Giorgio Iodice, Bjorn Ludwig, Elena Polishchuk, Raffaella Petruzzelli, Roberto Di Cunto, Soboh Husam, Mauro Farella
Introduction
The aim of this in vitro study was to examine the potential impact of different curing times of 3D-printed orthodontic aligners on their cytotoxicity.
Method
Some 60 samples of aligner material were directly 3D printed using Tera Harz TC-85 DAC resin and randomly allocated to three different curing time groups (14, 24 and 50 min). Zendura FLX samples were used as control. The samples were incubated in saliva for 14 days, and then the supernatant was collected. Human gingival fibroblasts (HGF-1)-CRL2014 were used to evaluate potential cytotoxicity. Furthermore, HGF-1 cells were plated on the samples as well as on a glass control sample. After 72 h of growth, their viability was tested.
Results
Compared with the glass, only the 50-min curing time markedly reduced fibroblast cell growth. Additionally, a negative linear trend was observed between curing time and fibroblast growth. In comparison with the aligner control group, all samples, including the aligner control samples, exhibited a significant reduction in the viability of human fibroblasts when exposed to saliva.
Conclusions
3D directly printed aligners showed a cytotoxic effect similar to that of thermoformed conventional aligners in terms of fibroblasts growth. A linear trend was found between curing time and cells growth, indicating that directly printed aligners could exhibit higher cytotoxicity if exposed to a longer curing time. This dependence on curing time underscores the importance of following a strict manufacturing process.
简介：这项体外研究的目的是检测 3D 打印正畸矫治器不同的固化时间对其细胞毒性的潜在影响：这项体外研究的目的是检测 3D 打印正畸矫治器不同固化时间对其细胞毒性的潜在影响：方法：使用 Tera Harz TC-85 DAC 树脂直接 3D 打印约 60 个矫正器材料样品，并随机分配到三个不同固化时间组（14、24 和 50 分钟）。Zendura FLX 样品用作对照组。样品在唾液中培养 14 天，然后收集上清液。人牙龈成纤维细胞（HGF-1）-CRL2014 用于评估潜在的细胞毒性。此外，还将 HGF-1 细胞培养在样品和玻璃对照样品上。生长 72 小时后，检测其存活率：结果：与玻璃相比，只有固化时间为 50 分钟的样品能明显减少成纤维细胞的生长。此外，固化时间与成纤维细胞生长之间呈负线性趋势。与对准器对照组相比，包括对准器对照组在内的所有样品在暴露于唾液中时，人成纤维细胞的活力都显著降低：结论：在成纤维细胞生长方面，三维直接打印对齐器显示出与热成型传统对齐器相似的细胞毒性效应。固化时间与细胞生长之间呈线性趋势，这表明如果固化时间较长，直接打印的对准器会表现出更高的细胞毒性。这种对固化时间的依赖性强调了严格遵守生产流程的重要性。
{"title":"Effect of post-printing curing time on cytotoxicity of direct printed aligners: A pilot study","authors":"Giorgio Iodice, Bjorn Ludwig, Elena Polishchuk, Raffaella Petruzzelli, Roberto Di Cunto, Soboh Husam, Mauro Farella","doi":"10.1111/ocr.12819","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ocr.12819","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The aim of this in vitro study was to examine the potential impact of different curing times of 3D-printed orthodontic aligners on their cytotoxicity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Some 60 samples of aligner material were directly 3D printed using Tera Harz TC-85 DAC resin and randomly allocated to three different curing time groups (14, 24 and 50 min). Zendura FLX samples were used as control. The samples were incubated in saliva for 14 days, and then the supernatant was collected. Human gingival fibroblasts (HGF-1)-CRL2014 were used to evaluate potential cytotoxicity. Furthermore, HGF-1 cells were plated on the samples as well as on a glass control sample. After 72 h of growth, their viability was tested.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Compared with the glass, only the 50-min curing time markedly reduced fibroblast cell growth. Additionally, a negative linear trend was observed between curing time and fibroblast growth. In comparison with the aligner control group, all samples, including the aligner control samples, exhibited a significant reduction in the viability of human fibroblasts when exposed to saliva.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>3D directly printed aligners showed a cytotoxic effect similar to that of thermoformed conventional aligners in terms of fibroblasts growth. A linear trend was found between curing time and cells growth, indicating that directly printed aligners could exhibit higher cytotoxicity if exposed to a longer curing time. This dependence on curing time underscores the importance of following a strict manufacturing process.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":"27 S2","pages":"141-146"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141155438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ines Willershausen, Nils Krautkremer, Armin Ströbel, Tariq Abu-Tair, Friedrich Paulsen, Karin Strobel, Markus Kopp, Matthias Stefan May, Michael Uder, Franziska Krautkremer, Lina Gölz
Objectives
This study aimed to establish a fully digital measurement protocol for standardizing the description of hard palate and cleft morphology in neonates with an isolated cleft palate (CPO) and Pierre Robin sequence (PRS).
Materials and Methods
A total of 20 digitized plaster models of neonates with CPO and 20 digitized plaster models of neonates with PRS were retrospectively investigated. For the control group, the hard palate was segmented from 21 pre-existing 1.5 T MRI datasets of neonates and exported as an STL file. The digital models were marked with predefined reference points by three raters. Distance, angular, and area measurements were performed using Blender and MeshLab.
Results
Neonates with CPO (20.20 ± 2.33 mm) and PRS (21.41 ± 1.81 mm) had a significantly shorter hard palate than the control group (23.44 ± 2.24 mm) (CPO vs. control: P < .001; PRS vs. control: P = .014). Notably, neonates with PRS (33.05 ± 1.95 mm) demonstrated a significantly wider intertuberosity distance than those with CPO (30.52 ± 2.28 mm) (P = .012). Furthermore, there were also significant differences measured between the cleft and control groups (25.22 ± 2.50 mm) (P < .001).
Conclusions
The data from this study demonstrate the feasibility of using MRI datasets to generate digital models of the hard palate. The presence of a cleft palate leads to pronounced adaptations of the total palatal surface area, dorsal width, and length of the hard palate. Mandibular retrognathia and altered tongue position in PRS, as opposed to CPO, might further impact palatal morphology and intertuberosity distance.
{"title":"Evaluation of hard palate and cleft morphology in neonates with Pierre Robin Sequence and Cleft Palate Only","authors":"Ines Willershausen, Nils Krautkremer, Armin Ströbel, Tariq Abu-Tair, Friedrich Paulsen, Karin Strobel, Markus Kopp, Matthias Stefan May, Michael Uder, Franziska Krautkremer, Lina Gölz","doi":"10.1111/ocr.12818","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ocr.12818","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study aimed to establish a fully digital measurement protocol for standardizing the description of hard palate and cleft morphology in neonates with an isolated cleft palate (CPO) and Pierre Robin sequence (PRS).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 20 digitized plaster models of neonates with CPO and 20 digitized plaster models of neonates with PRS were retrospectively investigated. For the control group, the hard palate was segmented from 21 pre-existing 1.5 T MRI datasets of neonates and exported as an STL file. The digital models were marked with predefined reference points by three raters. Distance, angular, and area measurements were performed using Blender and MeshLab.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Neonates with CPO (20.20 ± 2.33 mm) and PRS (21.41 ± 1.81 mm) had a significantly shorter hard palate than the control group (23.44 ± 2.24 mm) (CPO vs. control: <i>P</i> < .001; PRS vs. control: <i>P</i> = .014). Notably, neonates with PRS (33.05 ± 1.95 mm) demonstrated a significantly wider intertuberosity distance than those with CPO (30.52 ± 2.28 mm) (<i>P</i> = .012). Furthermore, there were also significant differences measured between the cleft and control groups (25.22 ± 2.50 mm) (<i>P</i> < .001).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The data from this study demonstrate the feasibility of using MRI datasets to generate digital models of the hard palate. The presence of a cleft palate leads to pronounced adaptations of the total palatal surface area, dorsal width, and length of the hard palate. Mandibular retrognathia and altered tongue position in PRS, as opposed to CPO, might further impact palatal morphology and intertuberosity distance.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":"27 S2","pages":"155-163"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ocr.12818","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141087366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this systematic review was to compare the treatment outcomes of digital nasoalveolar moulding (dNAM) technique with conventional nasoalveolar moulding (cNAM) or non-presurgical intervention protocol in infants with unilateral (UCLP) or bilateral (BCLP) cleft lip and palate. A bibliometric search by MEDLINE (via Ovid), Embase, Cochrane Library, grey literature and manual method was conducted without language restriction until November 2023. Literature screening and data extraction were undertaken in Covidence. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and RoB-2. Pooled effect sizes were determined through random-effects statistical model using R-Software, and the certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. Among 775 retrieved articles, nine studies were included for qualitative synthesis (6-UCLP, 3-BCLP), with only three eligible UCLP studies for meta-analysis. In the UCLP group, very low certainty of evidence indicated no difference in alveolar cleft width (SMD, 0.13 mm; 95% CI, −0.31 to 0.57; I2, 0%), soft tissue (lip) cleft gap, nasal width, nasal height, and columellar deviation angle changes between dNAM and cNAM. In the BCLP group, qualitative synthesis suggested similar changes in alveolar, lip, and nasal dimensions with dNAM and cNAM. In both cleft groups (UCLP, BCLP), reduced alveolar cleft width was observed in the dNAM group compared to the non-presurgical intervention protocol, along with fewer clinical visits and reduced chairside time for dNAM compared to cNAM. It can be concluded that the treatment outcomes with dNAM were comparable to cNAM in reducing malformation severity and were advantageous in terms of chairside time and clinical visit frequency. However, the overall quality of evidence is very low and standardization is needed for the virtual workflow regarding the alveolar movements and growth factor algorithms. Registration: PROSPERO-database (CRD42020186452).
{"title":"Treatment outcomes of digital nasoalveolar moulding in infants with cleft lip and palate: A systematic review with meta-analysis","authors":"Prabhat Kumar Chaudhari, Abirami Rajasekaran, Partha Haldar, Edlira Zere, Kunaal Dhingra, Raj Kumar Manas, Xianrui Yang","doi":"10.1111/ocr.12809","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ocr.12809","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The aim of this systematic review was to compare the treatment outcomes of digital nasoalveolar moulding (dNAM) technique with conventional nasoalveolar moulding (cNAM) or non-presurgical intervention protocol in infants with unilateral (UCLP) or bilateral (BCLP) cleft lip and palate. A bibliometric search by MEDLINE (via Ovid), Embase, Cochrane Library, grey literature and manual method was conducted without language restriction until November 2023. Literature screening and data extraction were undertaken in Covidence. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and RoB-2. Pooled effect sizes were determined through random-effects statistical model using R-Software, and the certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. Among 775 retrieved articles, nine studies were included for qualitative synthesis (6-UCLP, 3-BCLP), with only three eligible UCLP studies for meta-analysis. In the UCLP group, very low certainty of evidence indicated no difference in alveolar cleft width (SMD, 0.13 mm; 95% CI, −0.31 to 0.57; <i>I</i><sup>2</sup>, 0%), soft tissue (lip) cleft gap, nasal width, nasal height, and columellar deviation angle changes between dNAM and cNAM. In the BCLP group, qualitative synthesis suggested similar changes in alveolar, lip, and nasal dimensions with dNAM and cNAM. In both cleft groups (UCLP, BCLP), reduced alveolar cleft width was observed in the dNAM group compared to the non-presurgical intervention protocol, along with fewer clinical visits and reduced chairside time for dNAM compared to cNAM. It can be concluded that the treatment outcomes with dNAM were comparable to cNAM in reducing malformation severity and were advantageous in terms of chairside time and clinical visit frequency. However, the overall quality of evidence is very low and standardization is needed for the virtual workflow regarding the alveolar movements and growth factor algorithms. Registration: PROSPERO-database (CRD42020186452).</p>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":"27 S2","pages":"164-182"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141076535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The extraction decision significantly affects the treatment process and outcome. Therefore, it is crucial to make this decision with a more objective and standardized method. The objectives of this study were (1) to identify the best-performing model among seven machine learning (ML) models, which will standardize the extraction decision and serve as a guide for inexperienced clinicians, and (2) to determine the important variables for the extraction decision.
Methods
This study included 1000 patients who received orthodontic treatment with or without extraction (500 extraction and 500 non-extraction). The success criteria of the study were the decisions made by the four experienced orthodontists. Seven ML models were trained using 36 variables; including demographic information, cephalometric and model measurements. First, the extraction decision was performed, and then the extraction type was identified. Accuracy and area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve were used to measure the success of ML models.
Results
The Stacking Classifier model, which consists of Gradient Boosted Trees, Support Vector Machine, and Random Forest models, showed the highest performance in extraction decision with 91.2% AUC. The most important features determining extraction decision were maxillary and mandibular arch length discrepancy, Wits Appraisal, and ANS-Me length. Likewise, the Stacking Classifier showed the highest performance with 76.3% accuracy in extraction type decisions. The most important variables for the extraction type decision were mandibular arch length discrepancy, Class I molar relationship, cephalometric overbite, Wits Appraisal, and L1-NB distance.
Conclusion
The Stacking Classifier model exhibited the best performance for the extraction decision. While ML models showed a high performance in extraction decision, they could not able to achieve the same level of performance in extraction type decision.
简介拔牙决定对治疗过程和结果有重大影响。因此，采用更客观、更标准化的方法做出这一决定至关重要。本研究的目的是：（1）从七个机器学习（ML）模型中找出表现最佳的模型，从而规范拔牙决策，为缺乏经验的临床医生提供指导；（2）确定拔牙决策的重要变量：这项研究包括 1000 名接受拔牙或不拔牙正畸治疗的患者（500 名拔牙，500 名不拔牙）。研究的成功标准是四位经验丰富的正畸医生做出的决定。使用 36 个变量训练了 7 个 ML 模型，包括人口统计学信息、头颅测量和模型测量。首先进行拔牙决策，然后确定拔牙类型。准确率和接收者操作特征曲线（ROC）的曲线下面积（AUC）用于衡量 ML 模型的成功率：由梯度提升树、支持向量机和随机森林模型组成的堆叠分类器模型在提取决策方面表现最佳，AUC 为 91.2%。决定拔牙决定的最重要特征是上下颌牙弓长度差异、Wits评估和ANS-Me长度。同样，堆叠分类器在决定拔牙类型方面表现最佳，准确率为 76.3%。对拔牙类型决定最重要的变量是下颌牙弓长度差异、I类臼齿关系、头廓过度咬合、Wits Appraisal和L1-NB距离：堆积分类器模型在拔牙决策中表现最佳。虽然 ML 模型在拔牙决策中表现出较高的性能，但在拔牙类型决策中却无法达到相同的性能水平。
{"title":"Evaluation of different machine learning algorithms for extraction decision in orthodontic treatment","authors":"Begüm Köktürk, Hande Pamukçu, Ömer Gözüaçık","doi":"10.1111/ocr.12811","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ocr.12811","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The extraction decision significantly affects the treatment process and outcome. Therefore, it is crucial to make this decision with a more objective and standardized method. The objectives of this study were (1) to identify the best-performing model among seven machine learning (ML) models, which will standardize the extraction decision and serve as a guide for inexperienced clinicians, and (2) to determine the important variables for the extraction decision.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study included 1000 patients who received orthodontic treatment with or without extraction (500 extraction and 500 non-extraction). The success criteria of the study were the decisions made by the four experienced orthodontists. Seven ML models were trained using 36 variables; including demographic information, cephalometric and model measurements. First, the extraction decision was performed, and then the extraction type was identified. Accuracy and area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve were used to measure the success of ML models.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The Stacking Classifier model, which consists of Gradient Boosted Trees, Support Vector Machine, and Random Forest models, showed the highest performance in extraction decision with 91.2% AUC. The most important features determining extraction decision were maxillary and mandibular arch length discrepancy, Wits Appraisal, and ANS-Me length. Likewise, the Stacking Classifier showed the highest performance with 76.3% accuracy in extraction type decisions. The most important variables for the extraction type decision were mandibular arch length discrepancy, Class I molar relationship, cephalometric overbite, Wits Appraisal, and L1-NB distance.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The Stacking Classifier model exhibited the best performance for the extraction decision. While ML models showed a high performance in extraction decision, they could not able to achieve the same level of performance in extraction type decision.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":"27 S2","pages":"13-24"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ocr.12811","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141065036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michele D'Attilio, Giulia Falone, Rossana Pipitone, Francesco Moscagiuri, Francesco Caroccia, Antonino Peluso
Background
The introduction of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in dentistry has given orthodontists the possibility of studying craniofacial structures in three dimensions. Despite the possibility to obtain lateral cephalograms synthesized from CBCT, this approach still does not provide a fully three-dimensional evaluation of the patient's anatomy. While there has been some success in adapting traditional two-dimensional cephalometric analyses to three dimensions, the specific application of Enlow's cephalometric analysis using CBCT remains unexplored.
Aim
This pilot study aims to introduce a novel approach for performing Enlow's vertical track analysis using CBCT images.
Materials and Methods
Eighteen CBCT images of skeletal Class I (ANB = 2 ± 2) subjects (12 males and 6 females, aged from 9 to 19 years) with no history of previous orthodontic treatment were selected. For each subject, 2D Enlow's vertical track analysis was performed on lateral cephalograms extracted from the CBCT images, and separately, 3D vertical track analysis was directly performed on the CBCT images. To validate the proposed method, we compared the differences between the posterior vertical counterpart (PVC) and the middle vertical counterpart (MVC), as well as between the middle vertical counterpart (MVC) and the anterior vertical counterpart (AVC), as obtained from both the two-dimensional and three-dimensional analyses. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test was applied for each variable to check whether data were normally distributed and a paired Student's t-test was performed. The level of statistical significance was .05.
Results
The comparison between three-dimensional PVC-MVC (−0.43 ± 0.37 cm) and two-dimensional PVC-MVC (−0.53 ± 0.36 cm) revealed no statistical difference (P = .27). Similarly, no significant difference (P = .28) was observed between two-dimensional MVC-AVC (−0.56 ± 0.34 cm) and three-dimensional MVC-AVC (−0.47 ± 0.37 cm).
Conclusions
The method proposed by this study to realize the vertical track analysis on 3D images is valid and superimposable on that described by Enlow on lateral cephalograms.
{"title":"Pilot study for three-dimensional cephalometric Enlow's counterpart analysis: Vertical track. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional comparison","authors":"Michele D'Attilio, Giulia Falone, Rossana Pipitone, Francesco Moscagiuri, Francesco Caroccia, Antonino Peluso","doi":"10.1111/ocr.12800","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ocr.12800","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The introduction of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in dentistry has given orthodontists the possibility of studying craniofacial structures in three dimensions. Despite the possibility to obtain lateral cephalograms synthesized from CBCT, this approach still does not provide a fully three-dimensional evaluation of the patient's anatomy. While there has been some success in adapting traditional two-dimensional cephalometric analyses to three dimensions, the specific application of Enlow's cephalometric analysis using CBCT remains unexplored.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This pilot study aims to introduce a novel approach for performing Enlow's vertical track analysis using CBCT images.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Eighteen CBCT images of skeletal Class I (ANB = 2 ± 2) subjects (12 males and 6 females, aged from 9 to 19 years) with no history of previous orthodontic treatment were selected. For each subject, 2D Enlow's vertical track analysis was performed on lateral cephalograms extracted from the CBCT images, and separately, 3D vertical track analysis was directly performed on the CBCT images. To validate the proposed method, we compared the differences between the posterior vertical counterpart (PVC) and the middle vertical counterpart (MVC), as well as between the middle vertical counterpart (MVC) and the anterior vertical counterpart (AVC), as obtained from both the two-dimensional and three-dimensional analyses. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test was applied for each variable to check whether data were normally distributed and a paired Student's <i>t</i>-test was performed. The level of statistical significance was .05.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The comparison between three-dimensional PVC-MVC (−0.43 ± 0.37 cm) and two-dimensional PVC-MVC (−0.53 ± 0.36 cm) revealed no statistical difference (<i>P</i> = .27). Similarly, no significant difference (<i>P</i> = .28) was observed between two-dimensional MVC-AVC (−0.56 ± 0.34 cm) and three-dimensional MVC-AVC (−0.47 ± 0.37 cm).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The method proposed by this study to realize the vertical track analysis on 3D images is valid and superimposable on that described by Enlow on lateral cephalograms.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":"27 S2","pages":"33-41"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140945679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In addition to studying facial anatomy, stereophotogrammetry is an efficient diagnostic tool for assessing facial expressions through 3D video recordings. Current technology produces high-quality recordings but also generates extremely excessive data. Here, we compare various recording speeds for three standardized movements using the 3dMDface camera system, to assess its accuracy and reliability.
Materials and Methods
A linear and two circular movements were performed using a 3D-printed cube mounted on a robotic arm. All movements were recorded initially at 60 fps (frames/second) and then at 30 and 15 fps. Recording accuracy was tested with best-fit superimpositions of consecutive frames of the 3D cube and calculation of the Mean Absolute Distance (MAD). The reliability of the recordings were tested with evaluation of the inter- and intra-examiner error.
Results
The accuracy of movement recordings was excellent at all speeds (60, 30 and 15 fps), with variability in MAD values consistently being less than 1 mm. The reliability of the camera recordings was excellent at all recording speeds.
Conclusions
This study demonstrated that 3D recordings of facial expressions can be performed at 30 or even at 15 fps without significant loss of information. This considerably reduces the amount of produced data facilitating further processing and analyses.
{"title":"Three-dimensional video recordings: Accuracy, reliability, clinical and research guidelines – Reliability assessment of a 4D camera","authors":"Gabriella Coppola, Dominik Hänggi, Gianluca Cassina, Carlalberta Verna, Nikolaos Gkantidis, Georgios Kanavakis","doi":"10.1111/ocr.12808","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ocr.12808","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In addition to studying facial anatomy, stereophotogrammetry is an efficient diagnostic tool for assessing facial expressions through 3D video recordings. Current technology produces high-quality recordings but also generates extremely excessive data. Here, we compare various recording speeds for three standardized movements using the 3dMDface camera system, to assess its accuracy and reliability.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A linear and two circular movements were performed using a 3D-printed cube mounted on a robotic arm. All movements were recorded initially at 60 fps (frames/second) and then at 30 and 15 fps. Recording accuracy was tested with best-fit superimpositions of consecutive frames of the 3D cube and calculation of the Mean Absolute Distance (MAD). The reliability of the recordings were tested with evaluation of the inter- and intra-examiner error.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The accuracy of movement recordings was excellent at all speeds (60, 30 and 15 fps), with variability in MAD values consistently being less than 1 mm. The reliability of the camera recordings was excellent at all recording speeds.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study demonstrated that 3D recordings of facial expressions can be performed at 30 or even at 15 fps without significant loss of information. This considerably reduces the amount of produced data facilitating further processing and analyses.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":"27 5","pages":"803-812"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ocr.12808","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140923014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Edwin M. Ongkosuwito, Maria Cadenas de Llano-Pérula, Titiaan Dormaar, Maria Costanza Meazzini
<p>The perspective on the treatment of oral clefts (OCs) and related congenital craniofacial syndromes is shifting and a better understanding of what matters to our patients and a continuing dialogue are necessary throughout the long treatment trajectory from birth until adulthood. It is most important that patients and their parents understand the information provided, so that they can take part in the decision making.<span><sup>1</sup></span></p><p>However, research on patients with OCs is often focused on treatment and in patients with a complete unilateral lip, alveolar, palate cleft, this means that the patient undergoes lip, soft palate, hard palate and alveolar surgical closure mixed with ENT therapy, speech therapy, orthodontics and possibly psychosocial counselling over the years, comparing many different protocols.<span><sup>2</sup></span> When a new surgical technique is used within the same treatment protocol, one can only evaluate this well at the end of growth, after the treatment has been completed, so in (early) adulthood. This means that when researchers report on long or short term treatment methodological rigorousness is necessary.<span><sup>3</sup></span> And whether research is on treatment outcome from a clinician or a patient perspective both should follow a strict methodological set up and report. The equator-network that aims to enhance the quality and transparency of health research should be the first stop for any researcher.<span><sup>4</sup></span></p><p>Also in research on OCs the presentation of a fixed set of background data including ethnicity, gender, the same and correct phenotype, year of birth, age at outcome and consecutiveness of cases is needed. Other influencing factors, such as number of surgeons, surgical technique, number, timing, revisions and complications of surgeries, number of orthodontists, reporting time span and whether a standardized protocol was used, should be included in the report.<span><sup>5</sup></span></p><p>Although the reporting on correct (sub) phenotypes of OCs is clearly needed,<span><sup>6</sup></span> research is still often hampered by incomplete or unclear reporting.<span><sup>7</sup></span> Clinicians should be able to use an easy registration form<span><sup>8</sup></span> that records a precise anatomical description at birth, that could then be converted to different classification systems, such as the LAHSHAL<span><sup>9</sup></span> and the Dutch Association for Cleft Palate and Craniofacial Anomalies (NVSCA) registration<span><sup>10</sup></span> but also other commonly used systems such as the ICD.</p><p>Epidemiological research has been reported on in the past but it remains valuable. When researchers report on their consecutive cases over a certain time span readers can get an understanding whether the patient group described fits within the local prevalence or whether it is deviating.</p><p>Bias or potential confounders may then be diminished by a well composed study.
{"title":"Patient-centred oral cleft research","authors":"Edwin M. Ongkosuwito, Maria Cadenas de Llano-Pérula, Titiaan Dormaar, Maria Costanza Meazzini","doi":"10.1111/ocr.12784","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ocr.12784","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The perspective on the treatment of oral clefts (OCs) and related congenital craniofacial syndromes is shifting and a better understanding of what matters to our patients and a continuing dialogue are necessary throughout the long treatment trajectory from birth until adulthood. It is most important that patients and their parents understand the information provided, so that they can take part in the decision making.<span><sup>1</sup></span></p><p>However, research on patients with OCs is often focused on treatment and in patients with a complete unilateral lip, alveolar, palate cleft, this means that the patient undergoes lip, soft palate, hard palate and alveolar surgical closure mixed with ENT therapy, speech therapy, orthodontics and possibly psychosocial counselling over the years, comparing many different protocols.<span><sup>2</sup></span> When a new surgical technique is used within the same treatment protocol, one can only evaluate this well at the end of growth, after the treatment has been completed, so in (early) adulthood. This means that when researchers report on long or short term treatment methodological rigorousness is necessary.<span><sup>3</sup></span> And whether research is on treatment outcome from a clinician or a patient perspective both should follow a strict methodological set up and report. The equator-network that aims to enhance the quality and transparency of health research should be the first stop for any researcher.<span><sup>4</sup></span></p><p>Also in research on OCs the presentation of a fixed set of background data including ethnicity, gender, the same and correct phenotype, year of birth, age at outcome and consecutiveness of cases is needed. Other influencing factors, such as number of surgeons, surgical technique, number, timing, revisions and complications of surgeries, number of orthodontists, reporting time span and whether a standardized protocol was used, should be included in the report.<span><sup>5</sup></span></p><p>Although the reporting on correct (sub) phenotypes of OCs is clearly needed,<span><sup>6</sup></span> research is still often hampered by incomplete or unclear reporting.<span><sup>7</sup></span> Clinicians should be able to use an easy registration form<span><sup>8</sup></span> that records a precise anatomical description at birth, that could then be converted to different classification systems, such as the LAHSHAL<span><sup>9</sup></span> and the Dutch Association for Cleft Palate and Craniofacial Anomalies (NVSCA) registration<span><sup>10</sup></span> but also other commonly used systems such as the ICD.</p><p>Epidemiological research has been reported on in the past but it remains valuable. When researchers report on their consecutive cases over a certain time span readers can get an understanding whether the patient group described fits within the local prevalence or whether it is deviating.</p><p>Bias or potential confounders may then be diminished by a well composed study.","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":"27 S1","pages":"4-5"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ocr.12784","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140908656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Luca Friedli, Eva Henninger, Miltiadis A Makrygiannakis, Vasileios F Zymperdikas, Moschos A Papadopoulos, Georgios Kanavakis, Nikolaos Gkantidis
Objectives
To explore the association between third molar agenesis and supernumerary tooth formation in a white-European population.
Materials and Methods
A record review in various orthodontic clinics identified 380 eligible white-European individuals, half of whom had non-syndromic permanent supernumerary teeth (122 males and 68 females, totalling 244 supernumerary teeth; median age: 13.1, iqr: 1.5 years), and the other half were age- and sex-matched controls with full dentition, excluding the third molars. Tooth sequences were identified in panoramic radiographs.
Results
In the supernumerary group, approximately 80% of the individuals had a single supernumerary tooth, followed by those having two additional teeth. In both groups, there was no sexual dimorphism in third molar agenesis severity. The prevalence of third molar agenesis in the supernumerary group was similar to that of the control group (28/190 = 14.7% in both groups; p = 1.0). In total, 53 third molars were missing in the supernumerary group (n = 190) compared to 67 in the control group (n = 190; p = .862). The ratio of bilateral to unilateral third molar agenesis was significantly lower in the supernumerary group than in the control group (1.0 vs. 3.7, respectively; p = .026).
Conclusion
The presence of supernumerary teeth did not significantly alter the likelihood of third molar agenesis or its severity. Bilateral third molar agenesis was considerably less prevalent in individuals with supernumerary teeth compared to controls. The present novel findings have important clinical and developmental implications.
{"title":"Third molar agenesis in individuals with supernumerary teeth","authors":"Luca Friedli, Eva Henninger, Miltiadis A Makrygiannakis, Vasileios F Zymperdikas, Moschos A Papadopoulos, Georgios Kanavakis, Nikolaos Gkantidis","doi":"10.1111/ocr.12807","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ocr.12807","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To explore the association between third molar agenesis and supernumerary tooth formation in a white-European population.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A record review in various orthodontic clinics identified 380 eligible white-European individuals, half of whom had non-syndromic permanent supernumerary teeth (122 males and 68 females, totalling 244 supernumerary teeth; median age: 13.1, iqr: 1.5 years), and the other half were age- and sex-matched controls with full dentition, excluding the third molars. Tooth sequences were identified in panoramic radiographs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In the supernumerary group, approximately 80% of the individuals had a single supernumerary tooth, followed by those having two additional teeth. In both groups, there was no sexual dimorphism in third molar agenesis severity. The prevalence of third molar agenesis in the supernumerary group was similar to that of the control group (28/190 = 14.7% in both groups; <i>p</i> = 1.0). In total, 53 third molars were missing in the supernumerary group (n = 190) compared to 67 in the control group (n = 190; <i>p</i> = .862). The ratio of bilateral to unilateral third molar agenesis was significantly lower in the supernumerary group than in the control group (1.0 vs. 3.7, respectively; <i>p</i> = .026).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The presence of supernumerary teeth did not significantly alter the likelihood of third molar agenesis or its severity. Bilateral third molar agenesis was considerably less prevalent in individuals with supernumerary teeth compared to controls. The present novel findings have important clinical and developmental implications.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":"27 5","pages":"795-802"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ocr.12807","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140897772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The alveolar bone remodelling promoted by reasonable mechanical force triggers orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). The generation of osteoclasts is essential in this process. However, the mechanism of mechanical force mediating osteoclast differentiation remains elusive. Small nucleolar RNA host gene 5 (SNHG5), which was reported to mediate the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in our previous study, was downregulated in human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) under mechanical force. At the same time, the RANKL/OPG ratio increased. Based on this, we probed into the role of SNHG5 in osteoclast formation during OTM and the relevant mechanism.
Materials and Methods
SNHG5 and the RANKL/OPG ratio under different compressive forces were detected by western blotting (WB) and qRT-PCR. Impact of overexpression or knockdown of SNHG5 on osteoclast differentiation was detected by qRT-PCR, WB and transwell experiments. The combination of SNHG5 and C/EBPβ was verified by RNA immunoprecipitation and RNA pull-down assays. The expression of SNHG5 and osteoclast markers in gingiva were analysed by qRT-PCR and the paraffin sections of periodontal tissues were used for histological analysis.
Results
Compressive force downregulated SNHG5 and upregulated the RANKL/OPG ratio in hPDLCs. Overexpression of SNHG5 inhibited RANKL's expression and osteoclast differentiation. SNHG5 combined with C/EBPβ, a regulator of osteoclast. The expression of SNHG5 in periodontal tissue decreased during OTM.
Conclusion
SNHG5 inhibited osteoclast differentiation during OTM, achieved by affecting RANKL secretion, which may provide a new idea to interfere with bone resorption during orthodontic treatment.
{"title":"Small nucleolar RNA host gene 5 plays a role in orthodontic tooth movement by inhibiting osteoclast differentiation","authors":"Jingjing Feng, Anqi Tan, Weiran Li, Yunfei Zheng","doi":"10.1111/ocr.12794","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ocr.12794","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background and Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The alveolar bone remodelling promoted by reasonable mechanical force triggers orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). The generation of osteoclasts is essential in this process. However, the mechanism of mechanical force mediating osteoclast differentiation remains elusive. Small nucleolar RNA host gene 5 (SNHG5), which was reported to mediate the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in our previous study, was downregulated in human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) under mechanical force. At the same time, the RANKL/OPG ratio increased. Based on this, we probed into the role of SNHG5 in osteoclast formation during OTM and the relevant mechanism.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>SNHG5 and the RANKL/OPG ratio under different compressive forces were detected by western blotting (WB) and qRT-PCR. Impact of overexpression or knockdown of SNHG5 on osteoclast differentiation was detected by qRT-PCR, WB and transwell experiments. The combination of SNHG5 and C/EBP<i>β</i> was verified by RNA immunoprecipitation and RNA pull-down assays. The expression of SNHG5 and osteoclast markers in gingiva were analysed by qRT-PCR and the paraffin sections of periodontal tissues were used for histological analysis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Compressive force downregulated SNHG5 and upregulated the RANKL/OPG ratio in hPDLCs. Overexpression of SNHG5 inhibited RANKL's expression and osteoclast differentiation. SNHG5 combined with C/EBP<i>β</i>, a regulator of osteoclast. The expression of SNHG5 in periodontal tissue decreased during OTM.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>SNHG5 inhibited osteoclast differentiation during OTM, achieved by affecting RANKL secretion, which may provide a new idea to interfere with bone resorption during orthodontic treatment.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":"27 5","pages":"775-784"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140857678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pedro Henrique José de Oliveira, Tengfei Li, Haoyue Li, João Roberto Gonçalves, Ary Santos-Pinto, Luiz Gonzaga Gandini Junior, Lucia Soares Cevidanes, Claudia Toyama, Guilherme Paladini Feltrin, Antonio Augusto Campanha, Melchiades Alves de Oliveira Junior, Jonas Bianchi
Introduction
An ideal orthodontic treatment involves qualitative and quantitative measurements of dental and skeletal components to evaluate patients' discrepancies, such as facial, occlusal, and functional characteristics. Deciding between orthodontics and orthognathic surgery remains challenging, especially in borderline patients. Advances in technology are aiding clinical decisions in orthodontics. The increasing availability of data and the era of big data enable the use of artificial intelligence to guide clinicians' diagnoses. This study aims to test the capacity of different machine learning (ML) models to predict whether orthognathic surgery or orthodontics treatment is required, using soft and hard tissue cephalometric values.
Methods
A total of 920 lateral radiographs from patients previously treated with either conventional orthodontics or in combination with orthognathic surgery were used, comprising n = 558 Class II and n = 362 Class III patients, respectively. Thirty-two measures were obtained from each cephalogram at the initial appointment. The subjects were randomly divided into training (n = 552), validation (n = 183), and test (n = 185) datasets, both as an entire sample and divided into Class II and Class III sub-groups. The extracted data were evaluated using 10 machine learning models and by a four-expert panel consisting of orthodontists (n = 2) and surgeons (n = 2).
Results
The combined prediction of 10 models showed top-ranked performance in the testing dataset for accuracy, F1-score, and AUC (entire sample: 0.707, 0.706, 0.791; Class II: 0.759, 0.758, 0.824; Class III: 0.822, 0.807, 0.89).
Conclusions
The proposed combined 10 ML approach model accurately predicted the need for orthognathic surgery, showing better performance in Class III patients.
{"title":"Artificial intelligence as a prediction tool for orthognathic surgery assessment","authors":"Pedro Henrique José de Oliveira, Tengfei Li, Haoyue Li, João Roberto Gonçalves, Ary Santos-Pinto, Luiz Gonzaga Gandini Junior, Lucia Soares Cevidanes, Claudia Toyama, Guilherme Paladini Feltrin, Antonio Augusto Campanha, Melchiades Alves de Oliveira Junior, Jonas Bianchi","doi":"10.1111/ocr.12805","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ocr.12805","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>An ideal orthodontic treatment involves qualitative and quantitative measurements of dental and skeletal components to evaluate patients' discrepancies, such as facial, occlusal, and functional characteristics. Deciding between orthodontics and orthognathic surgery remains challenging, especially in borderline patients. Advances in technology are aiding clinical decisions in orthodontics. The increasing availability of data and the era of big data enable the use of artificial intelligence to guide clinicians' diagnoses. This study aims to test the capacity of different machine learning (ML) models to predict whether orthognathic surgery or orthodontics treatment is required, using soft and hard tissue cephalometric values.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 920 lateral radiographs from patients previously treated with either conventional orthodontics or in combination with orthognathic surgery were used, comprising <i>n</i> = 558 Class II and <i>n</i> = 362 Class III patients, respectively. Thirty-two measures were obtained from each cephalogram at the initial appointment. The subjects were randomly divided into training (<i>n</i> = 552), validation (<i>n</i> = 183), and test (<i>n</i> = 185) datasets, both as an entire sample and divided into Class II and Class III sub-groups. The extracted data were evaluated using 10 machine learning models and by a four-expert panel consisting of orthodontists (<i>n</i> = 2) and surgeons (<i>n</i> = 2).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The combined prediction of 10 models showed top-ranked performance in the testing dataset for accuracy, F1-score, and AUC (entire sample: 0.707, 0.706, 0.791; Class II: 0.759, 0.758, 0.824; Class III: 0.822, 0.807, 0.89).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The proposed combined 10 ML approach model accurately predicted the need for orthognathic surgery, showing better performance in Class III patients.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":"27 5","pages":"785-794"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140876996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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