Orthodontists' interest in paediatric obstructive sleep apnoea (PedOSA) has grown in popularity recently. We have seen growth modification treatment modalities, including maxillary expansion, promising the prevention or cure of PedOSA. Clinical approaches such as palatal expansion and mandibular and maxillary complex advancement have been proposed to manage PedOSA. These hypotheses should be adequately tested before clinical recommendations are formulated. This review aimed to narratively synthesise our current understanding of PedOSA management with craniofacial growth modification alternatives. Basic research on the biological basis of PedOSA has been conducted in animal models. Laboratory-based PedOSA studies wish to provide insight into the molecular biological mechanisms by which human PedOSA affects growth-associated structural and emotional growth and development. In the proposed IH animal model, mandibular growth (especially posterior anteroposterior and transverse dimensions) and condylar head bone density were more sensitive to IH exposure in adolescents but less in juvenile rats. Nevertheless, clear-cut statistical growth differences were limited. This suggests that IH, in this rat model, influenced mandibular morphology and metabolism later than earlier craniofacial growth stages. No impact was found for the maxillofacial complex in any plane of space. The existing human studies on the causes, risk factors, consequences, symptomatology, diagnosis and effects of PedOSA are discussed. However, there is a pressing need for further research to clarify whether craniofacial disturbances are consequences or facilitators of PedOSA. Several hypotheses about the potential impact of impaired craniofacial growth as a facilitator for PedOSA currently circulate.
近来,正畸学家对小儿阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(PedOSA)的兴趣日益浓厚。我们看到,包括上颌扩弓术在内的改良治疗方式不断发展,有望预防或治愈 PedOSA。人们提出了一些临床方法,如腭部扩张、下颌和上颌复合体前移来治疗 PedOSA。在制定临床建议之前,应对这些假设进行充分的测试。本综述旨在叙述性地综合我们目前对用颅面生长改良替代方法治疗小儿颌面发育迟缓症的理解。有关 PedOSA 生物学基础的基础研究是在动物模型中进行的。基于实验室的 PedOSA 研究希望深入了解人类 PedOSA 影响与生长相关的结构和情感生长发育的分子生物学机制。在拟议的 IH 动物模型中,青少年大鼠的下颌骨生长(尤其是后前方和横向尺寸)和髁状头骨密度对 IH 暴露更为敏感,而对幼年大鼠则不太敏感。然而,明显的统计学生长差异是有限的。这表明,在这种大鼠模型中,IH 对下颌骨形态和新陈代谢的影响晚于颅面部生长的早期阶段。在任何空间平面上,均未发现颌面复合体受到影响。本文讨论了有关小儿颌面发育迟缓症的病因、风险因素、后果、症状、诊断和影响的现有人类研究。然而,颅颌面障碍究竟是 PedOSA 的后果还是促进因素,还急需进一步研究。关于颅面发育障碍作为 PedOSA 促成因素的潜在影响,目前流传着几种假说。
{"title":"Update on Current Knowledge of Paediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnoea: From Animal to Human Studies.","authors":"Takashi Ono, Carlos Flores-Mir","doi":"10.1111/ocr.12882","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ocr.12882","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Orthodontists' interest in paediatric obstructive sleep apnoea (PedOSA) has grown in popularity recently. We have seen growth modification treatment modalities, including maxillary expansion, promising the prevention or cure of PedOSA. Clinical approaches such as palatal expansion and mandibular and maxillary complex advancement have been proposed to manage PedOSA. These hypotheses should be adequately tested before clinical recommendations are formulated. This review aimed to narratively synthesise our current understanding of PedOSA management with craniofacial growth modification alternatives. Basic research on the biological basis of PedOSA has been conducted in animal models. Laboratory-based PedOSA studies wish to provide insight into the molecular biological mechanisms by which human PedOSA affects growth-associated structural and emotional growth and development. In the proposed IH animal model, mandibular growth (especially posterior anteroposterior and transverse dimensions) and condylar head bone density were more sensitive to IH exposure in adolescents but less in juvenile rats. Nevertheless, clear-cut statistical growth differences were limited. This suggests that IH, in this rat model, influenced mandibular morphology and metabolism later than earlier craniofacial growth stages. No impact was found for the maxillofacial complex in any plane of space. The existing human studies on the causes, risk factors, consequences, symptomatology, diagnosis and effects of PedOSA are discussed. However, there is a pressing need for further research to clarify whether craniofacial disturbances are consequences or facilitators of PedOSA. Several hypotheses about the potential impact of impaired craniofacial growth as a facilitator for PedOSA currently circulate.</p>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142740196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Waseem S Al-Gumaei, Fan Jian, Xiaoqi Zhang, Yufei Tang, Yi Yang, Haoxin Zhang, Wenli Lai, Hu Long
Objective: To compare the three-dimensional root parallelism (mesiodistally and buccolingually) between orthodontic therapy with the Invisalign clear aligners (CA) and fixed appliances (FA) among the first premolar-extraction patients, using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).
Materials and methods: Sixty participants with similar American Board of Orthodontics discrepancy index scores as baseline characteristics were included and divided into CA and FA groups (30 per group). Post-treatment mesiodistal and buccolingual root parallelisms were analysed through CBCT using Invivo 6.0.3 software. Descriptive and analytical statistics were performed with a p < 0.05, considered statistically significant.
Results: Mesiodistal dental root parallelism in the U1-U2 and L1-L2 pairings between CA and FA groups were found to be significantly different with inferior parallelism in the CA group (p < 0.05). Conversely, the U3-U5 and L5-L6 pairings exhibited superior parallelism in the CA group (p < 0.05). However, other pairings, including U1-U1, U2-U3, U5-U6, U6-U7, L1-L1, L2-L3, L3-L5, and L6-L7, showed no significant differences in mesiodistal parallelism between groups (p > 0.05). Regarding the buccolingual dental root parallelism, significant differences were also noted in the U5-U6 and L5-L6 pairings with superior parallelism in the CA group (p < 0.05). However, in the U1-U1, U2-U3, U3-U5, U6-U7, L1-L1, L2-L3, L3-L5, and L6-L7 pairings, no significant differences in buccolingual parallelism were observed (p > 0.05).
Conclusion: In this study, our findings indicate that in cases involving the extraction of first premolars, Invisalign clear aligners may offer comparable or even superior three-dimensional root parallelism compared to fixed orthodontic appliances, with the exception of the mesiodistal dimension in upper and lower incisors, where their performance is less effective.
目的使用锥形束计算机断层扫描(CBCT),比较第一前磨牙拔除患者使用隐适美透明矫治器(CA)和固定矫治器(FA)进行正畸治疗时牙根的三维平行度(牙体间和颊舌侧):将基线特征与美国正畸委员会差异指数评分相似的 60 名参与者分为 CA 组和 FA 组(每组 30 人)。使用 Invivo 6.0.3 软件通过 CBCT 分析治疗后的牙间和颊舌根平行度。用 p 结果进行描述性和分析性统计:发现 CA 组和 FA 组 U1-U2 和 L1-L2 配对的中轴牙根平行度有显著差异,CA 组的平行度较差(P 0.05)。在颊舌侧牙根平行度方面,CA 组在 U5-U6 和 L5-L6 配对方面也存在显著差异,平行度较高(P 0.05):在这项研究中,我们的研究结果表明,在拔除第一前磨牙的病例中,隐适美透明矫治器与固定矫治器相比,可以提供相当甚至更优越的牙根三维平行度,但上下切牙的中轴维度除外,因为在该维度上,隐适美透明矫治器的效果较差。
{"title":"Three-Dimensional Comparative Analysis of Root Parallelism in First Premolar Extraction Cases: Clear Aligner Versus Fixed Orthodontic Appliance.","authors":"Waseem S Al-Gumaei, Fan Jian, Xiaoqi Zhang, Yufei Tang, Yi Yang, Haoxin Zhang, Wenli Lai, Hu Long","doi":"10.1111/ocr.12874","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ocr.12874","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To compare the three-dimensional root parallelism (mesiodistally and buccolingually) between orthodontic therapy with the Invisalign clear aligners (CA) and fixed appliances (FA) among the first premolar-extraction patients, using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Sixty participants with similar American Board of Orthodontics discrepancy index scores as baseline characteristics were included and divided into CA and FA groups (30 per group). Post-treatment mesiodistal and buccolingual root parallelisms were analysed through CBCT using Invivo 6.0.3 software. Descriptive and analytical statistics were performed with a p < 0.05, considered statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mesiodistal dental root parallelism in the U1-U2 and L1-L2 pairings between CA and FA groups were found to be significantly different with inferior parallelism in the CA group (p < 0.05). Conversely, the U3-U5 and L5-L6 pairings exhibited superior parallelism in the CA group (p < 0.05). However, other pairings, including U1-U1, U2-U3, U5-U6, U6-U7, L1-L1, L2-L3, L3-L5, and L6-L7, showed no significant differences in mesiodistal parallelism between groups (p > 0.05). Regarding the buccolingual dental root parallelism, significant differences were also noted in the U5-U6 and L5-L6 pairings with superior parallelism in the CA group (p < 0.05). However, in the U1-U1, U2-U3, U3-U5, U6-U7, L1-L1, L2-L3, L3-L5, and L6-L7 pairings, no significant differences in buccolingual parallelism were observed (p > 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In this study, our findings indicate that in cases involving the extraction of first premolars, Invisalign clear aligners may offer comparable or even superior three-dimensional root parallelism compared to fixed orthodontic appliances, with the exception of the mesiodistal dimension in upper and lower incisors, where their performance is less effective.</p>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142731062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Attapong Deedklin, Araya Pisek, Supaporn Kongsomboon, Poonsak Pisek
Introduction: Alveolar bone grafting (ABG) influences facial soft tissue changes, but the precise effects on the nose and upper lip remain unclear. This study used three-dimensional (3D) facial images to evaluate nose and upper lip alterations after ABG. We further enhanced the visualisation of these changes by generating 3D superimpositions, colour maps and deviation analyses of key critical landmarks in these regions.
Materials and methods: Forty patients (8-20 years old) with non-syndromic unilateral cleft lip and cleft palate (UCLP) underwent ABG using the iliac bone from September 2022 to September 2023. Three-dimensional facial images were analysed 1 month before and 3 months after surgery to evaluate the spatial displacement of 18 nose and upper lip landmarks to assess changes after ABG. Colour maps were constructed, and 3D deviation analysis was also performed. Paired sample t tests and Wilcoxon's signed-rank tests were used to analyse alterations.
Results: The 3D analysis uncovered significant forward movement on the cleft side only. This included nasal alar, alar curvature and subalar points. The labrale superius of the upper lip showed similar movement. Conversely, other landmarks showed minimal changes in all directions.
Conclusions: ABG can improve the nasal contour on the cleft side. After ABG, significant forward movement occurs in the cleft side of the nasal alar, alar curvature and subalar regions. Although these changes are minimal, they contribute to the overall improvement in facial aesthetics.
{"title":"Three-Dimensional Evaluation of Changes in the Nose and Upper Lip After Secondary Alveolar Bone Grafting in Patients With Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate.","authors":"Attapong Deedklin, Araya Pisek, Supaporn Kongsomboon, Poonsak Pisek","doi":"10.1111/ocr.12879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ocr.12879","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Alveolar bone grafting (ABG) influences facial soft tissue changes, but the precise effects on the nose and upper lip remain unclear. This study used three-dimensional (3D) facial images to evaluate nose and upper lip alterations after ABG. We further enhanced the visualisation of these changes by generating 3D superimpositions, colour maps and deviation analyses of key critical landmarks in these regions.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Forty patients (8-20 years old) with non-syndromic unilateral cleft lip and cleft palate (UCLP) underwent ABG using the iliac bone from September 2022 to September 2023. Three-dimensional facial images were analysed 1 month before and 3 months after surgery to evaluate the spatial displacement of 18 nose and upper lip landmarks to assess changes after ABG. Colour maps were constructed, and 3D deviation analysis was also performed. Paired sample t tests and Wilcoxon's signed-rank tests were used to analyse alterations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The 3D analysis uncovered significant forward movement on the cleft side only. This included nasal alar, alar curvature and subalar points. The labrale superius of the upper lip showed similar movement. Conversely, other landmarks showed minimal changes in all directions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>ABG can improve the nasal contour on the cleft side. After ABG, significant forward movement occurs in the cleft side of the nasal alar, alar curvature and subalar regions. Although these changes are minimal, they contribute to the overall improvement in facial aesthetics.</p>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142730966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tian-Yi Xin, Zi-Lu Zhu, Liu-Jing Chen, Bin Han, Rui-Li Yang, Jie Shi
Aim: To examine the immune responses in patients diagnosed as grade C periodontitis during orthodontic treatment.
Materials and methods: Our study included seven orthodontic patients with grade C periodontitis and measured their levels of inflammatory cytokines in gingival crevicular fluid and plasma before orthodontic treatment, during the alignment and levelling phase, and during the detailing and finishing phase. The key signal pathways in the orthodontic process of patients with periodontitis were detected by KEGG analysis.
Results: Studies have shown that orthodontic treatment brings great improvement to patients with grade C periodontitis, and most of the local/systemic inflammatory cytokines can be reduced after orthodontic treatment. Simultaneously, orthodontic treatment can reduce the percentage of IFN-γ+ Th1 cells in patients with grade C periodontitis. Through KEGG analysis, the IL-17 signalling pathway and TNF signalling pathway are closely interrelated in the orthodontic treatment of patients diagnosed with grade C periodontitis (p-value < 0.001).
Conclusion: Orthodontic treatment can effectively control the local and system levels of inflammation in patients with grade C periodontitis, with IL-17A and TNF-α as potential distinctive inflammatory markers for orthodontic-periodontal combined treatment in individuals with periodontitis.
目的:研究被诊断为C级牙周炎的患者在正畸治疗期间的免疫反应:我们的研究纳入了 7 名患有 C 级牙周炎的正畸患者,并测量了他们在正畸治疗前、对齐和矫治阶段以及细化和完成阶段的龈沟液和血浆中的炎症细胞因子水平。通过 KEGG 分析检测了牙周炎患者正畸过程中的关键信号通路:研究表明,正畸治疗对 C 级牙周炎患者的病情有很大改善,正畸治疗后大部分局部/全身炎症细胞因子均可减少。同时,正畸治疗可降低 C 级牙周炎患者 IFN-γ+ Th1 细胞的比例。通过 KEGG 分析发现,IL-17 信号通路和 TNF 信号通路在 C 级牙周炎患者的正畸治疗中密切相关(p 值 结论:正畸治疗能有效控制牙周炎患者的 IFN-γ+ Th1 细胞比例:正畸治疗可有效控制 C 级牙周炎患者的局部和系统炎症水平,IL-17A 和 TNF-α 是牙周炎患者正畸-牙周联合治疗的潜在的显著炎症标志物。
{"title":"Profile of Inflammatory Cytokines in Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Plasma in Patients With Grade C Periodontitis During Orthodontic Treatment: A Longitudinal Case Series Report.","authors":"Tian-Yi Xin, Zi-Lu Zhu, Liu-Jing Chen, Bin Han, Rui-Li Yang, Jie Shi","doi":"10.1111/ocr.12880","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ocr.12880","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To examine the immune responses in patients diagnosed as grade C periodontitis during orthodontic treatment.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Our study included seven orthodontic patients with grade C periodontitis and measured their levels of inflammatory cytokines in gingival crevicular fluid and plasma before orthodontic treatment, during the alignment and levelling phase, and during the detailing and finishing phase. The key signal pathways in the orthodontic process of patients with periodontitis were detected by KEGG analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Studies have shown that orthodontic treatment brings great improvement to patients with grade C periodontitis, and most of the local/systemic inflammatory cytokines can be reduced after orthodontic treatment. Simultaneously, orthodontic treatment can reduce the percentage of IFN-γ<sup>+</sup> Th1 cells in patients with grade C periodontitis. Through KEGG analysis, the IL-17 signalling pathway and TNF signalling pathway are closely interrelated in the orthodontic treatment of patients diagnosed with grade C periodontitis (p-value < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Orthodontic treatment can effectively control the local and system levels of inflammation in patients with grade C periodontitis, with IL-17A and TNF-α as potential distinctive inflammatory markers for orthodontic-periodontal combined treatment in individuals with periodontitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142716614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spyridon N Papageorgiou, Jadbinder Seehra, Martyn T Cobourne, Georgios Kanavakis
Palatal impaction of the maxillary canine is commonly considered as a genetic condition, while the lateral incisor root has been suggested to guide maxillary permanent canine eruption. This review assessed whether agenesis of the maxillary lateral incisor is associated with eruption disturbances of the maxillary canine (displacement or impaction). Unrestricted searches in six databases for observational case-control human studies until May 2024 assessing eruption disturbances of the permanent maxillary canine in conjunction with permanent maxillary lateral incisor agenesis were performed. Study selection, data extraction and risk-of-bias assessment with the Joanna Briggs Institute's tool were performed in duplicate. Random-effects meta-analyses of odds ratios (ORs) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were performed, followed by meta-regressions and sensitivity analyses. Seventeen reports pertaining to 17 case-control studies were included covering 10,155 patients (11.6 year-old/46% male on average). Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis was associated with eruption disturbance of the maxillary canine (17 studies; OR = 3.88; 95% CI = 2.05-7.34; p < 0.001; I2 = 58). Lateral incisor agenesis was more associated with canine displacement (7 studies; OR = 7.56; 95% CI = 2.10-27.18; p = 0.008; I2 = 57) and to a lesser degree with canine impaction (10 studies; OR = 2.39; 95% CI = 1.28-4.48; p = 0.01). No significant effects of patient age or sex were seen, and the results were robust to study design and precision. The quality of evidence was low due to the inclusion of observational case-control studies with methodological issues and residual confounding. Evidence indicates that permanent maxillary lateral incisor agenesis is associated with eruption disturbances of the permanent maxillary canine, including mainly displacement, but also impaction. Trial Registration: PROSPERO database number: CRD42024549898.
{"title":"Does Current Evidence Support the Discussion Around the Guidance Theory? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Association Between Maxillary Lateral Incisor Agenesis and Displacement or Impaction of the Permanent Canine.","authors":"Spyridon N Papageorgiou, Jadbinder Seehra, Martyn T Cobourne, Georgios Kanavakis","doi":"10.1111/ocr.12878","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ocr.12878","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Palatal impaction of the maxillary canine is commonly considered as a genetic condition, while the lateral incisor root has been suggested to guide maxillary permanent canine eruption. This review assessed whether agenesis of the maxillary lateral incisor is associated with eruption disturbances of the maxillary canine (displacement or impaction). Unrestricted searches in six databases for observational case-control human studies until May 2024 assessing eruption disturbances of the permanent maxillary canine in conjunction with permanent maxillary lateral incisor agenesis were performed. Study selection, data extraction and risk-of-bias assessment with the Joanna Briggs Institute's tool were performed in duplicate. Random-effects meta-analyses of odds ratios (ORs) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were performed, followed by meta-regressions and sensitivity analyses. Seventeen reports pertaining to 17 case-control studies were included covering 10,155 patients (11.6 year-old/46% male on average). Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis was associated with eruption disturbance of the maxillary canine (17 studies; OR = 3.88; 95% CI = 2.05-7.34; p < 0.001; I<sup>2</sup> = 58). Lateral incisor agenesis was more associated with canine displacement (7 studies; OR = 7.56; 95% CI = 2.10-27.18; p = 0.008; I<sup>2</sup> = 57) and to a lesser degree with canine impaction (10 studies; OR = 2.39; 95% CI = 1.28-4.48; p = 0.01). No significant effects of patient age or sex were seen, and the results were robust to study design and precision. The quality of evidence was low due to the inclusion of observational case-control studies with methodological issues and residual confounding. Evidence indicates that permanent maxillary lateral incisor agenesis is associated with eruption disturbances of the permanent maxillary canine, including mainly displacement, but also impaction. Trial Registration: PROSPERO database number: CRD42024549898.</p>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142693343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuer Ye, Yiqi Pan, Hui Zhang, Yani Chen, Guoli Yang, Zhiwei Jiang, Ying Wang
Objectives: Research suggested that racial and gender differences may exist in tooth root development and the prevalence of short root anomaly (SRA). However, data on Asian and specifically Chinese populations were limited. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of SRA and the characteristics of the root-to-crown ratio (R/C ratio) within the Chinese population.
Materials and methods: Modified Lind's criteria were used to measure the crown and root lengths in permanent dentition. A total of 27 142 teeth from 1000 subjects were evaluated using panoramic radiographs. Fisher's exact test was employed to analyse gender differences in SRA. Paired-sample and independent-sample t tests were used to assess the characteristics of R/C ratios.
Results: SRA was observed in 27 patients, with a prevalence of 2.7% and a tooth prevalence of 0.309%. Females had a significantly higher prevalence of SRA compared to males (p < 0.01). SRA was found exclusively in incisors (83.72%) and premolars (16.28%), with the maxillary central incisor being the most commonly affected tooth. Additionally, there were statistical differences in the R/C ratio based on gender and jaw position in the normal groups. The highest R/C ratios were observed in the mandibular second premolars, while the maxillary central incisors had the lowest ratios.
Conclusions: SRA was relatively common in the Chinese population, and clinicians should be aware of its presence. It was more frequently observed in females and shows specificity in tooth position, with the maxillary central incisor being the most commonly affected tooth. Our study provides valuable insights for the early diagnosis and treatment of SRA in the Chinese population.
{"title":"Radiographic Assessment of Root/Crown Ratio and Short Root Anomaly: A Retrospective Study in Chinese Population.","authors":"Yuer Ye, Yiqi Pan, Hui Zhang, Yani Chen, Guoli Yang, Zhiwei Jiang, Ying Wang","doi":"10.1111/ocr.12876","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ocr.12876","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Research suggested that racial and gender differences may exist in tooth root development and the prevalence of short root anomaly (SRA). However, data on Asian and specifically Chinese populations were limited. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of SRA and the characteristics of the root-to-crown ratio (R/C ratio) within the Chinese population.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Modified Lind's criteria were used to measure the crown and root lengths in permanent dentition. A total of 27 142 teeth from 1000 subjects were evaluated using panoramic radiographs. Fisher's exact test was employed to analyse gender differences in SRA. Paired-sample and independent-sample t tests were used to assess the characteristics of R/C ratios.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>SRA was observed in 27 patients, with a prevalence of 2.7% and a tooth prevalence of 0.309%. Females had a significantly higher prevalence of SRA compared to males (p < 0.01). SRA was found exclusively in incisors (83.72%) and premolars (16.28%), with the maxillary central incisor being the most commonly affected tooth. Additionally, there were statistical differences in the R/C ratio based on gender and jaw position in the normal groups. The highest R/C ratios were observed in the mandibular second premolars, while the maxillary central incisors had the lowest ratios.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>SRA was relatively common in the Chinese population, and clinicians should be aware of its presence. It was more frequently observed in females and shows specificity in tooth position, with the maxillary central incisor being the most commonly affected tooth. Our study provides valuable insights for the early diagnosis and treatment of SRA in the Chinese population.</p>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142648391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of molar attachment orientation and designed molar vertical movement on molar distalisation using clear aligners. Specifically, the study focused on the impact of vertical forces during upper second molar distalisation.
Materials and methods: A three-dimensional finite element analysis was conducted to simulate upper molar distalisation using clear aligners. Four attachment orientations (0°, 45°, 90° and 135°) were designed. The study included three scenarios: distalisation alone; distalisation combined with intrusion; and distalisation combined with extrusion. The displacement tendencies and stress distribution on the second molar under various attachment orientations and vertical movements were analysed.
Results: Molar distalisation resulted in buccal tipping, distal tipping and intrusion tendency in all models. The molar with 135° attachment orientation exhibited the most significant distal movement under intrusive force, while the one with 45° attachment showed the greatest distal movement under extrusive force. Additionally, greater distal movement was achieved with intrusive force compared to extrusive force, likely due to improved aligner grip on the attachments and teeth during intrusion.
Conclusion: Attachment orientation significantly affects the effectiveness of molar distalisation and vertical movement with clear aligners. The 90° attachment group achieved the most effective molar distalisation. The 135° attachment is more effective under intrusive force, while the 45° attachment is preferable under extrusive force.
{"title":"Effects of Attachment Orientation and Designed Vertical Movement on Molar Distalisation With Clear Aligners: A Biomechanical Finite Element Study.","authors":"Jialun Li, Yi Yang, Xian He, Wenli Lai, Hu Long","doi":"10.1111/ocr.12875","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ocr.12875","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the effects of molar attachment orientation and designed molar vertical movement on molar distalisation using clear aligners. Specifically, the study focused on the impact of vertical forces during upper second molar distalisation.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A three-dimensional finite element analysis was conducted to simulate upper molar distalisation using clear aligners. Four attachment orientations (0°, 45°, 90° and 135°) were designed. The study included three scenarios: distalisation alone; distalisation combined with intrusion; and distalisation combined with extrusion. The displacement tendencies and stress distribution on the second molar under various attachment orientations and vertical movements were analysed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Molar distalisation resulted in buccal tipping, distal tipping and intrusion tendency in all models. The molar with 135° attachment orientation exhibited the most significant distal movement under intrusive force, while the one with 45° attachment showed the greatest distal movement under extrusive force. Additionally, greater distal movement was achieved with intrusive force compared to extrusive force, likely due to improved aligner grip on the attachments and teeth during intrusion.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Attachment orientation significantly affects the effectiveness of molar distalisation and vertical movement with clear aligners. The 90° attachment group achieved the most effective molar distalisation. The 135° attachment is more effective under intrusive force, while the 45° attachment is preferable under extrusive force.</p>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142648385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yaqi Li, Tingting Zhao, Peter Ngan, Susu Yi, Zeyu Wei, Fang Hua, Hong He
The objective of this systematic review was to summarise the existing evidence regarding hyoid bone position and upper airway morphology of children with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Electronic searches were carried out in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL and WorldCat databases without any restrictions on language from inception to March 2024. The studies which compared the hyoid bone position and upper airway morphology using lateral cephalograms between children with and without OSA will be included. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, and the meta-analysis was conducted utilising random-effects model. Twelve cross-sectional studies and one case-control study were included. One study was rated as low quality, three as medium quality, five as high quality, and four as very high quality. Meta-analysis showed that compared to healthy children, children with OSA tended to have increased distance between hyoid bone and mandibular plane (Hy-MP, MD: 3.33, 95% CI: 1.90 to 4.77, p < 0.00001, I2 = 72%), increased distance between hyoid bone and cervical vertebra (Hy-C3, MD: 1.54, 95% CI: 0.62 to 2.46, p = 0.001, I2 = 68%), and a smaller airway space behind the soft palate (U-MPW, MD: -3.07, 95% CI: -4.76 to -1.38, p = 0.0004, I2 = 68%). Whereas there was no significant difference in inferior posterior airway space between children with OSA and healthy controls (IPAS, MD: -1.51, 95% CI: -3.37 to 0.35, p = 0.11, I2 = 71%). In children with OSA, the hyoid bone may exhibit a more anterior and inferior position and the airway posterior to the soft palate demonstrated a narrower dimension. Registration: PROSPERO (CRD42024528171).
本系统综述旨在总结有关阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(OSA)患儿舌骨位置和上气道形态的现有证据。我们在 PubMed、Embase、Web of Science、CINAHL 和 WorldCat 数据库中进行了电子检索,检索时间从开始到 2024 年 3 月,没有任何语言限制。将纳入使用侧位头颅影像比较患有和未患有 OSA 儿童的舌骨位置和上气道形态的研究。采用纽卡斯尔-渥太华量表对纳入研究的方法学质量进行评估,并利用随机效应模型进行荟萃分析。共纳入了 12 项横断面研究和 1 项病例对照研究。其中一项研究被评为低质量,三项为中等质量,五项为高质量,四项为极高质量。元分析表明,与健康儿童相比,患有 OSA 的儿童舌骨与下颌骨平面之间的距离(Hy-MP,MD:3.33,95% CI:1.90 至 4.77,p 2 = 72%),舌骨与颈椎之间的距离增加(Hy-C3,MD:1.54,95% CI:0.62 至 2.46,p = 0.001,I2 = 68%),软腭后的气道空间变小(U-MPW,MD:-3.07,95% CI:-4.76 至-1.38,p = 0.0004,I2 = 68%)。而 OSA 患儿的下后气道间隙与健康对照组无明显差异(IPAS,MD:-1.51,95% CI:-3.37 至 0.35,P = 0.11,I2 = 71%)。在 OSA 患儿中,舌骨可能表现出更前和更低的位置,软腭后方的气道显示出更狭窄的尺寸。注册:prospero(CRD42024528171)。
{"title":"Hyoid Bone Position and Upper Airway Morphology of Children With Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","authors":"Yaqi Li, Tingting Zhao, Peter Ngan, Susu Yi, Zeyu Wei, Fang Hua, Hong He","doi":"10.1111/ocr.12873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ocr.12873","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of this systematic review was to summarise the existing evidence regarding hyoid bone position and upper airway morphology of children with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Electronic searches were carried out in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL and WorldCat databases without any restrictions on language from inception to March 2024. The studies which compared the hyoid bone position and upper airway morphology using lateral cephalograms between children with and without OSA will be included. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, and the meta-analysis was conducted utilising random-effects model. Twelve cross-sectional studies and one case-control study were included. One study was rated as low quality, three as medium quality, five as high quality, and four as very high quality. Meta-analysis showed that compared to healthy children, children with OSA tended to have increased distance between hyoid bone and mandibular plane (Hy-MP, MD: 3.33, 95% CI: 1.90 to 4.77, p < 0.00001, I<sup>2</sup> = 72%), increased distance between hyoid bone and cervical vertebra (Hy-C3, MD: 1.54, 95% CI: 0.62 to 2.46, p = 0.001, I<sup>2</sup> = 68%), and a smaller airway space behind the soft palate (U-MPW, MD: -3.07, 95% CI: -4.76 to -1.38, p = 0.0004, I<sup>2</sup> = 68%). Whereas there was no significant difference in inferior posterior airway space between children with OSA and healthy controls (IPAS, MD: -1.51, 95% CI: -3.37 to 0.35, p = 0.11, I<sup>2</sup> = 71%). In children with OSA, the hyoid bone may exhibit a more anterior and inferior position and the airway posterior to the soft palate demonstrated a narrower dimension. Registration: PROSPERO (CRD42024528171).</p>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142625168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Niswati Fathmah Rosyida, Ika Dewi Ana, Pinandi Sri Pudyani, Akhmad Kharis Nugroho
Objectives: This study aims to determine the effect of gelatin-simvastatin hydrogel application on bone remodelling during relapse.
Materials and methods: Twenty-four rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were divided into a control group (n = 12) and a treatment group (n = 12). The lower incisors were subjected to orthodontic force and moved distally by an open coil spring. The force (50 cN) was extended for 1 week and retained in a new position for 2 weeks (stabilisation period). The treatment group received a local gelatin-simvastatin hydrogel administration during stabilisation, and the control group received only gelatin hydrogel. The springs were debonded after the stabilisation phase from both groups to facilitate a relapse. The percentage of relapse was measured in a model study using digital callipers. Levels of OPG and RANKL were analysed using ELISA.
Results: The local application of gelatin-simvastatin hydrogel in the treatment group significantly decreases the relapse percentage and RANKL level. Additionally, the gelatin-simvastatin hydrogel significantly increases the level of OPG and ratio of OPG/RANKL.
Conclusions: Applying gelatin-simvastatin hydrogel in the retention period can induce bone formation, inhibit orthodontic relapse and increase tooth stability (in vivo).
{"title":"Inhibition of Orthodontic Relapse by Local Application of Simvastatin-Loaded Gelatin Hydrogel in a Rabbit Model.","authors":"Niswati Fathmah Rosyida, Ika Dewi Ana, Pinandi Sri Pudyani, Akhmad Kharis Nugroho","doi":"10.1111/ocr.12877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ocr.12877","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aims to determine the effect of gelatin-simvastatin hydrogel application on bone remodelling during relapse.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Twenty-four rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were divided into a control group (n = 12) and a treatment group (n = 12). The lower incisors were subjected to orthodontic force and moved distally by an open coil spring. The force (50 cN) was extended for 1 week and retained in a new position for 2 weeks (stabilisation period). The treatment group received a local gelatin-simvastatin hydrogel administration during stabilisation, and the control group received only gelatin hydrogel. The springs were debonded after the stabilisation phase from both groups to facilitate a relapse. The percentage of relapse was measured in a model study using digital callipers. Levels of OPG and RANKL were analysed using ELISA.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The local application of gelatin-simvastatin hydrogel in the treatment group significantly decreases the relapse percentage and RANKL level. Additionally, the gelatin-simvastatin hydrogel significantly increases the level of OPG and ratio of OPG/RANKL.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Applying gelatin-simvastatin hydrogel in the retention period can induce bone formation, inhibit orthodontic relapse and increase tooth stability (in vivo).</p>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142625297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: In Class II elastics treatment, the mandible is subject to sustained protraction. The study aimed to investigate the morphological and histological changes resulting from sustained mandibular protraction, through establishment of a novel model in rat.
Materials and methods: Forty-eight 4-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups, including the 50 and 100 cN protraction groups, and the control. In the two protraction groups, NiTi coil springs were fixed between the metal bands on the maxillary incisors and mandibular molars to pull the mandible forward. CBCT scans were taken immediately before (T0), 2 weeks (T1) and 4 weeks (T2) after the traction. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses were performed at T1 and T2.
Results: Increase of the condylar process length and angular process length were significantly larger in the two protraction groups than that in the control; however, the condylar process angle (∠CPA) was significantly reduced by the protraction at T2, leading to decreased condylar height. The protraction decreased the condylar cartilage thickness at T1, which recovered to the control level at T2, with no significant changes detected in the expression of SRY-related high mobility group-box gene 9 (SOX9) and type II collagen (COL II), two chondrogenic markers.
Conclusion: The established rat model is manoeuvrable and reliable, which exerts sustained and measurable mandibular protraction. The sustained protraction increases the lengthening of the mandibular condylar process, but alters its growth direction by causing it to turn downwards.
{"title":"Sustained Protraction Increases Lengthening of the Mandibular Condylar Process Whilst Changes Its Growth Direction in a Rat Model.","authors":"Yuan Li, Naiqi Liao, Ruyi Wang, Lingli Pang, Hengyi Fu, Shijia Li, Wei Zheng, Yu Li","doi":"10.1111/ocr.12869","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ocr.12869","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>In Class II elastics treatment, the mandible is subject to sustained protraction. The study aimed to investigate the morphological and histological changes resulting from sustained mandibular protraction, through establishment of a novel model in rat.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Forty-eight 4-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups, including the 50 and 100 cN protraction groups, and the control. In the two protraction groups, NiTi coil springs were fixed between the metal bands on the maxillary incisors and mandibular molars to pull the mandible forward. CBCT scans were taken immediately before (T0), 2 weeks (T1) and 4 weeks (T2) after the traction. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses were performed at T1 and T2.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Increase of the condylar process length and angular process length were significantly larger in the two protraction groups than that in the control; however, the condylar process angle (∠CPA) was significantly reduced by the protraction at T2, leading to decreased condylar height. The protraction decreased the condylar cartilage thickness at T1, which recovered to the control level at T2, with no significant changes detected in the expression of SRY-related high mobility group-box gene 9 (SOX9) and type II collagen (COL II), two chondrogenic markers.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The established rat model is manoeuvrable and reliable, which exerts sustained and measurable mandibular protraction. The sustained protraction increases the lengthening of the mandibular condylar process, but alters its growth direction by causing it to turn downwards.</p>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142605101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}