Pub Date : 2007-10-01DOI: 10.1109/EPC.2007.4520330
Shailendra Jain, Jin Jiang, Xinhong Huang, S. Stevandic
Fuel cell systems have generated significant interests in residential applications as well as distributed power generation due to their cleanliness, portability and suitability for electricity and heat generation. Development of a suitable power electronic interface to make the technology viable is still a challenge. This paper presents a single stage power electronic interface for fuel cell power plant suitable for stand alone application as well as for grid interface. A single stage PWM inverter is selected as a power electronic interface between fuel cell and the grid, followed by a LC filter and a step-up transformer. The simulation model is developed in MATLAB environment with control scheme implementation in qd-reference frame.
{"title":"Single Stage Power Electronic Interface for a Fuel Cell Based Power Supply System","authors":"Shailendra Jain, Jin Jiang, Xinhong Huang, S. Stevandic","doi":"10.1109/EPC.2007.4520330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EPC.2007.4520330","url":null,"abstract":"Fuel cell systems have generated significant interests in residential applications as well as distributed power generation due to their cleanliness, portability and suitability for electricity and heat generation. Development of a suitable power electronic interface to make the technology viable is still a challenge. This paper presents a single stage power electronic interface for fuel cell power plant suitable for stand alone application as well as for grid interface. A single stage PWM inverter is selected as a power electronic interface between fuel cell and the grid, followed by a LC filter and a step-up transformer. The simulation model is developed in MATLAB environment with control scheme implementation in qd-reference frame.","PeriodicalId":196861,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Canada Electrical Power Conference","volume":"80 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127177622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-10-01DOI: 10.1109/EPC.2007.4520393
N. Ullah, Kankar Bhattacharya, T. Thiringer
Reactive power/voltage control support, temporary primary frequency control support, power oscillation damping support are some of the functions that can be provided by modern wind farms (WFs) equipped with variable speed wind turbines (VSWT) with power electronic converters. This paper examines the possibility of WFs providing reactive power support to the grid system as part of ancillary service provisions. Detailed analysis of the WF capability curve is carried out, and a reactive power cost model is developed for wind turbine generators that can help the market operator or the independent system operator (ISO) in managing the system and the grid efficiently. The Cigre-32 bus test system is used to demonstrate a case study showing a 24-hour calculation of 10-minute average system operation cost considering the incoming wind energy.
{"title":"Reactive Power Ancillary Service from Wind Farms","authors":"N. Ullah, Kankar Bhattacharya, T. Thiringer","doi":"10.1109/EPC.2007.4520393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EPC.2007.4520393","url":null,"abstract":"Reactive power/voltage control support, temporary primary frequency control support, power oscillation damping support are some of the functions that can be provided by modern wind farms (WFs) equipped with variable speed wind turbines (VSWT) with power electronic converters. This paper examines the possibility of WFs providing reactive power support to the grid system as part of ancillary service provisions. Detailed analysis of the WF capability curve is carried out, and a reactive power cost model is developed for wind turbine generators that can help the market operator or the independent system operator (ISO) in managing the system and the grid efficiently. The Cigre-32 bus test system is used to demonstrate a case study showing a 24-hour calculation of 10-minute average system operation cost considering the incoming wind energy.","PeriodicalId":196861,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Canada Electrical Power Conference","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125904060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-10-01DOI: 10.1109/EPC.2007.4520319
N. Benaifa, H. Bierk, A. Rahim, E. Nowicki
Renewable energy sources are quickly becoming incorporated into increasingly distributed electrical utility grids. An ever present issue when interfacing these sources is that of harmonic distortion reduction at the inter-tie point. One very interesting approach to reduce harmonic distortion is to synchronize power transistor operation for inverters operating in parallel. In this paper, a rarely employed technique for harmonic reduction using synchronized phase shifted parallel PWM inverters with current-sharing reactors is presented and analyzed. Using the technique presented inverter output distortion can be reduced significantly, for example total harmonic reduction can be reduced typically in half using just two synchronized phase-shifted parallel inverters (our simulation and experimental studies indicate that even smaller distortion reduction factors can be achieved). We present analyses for two and three phase-shifted inverters operated in parallel employing current sharing reactors. Our analyses consider the impact of a wide range of phase-shift delays on net output total harmonic distortion, with the phase-shift delay from zero to one entire cycle of the fundamental component. Some results are expected, such as a dramatic increase in distortion when the fundamental components between multiple inverters tend to cancel out, on the other hand it is interesting to observe a leveling-off, and gradual, smooth increase in the distortion reduction factor over a significant portion of the phase-shift delay variable.
{"title":"Analysis of Harmonic Reduction for Synchronized Phase-shifted Parallel PWM Inverters with Current Sharing Reactors","authors":"N. Benaifa, H. Bierk, A. Rahim, E. Nowicki","doi":"10.1109/EPC.2007.4520319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EPC.2007.4520319","url":null,"abstract":"Renewable energy sources are quickly becoming incorporated into increasingly distributed electrical utility grids. An ever present issue when interfacing these sources is that of harmonic distortion reduction at the inter-tie point. One very interesting approach to reduce harmonic distortion is to synchronize power transistor operation for inverters operating in parallel. In this paper, a rarely employed technique for harmonic reduction using synchronized phase shifted parallel PWM inverters with current-sharing reactors is presented and analyzed. Using the technique presented inverter output distortion can be reduced significantly, for example total harmonic reduction can be reduced typically in half using just two synchronized phase-shifted parallel inverters (our simulation and experimental studies indicate that even smaller distortion reduction factors can be achieved). We present analyses for two and three phase-shifted inverters operated in parallel employing current sharing reactors. Our analyses consider the impact of a wide range of phase-shift delays on net output total harmonic distortion, with the phase-shift delay from zero to one entire cycle of the fundamental component. Some results are expected, such as a dramatic increase in distortion when the fundamental components between multiple inverters tend to cancel out, on the other hand it is interesting to observe a leveling-off, and gradual, smooth increase in the distortion reduction factor over a significant portion of the phase-shift delay variable.","PeriodicalId":196861,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Canada Electrical Power Conference","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116062167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-10-01DOI: 10.1109/EPC.2007.4520348
C. Kongnam, S. Nuchprayoon
This paper develops investment strategies for wind power generation under the assumption that generation capacity and investment resources are flexible. The investment problem is formulated as a mixed-integer programming problem with the constraints specified as intervals and the net present value of generation profits as the objective. The optimum solutions are expressed in terms of number and size of each wind turbine model. The screening & ranking method is proposed to identify the most attractive investment plan among multiple optimum solutions. Sensitivity analysis is then performed to assess the impact of investment parameters. Numerical simulations have been tested with actual wind speed data and a simplified model of wind power project in the southern coast of Thailand.
{"title":"Development of Investment Strategies for Wind Power Generation","authors":"C. Kongnam, S. Nuchprayoon","doi":"10.1109/EPC.2007.4520348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EPC.2007.4520348","url":null,"abstract":"This paper develops investment strategies for wind power generation under the assumption that generation capacity and investment resources are flexible. The investment problem is formulated as a mixed-integer programming problem with the constraints specified as intervals and the net present value of generation profits as the objective. The optimum solutions are expressed in terms of number and size of each wind turbine model. The screening & ranking method is proposed to identify the most attractive investment plan among multiple optimum solutions. Sensitivity analysis is then performed to assess the impact of investment parameters. Numerical simulations have been tested with actual wind speed data and a simplified model of wind power project in the southern coast of Thailand.","PeriodicalId":196861,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Canada Electrical Power Conference","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122531399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-10-01DOI: 10.1109/EPC.2007.4520334
A. Moore, J. Jiang
The province of Ontario has introduced a new program called the Clean Energy Standard Offer Program to encourage the development of new clean generation capacity in the province. The possibility exists in the near future that generation IV nuclear power plants will provide cost effective and reliable delivery of hydrogen to residences in Ontario. Hybrid generation consisting of a hydrogen fuel cell and photovoltaic arrays installed in a large number of residences can meet 45% of the annual demand for all of the residences of a representative city during the hours of peak demand.
{"title":"Impact of Large-Scale Distributed Energy Sources Under Government Incentive Programs: An Example","authors":"A. Moore, J. Jiang","doi":"10.1109/EPC.2007.4520334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EPC.2007.4520334","url":null,"abstract":"The province of Ontario has introduced a new program called the Clean Energy Standard Offer Program to encourage the development of new clean generation capacity in the province. The possibility exists in the near future that generation IV nuclear power plants will provide cost effective and reliable delivery of hydrogen to residences in Ontario. Hybrid generation consisting of a hydrogen fuel cell and photovoltaic arrays installed in a large number of residences can meet 45% of the annual demand for all of the residences of a representative city during the hours of peak demand.","PeriodicalId":196861,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Canada Electrical Power Conference","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129367894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-10-01DOI: 10.1109/EPC.2007.4520362
Y. M. Atwa, E. El-Saadany, M. Salama
This paper describes an artificial neural network based demand-side management (DSM) strategy to shift the peaks of the average residential electrical water heater power demand profile from periods of high demand to off peak periods. The DSM strategy is achieved by dividing the water heaters connected to certain distribution feeder into blocks and controlling each block by a different individual neural network controller. The proposed control schemes will consider an adequate representation of the customers' specifications and preferences. Simulation results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed DSM strategy to shift the average electrical water heater peak demand to off peak periods and to level the utility distribution demand profile.
{"title":"DSM Approach for Water Heater Control Strategy Utilizing Elman Neural Network","authors":"Y. M. Atwa, E. El-Saadany, M. Salama","doi":"10.1109/EPC.2007.4520362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EPC.2007.4520362","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes an artificial neural network based demand-side management (DSM) strategy to shift the peaks of the average residential electrical water heater power demand profile from periods of high demand to off peak periods. The DSM strategy is achieved by dividing the water heaters connected to certain distribution feeder into blocks and controlling each block by a different individual neural network controller. The proposed control schemes will consider an adequate representation of the customers' specifications and preferences. Simulation results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed DSM strategy to shift the average electrical water heater peak demand to off peak periods and to level the utility distribution demand profile.","PeriodicalId":196861,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Canada Electrical Power Conference","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123661167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-10-01DOI: 10.1109/EPC.2007.4520382
Mohammed H. Albadi, E. El-Saadany
This paper presents an economical valuation for wind energy projects according to the Ontario's feed-in tariff, the Standard Offer Program (SOP). The study is done for different wind turbines and different wind speed scenarios. Given turbine and wind speed data, the Capacity Factor (CF) of each turbine at each site was calculated. Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) for different scenarios were calculated.
{"title":"Wind Power in Ontario: An Economical Valuation","authors":"Mohammed H. Albadi, E. El-Saadany","doi":"10.1109/EPC.2007.4520382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EPC.2007.4520382","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an economical valuation for wind energy projects according to the Ontario's feed-in tariff, the Standard Offer Program (SOP). The study is done for different wind turbines and different wind speed scenarios. Given turbine and wind speed data, the Capacity Factor (CF) of each turbine at each site was calculated. Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) for different scenarios were calculated.","PeriodicalId":196861,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Canada Electrical Power Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114687115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-10-01DOI: 10.1109/EPC.2007.4520327
F. Katiraei, A. Foss, C. Abbey, B. Strehler
Based on current utility practice, anti-islanding protection is one of the main protection requirements for interconnection of a distribution generation (DG) to the medium and low voltage grids. For connecting a small synchronous generator to the utility grid, DG interconnection guidelines require the use of a transfer-trip scheme when the minimum load of a connecting feeder is less than twice the rated capacity of the total DG units. Some standards (e.g. IEEE Std. 1547) suggest a more aggressive generation to load ratio of one-third. Implementation of a fast communication based transfer-trip scheme with a detection time of less than a second is very expensive and not economically feasible for small DG projects. The fast islanding detection is mainly required to comply with the feeder protection coordination, especially the first reclosing time of the feeder automatic reclosure (in this case 1.5 seconds). This paper presents the computer modelling, simulation, and field verification of a proposed passive, local anti-islanding protection scheme based on directional reactive power measurement. The protection scheme was tested on a farm-based biogas DG to demonstrate compliance with the utility requirements. The detailed simulation studies and field tests consistently yielded detection times of less than 0.25 seconds. Based on these results the solution and the DG interconnection were approved by the utility. The proposed protection scheme can effectively be utilized for anti-islanding protection of synchronous generator based DG units on feeders with inductive load.
{"title":"Dynamic analysis and field verification of an innovative anti-islanding protection scheme based on directional reactive power detection","authors":"F. Katiraei, A. Foss, C. Abbey, B. Strehler","doi":"10.1109/EPC.2007.4520327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EPC.2007.4520327","url":null,"abstract":"Based on current utility practice, anti-islanding protection is one of the main protection requirements for interconnection of a distribution generation (DG) to the medium and low voltage grids. For connecting a small synchronous generator to the utility grid, DG interconnection guidelines require the use of a transfer-trip scheme when the minimum load of a connecting feeder is less than twice the rated capacity of the total DG units. Some standards (e.g. IEEE Std. 1547) suggest a more aggressive generation to load ratio of one-third. Implementation of a fast communication based transfer-trip scheme with a detection time of less than a second is very expensive and not economically feasible for small DG projects. The fast islanding detection is mainly required to comply with the feeder protection coordination, especially the first reclosing time of the feeder automatic reclosure (in this case 1.5 seconds). This paper presents the computer modelling, simulation, and field verification of a proposed passive, local anti-islanding protection scheme based on directional reactive power measurement. The protection scheme was tested on a farm-based biogas DG to demonstrate compliance with the utility requirements. The detailed simulation studies and field tests consistently yielded detection times of less than 0.25 seconds. Based on these results the solution and the DG interconnection were approved by the utility. The proposed protection scheme can effectively be utilized for anti-islanding protection of synchronous generator based DG units on feeders with inductive load.","PeriodicalId":196861,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Canada Electrical Power Conference","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127817100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-10-01DOI: 10.1109/EPC.2007.4520310
A. Grilo, D. Salles, W. Freitas, C. Murari
This paper presents a practical method for estimation of fault ride-through capability of wind power farms composed by squirrel-cage rotor induction generators. The proposed method is based on the steady-state equivalent circuit of the induction generator and on the concepts of stable and unstable electrical-mechanical equilibrium points, which are calculated in the electrical and mechanical torque versus rotor speed space. The method has been validated by comparing the results obtained by the analytical method with those determined by dynamic simulation results.
{"title":"A Practical Method for Estimation of Fault Ride-Through Capability of Wind Power Farms Based on Squirrel-Cage Rotor Induction Generators","authors":"A. Grilo, D. Salles, W. Freitas, C. Murari","doi":"10.1109/EPC.2007.4520310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EPC.2007.4520310","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a practical method for estimation of fault ride-through capability of wind power farms composed by squirrel-cage rotor induction generators. The proposed method is based on the steady-state equivalent circuit of the induction generator and on the concepts of stable and unstable electrical-mechanical equilibrium points, which are calculated in the electrical and mechanical torque versus rotor speed space. The method has been validated by comparing the results obtained by the analytical method with those determined by dynamic simulation results.","PeriodicalId":196861,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Canada Electrical Power Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124217761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-10-01DOI: 10.1109/EPC.2007.4520318
M. Naguib, L. Lopes
Current source converters (CSCs) present the desirable characteristics of inherent load and converter short- circuit protection. Silicon controlled rectifiers (SCR) based CSCs are rugged and affordable but they create low order harmonics and do not allow active and reactive power to be controlled independently. These drawbacks can be overcome with topologies based on more costly force-commutated switches. This paper proposes a hybrid three-phase CSC that employs three SCRs and four IGBTs and presents features comparable to the fully controllable CSC. The inherent commutation constraints of the SCRs are taken into consideration in the selection of a suitable space vector (SV) modulation technique. Comparisons with the fully controllable CSC are provided for a fair assessment of the potential of the proposed hybrid CSC. The theoretical analysis is verified by means of simulations.
{"title":"Analysis of a Hybrid Current Source Converter with Bi-directional Power Flow Capability","authors":"M. Naguib, L. Lopes","doi":"10.1109/EPC.2007.4520318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EPC.2007.4520318","url":null,"abstract":"Current source converters (CSCs) present the desirable characteristics of inherent load and converter short- circuit protection. Silicon controlled rectifiers (SCR) based CSCs are rugged and affordable but they create low order harmonics and do not allow active and reactive power to be controlled independently. These drawbacks can be overcome with topologies based on more costly force-commutated switches. This paper proposes a hybrid three-phase CSC that employs three SCRs and four IGBTs and presents features comparable to the fully controllable CSC. The inherent commutation constraints of the SCRs are taken into consideration in the selection of a suitable space vector (SV) modulation technique. Comparisons with the fully controllable CSC are provided for a fair assessment of the potential of the proposed hybrid CSC. The theoretical analysis is verified by means of simulations.","PeriodicalId":196861,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Canada Electrical Power Conference","volume":"299 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114577239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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