health facilities only during the last trimesters of pregnancy. The purpose of this case study is to evaluate effective methods in screening pregnant women for syphilis in the absence of an equipped laboratory, which is the situation in many low income countries.
{"title":"Screening for Syphilis in Pregnant Women in Resource-Limited Environment: Which Approach Is Effective? Case Report","authors":"Raphael Byamungu Mugondozi, Gaspard Makambo Mohilo, Maurice Masoda Nyamalyongo","doi":"10.4236/OALIB.1107093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OALIB.1107093","url":null,"abstract":"Syphilis in a pregnant woman keeps threatening the life of both the woman and her fetus at any time of pregnancy. While the control of this disease seemed to be effective around the 2000s in developed countries, its prevalence in pregnant women has risen all over the world especially in countries with limited resources. Although syphilis control in pregnant women would be part of the health policy of almost all the countries of sub-Saharan Africa, this opportunity is unfortunately not capitalized to the maximum by pregnant women who, for the most part, do attend health facilities only during the last trimesters of pregnancy. The purpose of this case study is to evaluate effective methods in screening pregnant women for syphilis in the absence of an equipped laboratory, which is the situation in many low income countries.","PeriodicalId":19593,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Library Journal","volume":"20 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78330098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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