Pub Date : 2020-11-12DOI: 10.1109/ISTAS50296.2020.9462212
Sara R. Jordan
Artificial intelligence (AI) research is increasingly considered to be a risky endeavor. The present prevailing model of AI risk management imports the commitments of research ethics, in terms of principles, approach to risk assessment, mitigation, and management. Despite the history and appeal of the research ethics model, alternative models for evaluation of AI risk should be entertained before adopting this approach. Here we propose a hypothetical applied information economics approach that changes the model for risk review from ex ante hypotheticals paid for as a fixed cost borne by all to variable costs that could be calculated in response to consumers’ willingness to pay for risky technology or to be paid for by companies willing to shoulder the cost of risks. Some of these risks will be of such magnitude that mitigating them constitutes an existential emergency for which an ex-ante research review approach may be justifiable. But, for risks that are less than non-remediable, existential, threats, a more cost sensitive approach may represent a more equitable path that shifts costs to those willing to bear them. We approach thinking through AI risks as something with specific costs we can estimate using known risks from similar activities of daily life.
{"title":"A Costly Emergencies Approach to Estimating Costs for Artificial Intelligence Review","authors":"Sara R. Jordan","doi":"10.1109/ISTAS50296.2020.9462212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISTAS50296.2020.9462212","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial intelligence (AI) research is increasingly considered to be a risky endeavor. The present prevailing model of AI risk management imports the commitments of research ethics, in terms of principles, approach to risk assessment, mitigation, and management. Despite the history and appeal of the research ethics model, alternative models for evaluation of AI risk should be entertained before adopting this approach. Here we propose a hypothetical applied information economics approach that changes the model for risk review from ex ante hypotheticals paid for as a fixed cost borne by all to variable costs that could be calculated in response to consumers’ willingness to pay for risky technology or to be paid for by companies willing to shoulder the cost of risks. Some of these risks will be of such magnitude that mitigating them constitutes an existential emergency for which an ex-ante research review approach may be justifiable. But, for risks that are less than non-remediable, existential, threats, a more cost sensitive approach may represent a more equitable path that shifts costs to those willing to bear them. We approach thinking through AI risks as something with specific costs we can estimate using known risks from similar activities of daily life.","PeriodicalId":196560,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123142560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-12DOI: 10.1109/ISTAS50296.2020.9462168
Sumiko Shimo
Emotion AI technology captures emotional reactions in real-time and decodes both verbal and non-verbal emotional behaviors of people, promising better service experience, devices, and technologies. On the other hand, it is observed that emotion AI systems are developed and used to assume that there is little variation in emotional expression across the human population. Insufficient understanding of human diversity and cultural diversity can lower the accuracy in detecting and interpreting underrepresented groups’ emotions, leading to biases, discrimination, and negative consequences in their lives. These growing concerns about emotion AI technology are potentially caused by a lack of workforce diversity in the AI sector and human diversity in the AI system. This paper explores workforce diversity and human diversity in AI systems, along with ethical concerns, and suggests possible paths forward.
{"title":"Risks of Bias in AI-Based Emotional Analysis Technology from Diversity Perspectives","authors":"Sumiko Shimo","doi":"10.1109/ISTAS50296.2020.9462168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISTAS50296.2020.9462168","url":null,"abstract":"Emotion AI technology captures emotional reactions in real-time and decodes both verbal and non-verbal emotional behaviors of people, promising better service experience, devices, and technologies. On the other hand, it is observed that emotion AI systems are developed and used to assume that there is little variation in emotional expression across the human population. Insufficient understanding of human diversity and cultural diversity can lower the accuracy in detecting and interpreting underrepresented groups’ emotions, leading to biases, discrimination, and negative consequences in their lives. These growing concerns about emotion AI technology are potentially caused by a lack of workforce diversity in the AI sector and human diversity in the AI system. This paper explores workforce diversity and human diversity in AI systems, along with ethical concerns, and suggests possible paths forward.","PeriodicalId":196560,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125185275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-12DOI: 10.1109/ISTAS50296.2020.9462241
D. Y. Wohn, Michael J. Lee
Many college students struggle to adjust academically because they never learned how to study effectively. In our first study, we developed a web-based application that enabled students to record when and how long they were studying. 29 college undergraduates used this tracking application for two weeks, then reflected on how the app affected their self-awareness and/or behavior. Analyses of participant diaries and application logs indicate that tracking applications are far from accurate, but the act of tracking itself, paired with analysis of one’s own data through reflection, enables students to have stronger self-awareness of their studying habits. Our second study, a 13-week long field experiment with 162 first-year students participating in 5 groups with varying combinations of tracking and reflection, showed that the tracking+ self-reflection group scored significantly higher on their final exam than tracking with social reflection.
{"title":"The Effect of Tracking and Reflecting on Study Habits on Study Behavior and Grades","authors":"D. Y. Wohn, Michael J. Lee","doi":"10.1109/ISTAS50296.2020.9462241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISTAS50296.2020.9462241","url":null,"abstract":"Many college students struggle to adjust academically because they never learned how to study effectively. In our first study, we developed a web-based application that enabled students to record when and how long they were studying. 29 college undergraduates used this tracking application for two weeks, then reflected on how the app affected their self-awareness and/or behavior. Analyses of participant diaries and application logs indicate that tracking applications are far from accurate, but the act of tracking itself, paired with analysis of one’s own data through reflection, enables students to have stronger self-awareness of their studying habits. Our second study, a 13-week long field experiment with 162 first-year students participating in 5 groups with varying combinations of tracking and reflection, showed that the tracking+ self-reflection group scored significantly higher on their final exam than tracking with social reflection.","PeriodicalId":196560,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125950905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-12DOI: 10.1109/ISTAS50296.2020.9462189
A. Ebrahimi
The COVID-19 pandemic has become a challenge to our lives and affects us differently under certain circumstances. This project invites and assists participants in developing their awareness systems for COVID-19. The system comes with a set up consisting of standard information and the necessary coding explained to the participant. The findings are open and shared through an honor system. The awareness system consists of four embedded subsystems known as diagnostics systems, simulation, tracing, and pattern-matching systems. The diagnostic system uses inference rules to generate an outcome by diseases with the same symptoms related to COVID-19. The skeleton for the simulation system works as a game, depicting how the virus enters and interacts with the body's cells with different four scenarios such as involved in defeating the body's cell, defeating the virus, neutral coexistence of the virus and enclosure, and at best, turning into a positive virus. At that stage of defeating the body's cell, the virus will replicate itself by an assigned degree with a recursive behavior. The tracing system traces the COVID19 and the participant's health using red, green, and blue (RGB) colors. The combination of RGB creates more than 16 million using 24 bits in binary or hexadecimal. The red color reserves for COVID-19, with 16 shades of red for a symptom with a 16 degree of severity. The pattern-matching system's skeleton provides four databases for asymptomatic, mild, severe, and fatal cases. The digitized information will quickly identify the pattern. One database may compare with another database for similarities or differences.The transfer of learning from one system can flow into another, ultimately resulting in a solution pattern. This project's implication will guide others to initiate their participant system to find a way and formulate a solution.
{"title":"In Search of a Pattern and Algorithmic Code for COVID-19: A Participant Self-Customized Awareness Systems for Diagnostics, Simulation, Tracing and Pattern Matching","authors":"A. Ebrahimi","doi":"10.1109/ISTAS50296.2020.9462189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISTAS50296.2020.9462189","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic has become a challenge to our lives and affects us differently under certain circumstances. This project invites and assists participants in developing their awareness systems for COVID-19. The system comes with a set up consisting of standard information and the necessary coding explained to the participant. The findings are open and shared through an honor system. The awareness system consists of four embedded subsystems known as diagnostics systems, simulation, tracing, and pattern-matching systems. The diagnostic system uses inference rules to generate an outcome by diseases with the same symptoms related to COVID-19. The skeleton for the simulation system works as a game, depicting how the virus enters and interacts with the body's cells with different four scenarios such as involved in defeating the body's cell, defeating the virus, neutral coexistence of the virus and enclosure, and at best, turning into a positive virus. At that stage of defeating the body's cell, the virus will replicate itself by an assigned degree with a recursive behavior. The tracing system traces the COVID19 and the participant's health using red, green, and blue (RGB) colors. The combination of RGB creates more than 16 million using 24 bits in binary or hexadecimal. The red color reserves for COVID-19, with 16 shades of red for a symptom with a 16 degree of severity. The pattern-matching system's skeleton provides four databases for asymptomatic, mild, severe, and fatal cases. The digitized information will quickly identify the pattern. One database may compare with another database for similarities or differences.The transfer of learning from one system can flow into another, ultimately resulting in a solution pattern. This project's implication will guide others to initiate their participant system to find a way and formulate a solution.","PeriodicalId":196560,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115015604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-12DOI: 10.1109/ISTAS50296.2020.9462236
Shubhadip Ray, Tharangini Palanivel, Norbert Herman, Yixuan Li
As human beings, we have the inherent bias towards our likes and dislikes. These likes and dislikes are influenced by our psychographic attributes, morals, values, beliefs and societal networks in both circles of influence and circles of concern. We continuously consume products, services as well as produce products and services for others to consume. Due to our inherent bias of likes and dislikes, we unintentionally or intentionally end up liking products and/or services that are personalized for us, or somehow unintentionally match our likes. This personalization makes our lives easier and more comfortable as it may save time, and/or enable us to achieve desired experiences. This personalization is influenced by the data gathered about us directly or indirectly. The richer the data is about us, the more personalized products and services we receive, thereby saving us time and money whilst meeting our desired goals for experience or exchange of value for the offers we are wanting. We remain forever concerned about the direct or accidental use of our data that can fall into the hands of nefarious users of the dark web, or criminals who can cause us all kinds of harm using the data we shared. Herein lies the paradox of personalization and privacy. To solve this paradox, we acknowledge that there has to be a trade-off between data privacy and personalization, and an optimized match on trust, value etc. between the data owners (data subjects) and data buyers. In this paper, we propose approaches to handle these trade-offs in an optimized way with the acceptance threshold determined by a methodology to optimize the match between trust and value perceptions specific to an individual, and in context of the trust we place on the data controller, processor or buyer entity with which we share and entrust our data for the exchange of value provided.
{"title":"Tesseract Optimization for Data Privacy and Sharing Economics","authors":"Shubhadip Ray, Tharangini Palanivel, Norbert Herman, Yixuan Li","doi":"10.1109/ISTAS50296.2020.9462236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISTAS50296.2020.9462236","url":null,"abstract":"As human beings, we have the inherent bias towards our likes and dislikes. These likes and dislikes are influenced by our psychographic attributes, morals, values, beliefs and societal networks in both circles of influence and circles of concern. We continuously consume products, services as well as produce products and services for others to consume. Due to our inherent bias of likes and dislikes, we unintentionally or intentionally end up liking products and/or services that are personalized for us, or somehow unintentionally match our likes. This personalization makes our lives easier and more comfortable as it may save time, and/or enable us to achieve desired experiences. This personalization is influenced by the data gathered about us directly or indirectly. The richer the data is about us, the more personalized products and services we receive, thereby saving us time and money whilst meeting our desired goals for experience or exchange of value for the offers we are wanting. We remain forever concerned about the direct or accidental use of our data that can fall into the hands of nefarious users of the dark web, or criminals who can cause us all kinds of harm using the data we shared. Herein lies the paradox of personalization and privacy. To solve this paradox, we acknowledge that there has to be a trade-off between data privacy and personalization, and an optimized match on trust, value etc. between the data owners (data subjects) and data buyers. In this paper, we propose approaches to handle these trade-offs in an optimized way with the acceptance threshold determined by a methodology to optimize the match between trust and value perceptions specific to an individual, and in context of the trust we place on the data controller, processor or buyer entity with which we share and entrust our data for the exchange of value provided.","PeriodicalId":196560,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114460025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-12DOI: 10.1109/ISTAS50296.2020.9462201
Hassan Al Shazly, A. Ferraro, K. Bennet
The expansive growth of Artificial Intelligent Systems (AIS),areas of applications, and their architectural complexity resulting in compound Systems of Systems has also carried with this, a myriad of ethical challenges. The ethical concerns are not limited to just the applications but also the data collection processes and derivative computed Information and Knowledge. A by product that has resulted is the extended marketing venues of data conversion to commodities. This paper examines how these issues effect ethics throughout the life cycle of the AIS and carries into the life cycle of the data.
{"title":"Ethical Concerns: An overview of Artificial Intelligence System Development and Life Cycle","authors":"Hassan Al Shazly, A. Ferraro, K. Bennet","doi":"10.1109/ISTAS50296.2020.9462201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISTAS50296.2020.9462201","url":null,"abstract":"The expansive growth of Artificial Intelligent Systems (AIS),areas of applications, and their architectural complexity resulting in compound Systems of Systems has also carried with this, a myriad of ethical challenges. The ethical concerns are not limited to just the applications but also the data collection processes and derivative computed Information and Knowledge. A by product that has resulted is the extended marketing venues of data conversion to commodities. This paper examines how these issues effect ethics throughout the life cycle of the AIS and carries into the life cycle of the data.","PeriodicalId":196560,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123842429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-12DOI: 10.1109/ISTAS50296.2020.9462206
Chenlu Feng, D. Y. Wohn
Online harassment has becoming an unavoidable issue and many people are trying to find methods to mitigate online harassment. In this study, we did a systematic review of online harassment interventions. We focused on studies that proposed online mechanisms and designed experiments to test the corresponding effects. We collected 17 studies from scholarly databases which met our criteria. Among these studies, we categorized the interventions into 7 groups based on the theoretical or design-related mechanism they were using to justify the intervention. At the end of the study, we critically reviewed these studies and proposed some ideas for future research.
{"title":"Categorizing Online Harassment Interventions","authors":"Chenlu Feng, D. Y. Wohn","doi":"10.1109/ISTAS50296.2020.9462206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISTAS50296.2020.9462206","url":null,"abstract":"Online harassment has becoming an unavoidable issue and many people are trying to find methods to mitigate online harassment. In this study, we did a systematic review of online harassment interventions. We focused on studies that proposed online mechanisms and designed experiments to test the corresponding effects. We collected 17 studies from scholarly databases which met our criteria. Among these studies, we categorized the interventions into 7 groups based on the theoretical or design-related mechanism they were using to justify the intervention. At the end of the study, we critically reviewed these studies and proposed some ideas for future research.","PeriodicalId":196560,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131581522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-12DOI: 10.1109/ISTAS50296.2020.9462195
Cheng Lin, AJung Moon
Lethal autonomous weapons (LAWS) are an emerging technology capable of automatically targeting and exercising lethal force. Many scholars and advocates have petitioned to ban the technology internationally for a myriad of reasons. However, there are practical challenges to implementing a ban. One such challenge is posed by the “intangible” nature of the software that LAWS depends on, which is incompatible with implementation mechanisms such as export control. Given the dual-use nature of software, and the fact that software is developed by teams of individuals, a number of soft governance mechanisms have been proposed to regulate this technology. In this paper, we investigate the feasibility of one particular approach: leveraging open source licenses as a means to prohibit the use of certain software in LAWS. This approach is largely motivated by the fact that open source software underpins all of technology, especially AI. Through a review of the recent tech activism and open source activism, we evaluate whether open source licenses can feasibly limit the use of open source software to only non-LAWS applications. We distill the current challenges facing “ethics-driven” open source licensing efforts into three main obstacles: the need for clarity of licensing language, the lack of enforceability of licenses, and the lack of cohesiveness of the open source community. We propose that addressing these factors are also success criteria for future anti-LAWS open source initiatives. We find that open source licenses provide more theoretical than practical promise in regulating LAWS, and conclude that cohesion in the open source community is the key to their potential practical success in the future.
{"title":"Using Open Source Licensing to Regulate the Assembly of LAWS: A Preliminary Analysis","authors":"Cheng Lin, AJung Moon","doi":"10.1109/ISTAS50296.2020.9462195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISTAS50296.2020.9462195","url":null,"abstract":"Lethal autonomous weapons (LAWS) are an emerging technology capable of automatically targeting and exercising lethal force. Many scholars and advocates have petitioned to ban the technology internationally for a myriad of reasons. However, there are practical challenges to implementing a ban. One such challenge is posed by the “intangible” nature of the software that LAWS depends on, which is incompatible with implementation mechanisms such as export control. Given the dual-use nature of software, and the fact that software is developed by teams of individuals, a number of soft governance mechanisms have been proposed to regulate this technology. In this paper, we investigate the feasibility of one particular approach: leveraging open source licenses as a means to prohibit the use of certain software in LAWS. This approach is largely motivated by the fact that open source software underpins all of technology, especially AI. Through a review of the recent tech activism and open source activism, we evaluate whether open source licenses can feasibly limit the use of open source software to only non-LAWS applications. We distill the current challenges facing “ethics-driven” open source licensing efforts into three main obstacles: the need for clarity of licensing language, the lack of enforceability of licenses, and the lack of cohesiveness of the open source community. We propose that addressing these factors are also success criteria for future anti-LAWS open source initiatives. We find that open source licenses provide more theoretical than practical promise in regulating LAWS, and conclude that cohesion in the open source community is the key to their potential practical success in the future.","PeriodicalId":196560,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)","volume":"225 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114539586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-12DOI: 10.1109/ISTAS50296.2020.9462211
Jordan Miller, T. McDaniel, M. Bernstein
This paper highlights current technological limitations and offers recommendations for scientists and engineers when designing devices to support aging in place. Existing technology for older adults to support independent living is examined as well as the implications of contextual factors, namely, location, on how people live and age based on the location in which they reside. This is the first review to investigate how challenges of aging change relative to location of residence and, subsequently, how such variation may inform technological solutions. To date, few devices consider the environment in which older individuals age. Places examined include aging: at home; assisted living facilities; nursing homes; and family housing. Challenges found in common across these locations were financial strain and isolation. In addition, each setting was found to have its own unique hurdles. Understanding these barriers is essential to developing technology that enables older adults to successfully age in place.
{"title":"Aging in Smart Environments for Independence","authors":"Jordan Miller, T. McDaniel, M. Bernstein","doi":"10.1109/ISTAS50296.2020.9462211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISTAS50296.2020.9462211","url":null,"abstract":"This paper highlights current technological limitations and offers recommendations for scientists and engineers when designing devices to support aging in place. Existing technology for older adults to support independent living is examined as well as the implications of contextual factors, namely, location, on how people live and age based on the location in which they reside. This is the first review to investigate how challenges of aging change relative to location of residence and, subsequently, how such variation may inform technological solutions. To date, few devices consider the environment in which older individuals age. Places examined include aging: at home; assisted living facilities; nursing homes; and family housing. Challenges found in common across these locations were financial strain and isolation. In addition, each setting was found to have its own unique hurdles. Understanding these barriers is essential to developing technology that enables older adults to successfully age in place.","PeriodicalId":196560,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122077110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-12DOI: 10.1109/ISTAS50296.2020.9462217
Lauryn Remmers, Katina Michael
This paper comprehensively defines three forms of body modifications: tattoos, piercings and implants. Some body modifications are functional while others are aesthetic, each serving the needs of its bearer or wearer. The paper describes the motivations behind different forms of body modifications. A document analysis was conducted, inclusive of a public image repository search, to ensure the depth required to reach saturation in the literature and content. A comparison of body modification techniques is assessed across cultural uses, modern applications and risks. Additionally, the health implications of these body modifications are considered and the findings clustered into the themes: physical, psychological and privacy implications. The contribution of this paper is in starting a serious discussion around the potential for health issues to arise from body modification and the impact they may have on the end-user.
{"title":"Body Modifications and Their Health Implications","authors":"Lauryn Remmers, Katina Michael","doi":"10.1109/ISTAS50296.2020.9462217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISTAS50296.2020.9462217","url":null,"abstract":"This paper comprehensively defines three forms of body modifications: tattoos, piercings and implants. Some body modifications are functional while others are aesthetic, each serving the needs of its bearer or wearer. The paper describes the motivations behind different forms of body modifications. A document analysis was conducted, inclusive of a public image repository search, to ensure the depth required to reach saturation in the literature and content. A comparison of body modification techniques is assessed across cultural uses, modern applications and risks. Additionally, the health implications of these body modifications are considered and the findings clustered into the themes: physical, psychological and privacy implications. The contribution of this paper is in starting a serious discussion around the potential for health issues to arise from body modification and the impact they may have on the end-user.","PeriodicalId":196560,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)","volume":"372 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123952766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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