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SRM_R: A Web-Based Shiny App for Social Relations Analyses SRM_R:一个基于网络的闪亮的社会关系分析应用程序
IF 9.5 2区 管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2022-11-20 DOI: 10.1177/10944281221134104
Man-Nok Wong, D. Kenny, A. Knight
Many topics in organizational research involve examining the interpersonal perceptions and behaviors of group members. The resulting data can be analyzed using the social relations model (SRM). This model enables researchers to address several important questions regarding relational phenomena. In the model, variance can be partitioned into group, actor, partner, and relationship; reciprocity can be assessed in terms of individuals and dyads; and predictors at each of these levels can be analyzed. However, analyzing data using the currently available SRM software can be challenging and can deter organizational researchers from using the model. In this article, we provide a “go-to” introduction to SRM analyses and propose SRM_R ( https://davidakenny.shinyapps.io/SRM_R/ ), an accessible and user-friendly, web-based application for SRM analyses. The basic steps of conducting SRM analyses in the app are illustrated with a sample dataset of 47 teams, 228 members, and 884 dyadic observations, using the participants’ ratings of the advice-seeking behavior of their fellow employees.
组织研究中的许多主题都涉及到考察团队成员的人际感知和行为。可以使用社会关系模型(SRM)来分析所得到的数据。该模型使研究人员能够解决有关关系现象的几个重要问题。在模型中,方差可以划分为群体、参与者、伙伴和关系;互惠可以从个人和二人组的角度进行评估;并且可以分析这些级别中的每一个级别的预测因子。然而,使用当前可用的SRM软件分析数据可能具有挑战性,并可能阻止组织研究人员使用该模型。在本文中,我们提供了SRM分析的“入门”介绍,并提出了SRM_R(https://davidakenny.shinyapps.io/SRM_R/),一个可访问且用户友好的基于web的SRM分析应用程序。应用程序中进行SRM分析的基本步骤由47个团队、228名成员和884个二元观察的样本数据集说明,使用参与者对同事寻求建议行为的评分。
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引用次数: 1
Sensitizing Social Interaction with a Mode-Enhanced Transcribing Process 用模式增强转录过程使社会互动敏感化
IF 9.5 2区 管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2022-10-31 DOI: 10.1177/10944281221134096
Qian Li
Qualitative researchers often work with texts transcribed from social interactions such as interviews, meetings, and presentations. However, how we make sense of such data to generate promising cues for further analysis is rarely discussed. This article proposes mode-enhanced transcription as a tool for sensitizing social interaction data, defined as a process in which researchers attune their attention to the dynamic interplay of verbal and nonverbal features, expressions, and acts when transcribing and proofreading professional transcripts. Two scenarios for using mode-enhanced transcription are introduced: sensitizing previously collected data and engaging with modes purposefully. Their implications for research focus, data collection, and data analysis are discussed based on a demonstration of the process with a previously collected dataset and an illustrative review of published articles that display mode-enhanced excerpts. The article outlines the benefits and further considerations of using mode-enhanced transcription as a sensitizing tool.
定性研究人员经常使用从访谈、会议和演讲等社会互动中转录的文本。然而,我们如何理解这些数据,为进一步分析提供有希望的线索,却很少被讨论。本文提出模式增强转录作为敏感社会互动数据的工具,定义为一个过程,在这个过程中,研究人员在转录和校对专业成绩单时,将他们的注意力调整到语言和非语言特征、表情和行为的动态相互作用上。介绍了使用模式增强转录的两种情况:敏感化以前收集的数据和有目的地参与模式。它们对研究重点、数据收集和数据分析的影响是基于先前收集的数据集的过程演示和对显示模式增强摘录的已发表文章的说明性回顾来讨论的。文章概述了使用模式增强转录作为增敏工具的好处和进一步的考虑。
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引用次数: 0
Assessment of Path Model Fit: Evidence of Effectiveness and Recommendations for use of the RMSEA-P 路径模型拟合评估:有效性证据和RMSEA-P使用建议
IF 9.5 2区 管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2022-10-17 DOI: 10.1177/10944281221124946
L. J. Williams, Aaron R. Williams, Ernest H. O’Boyle
We review the development of path model fit measures for latent variable models and highlight how they are different from global fit measures. Next, we consider findings from two published simulation articles that reach different conclusions about the effectiveness of one path model fit measure (RMSEA-P). We then report the results of a new simulation study aimed at resolving the questions of whether and how the RMSEA-P should be used by organizational researchers. These results show that the RMSEA-P and its confidence interval is very effective with multiple indicator models at identifying misspecifications across large and small sample sizes and is effective at identifying true models at moderate to large sample sizes. We conclude with recommendations for how the RMSEA-P can be incorporated along with other information into model evaluation.
我们回顾了潜在变量模型的路径模型拟合措施的发展,并强调了它们与全局拟合措施的不同之处。接下来,我们考虑了两篇发表的模拟文章的发现,这些文章对单路径模型拟合度量(RMSEA-P)的有效性得出了不同的结论。然后,我们报告了一项新的模拟研究的结果,该研究旨在解决组织研究人员是否应该以及如何使用RMSEA-P的问题。这些结果表明,RMSEA-P及其置信区间在识别大样本和小样本的错误规范方面对多指标模型非常有效,并且在识别中等到大样本的真实模型方面非常有效。最后,我们对如何将RMSEA-P与其他信息一起纳入模型评估提出了建议。
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引用次数: 0
Should Moderated Regressions Include or Exclude Quadratic Terms? Present Both! Then Apply Our Linear Algebraic Analysis to Identify the Preferable Specification 适度回归应该包括还是排除二次项?同时出示!然后应用我们的线性代数分析来识别优选规范
IF 9.5 2区 管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2022-10-11 DOI: 10.1177/10944281221124945
A. Kalnins
Organizational research increasingly tests moderated relationships using multiple regression with interaction terms. Most research does so with little concern regarding curvilinear relationships. But methodologists have established that omitting quadratic terms of correlated primary variables may create false interaction positives (type 1 errors). If dependent variables are generated by the canonical process where fully specified regressions satisfy the Gauss-Markov assumptions, including quadratics solves the problem. But our empirical analysis of published organizational research suggests that dependent variables are often generated by processes where, even with quadratics included, regression analyses will remain Gauss-Markov non-compliant. In such cases, our linear algebraic analysis demonstrates that including quadratics—even those motivated by compelling theory—may exacerbate rather than mitigate the incidence of false interaction positives. The interaction coefficient may substantially change its magnitude and even flip sign once quadratics are included, and not necessarily for the better. We encourage researchers to present two full sets of results when testing moderating hypotheses—one with, and one without, quadratic terms. Researchers should then answer five questions developed here in order to determine the preferable set of results.
组织研究越来越多地使用交互项的多元回归来测试调节关系。大多数研究都很少关注曲线关系。但方法论者已经证实,省略相关主变量的二次项可能会产生假交互阳性(1型错误)。如果因变量是由正则过程生成的,其中完全指定的回归满足高斯-马尔可夫假设,包括二次方可以解决问题。但我们对已发表的组织研究的实证分析表明,因变量通常是由过程产生的,即使包括二次方,回归分析也将保持高斯-马尔可夫不符合。在这种情况下,我们的线性代数分析表明,包括象限——即使是那些受令人信服的理论驱动的象限——可能会加剧而不是减轻虚假交互阳性的发生率。一旦包括象限,相互作用系数可能会显著改变其大小,甚至翻转符号,而不一定是为了更好。我们鼓励研究人员在测试调节假设时提出两组完整的结果——一组有二次项,另一组没有二次项。然后,研究人员应该回答这里提出的五个问题,以确定一组更可取的结果。
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引用次数: 0
Measuring What Matters: Assessing how Executives Reference Firm Performance in Corporate Filings 衡量重要因素:评估高管在公司文件中如何参考公司业绩
IF 9.5 2区 管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2022-10-11 DOI: 10.1177/10944281221125160
S. Certo, Chunhu Jeon, Kristen A. Raney, Wookyung Lee
We know very little about the performance measures executives use to make decisions. To fill this void, we investigate the performance variables that executives reference in corporate filings with the SEC. Our analyses suggest that executives refer to monetary variables (i.e., revenue, profit, and cash flow) in over 98% of filings. In contrast, executives refer to the unitless performance measures scaled by size (i.e., return on assets, return on equity), which are favored by organizational scholars, in less than 15% of filings. We find that this preference for unscaled measures remains across market capitalization and actual firm performance. In other words, even observations with the highest levels of ROA and ROE are more likely to include monetary measures as opposed to ratios. In fact, we find that almost every observation that references ratios also includes monetary measures of firm performance. Stated differently, our findings suggest executives use ratios in addition to—and not instead of—monetary measures. We discuss research opportunities for scholars to further align with the practitioner perspective and to revisit conceptualizations of firm performance.
我们对高管们用于决策的绩效指标知之甚少。为了填补这一空白,我们调查了高管在向美国证券交易委员会提交的公司文件中提到的绩效变量。我们的分析表明,高管在98%以上的文件中提到了货币变量(即收入、利润和现金流)。相比之下,高管们在不到15%的文件中提到了按规模衡量的无单位绩效指标(即资产回报率、股本回报率),这受到了组织学者的青睐。我们发现,这种对未分级指标的偏好在整个市值和实际公司业绩中仍然存在。换言之,即使ROA和ROE水平最高的观察结果也更有可能包括货币措施,而不是比率。事实上,我们发现几乎每一个引用比率的观察结果都包括对公司业绩的货币衡量。换句话说,我们的研究结果表明,高管们除了使用货币指标之外,还使用比率,而不是代替货币指标。我们讨论了学者进一步与从业者观点保持一致并重新审视企业绩效概念的研究机会。
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引用次数: 3
Advancing Reproducibility and Accountability of Unsupervised Machine Learning in Text Mining: Importance of Transparency in Reporting Preprocessing and Algorithm Selection 提高文本挖掘中无监督机器学习的可重复性和可问责性:透明性在报告预处理和算法选择中的重要性
IF 9.5 2区 管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2022-09-21 DOI: 10.1177/10944281221124947
L. Valtonen, S. Mäkinen, J. Kirjavainen
Machine learning (ML) enables the analysis of large datasets for pattern discovery. ML methods and the standards for their use have recently attracted increasing attention in organizational research; recent accounts have raised awareness of the importance of transparent ML reporting practices, especially considering the influence of preprocessing and algorithm choice on analytical results. However, efforts made thus far to advance the quality of ML research have failed to consider the special methodological requirements of unsupervised machine learning (UML) separate from the more common supervised machine learning (SML). We confronted these issues by studying a common organizational research dataset of unstructured text and discovered interpretability and representativeness trade-offs between combinations of preprocessing and UML algorithm choices that jeopardize research reproducibility, accountability, and transparency. We highlight the need for contextual justifications to address such issues and offer principles for assessing the contextual suitability of UML choices in research settings.
机器学习(ML)能够分析用于模式发现的大型数据集。ML方法及其使用标准最近在组织研究中引起了越来越多的关注;最近的报道提高了人们对透明ML报告实践重要性的认识,特别是考虑到预处理和算法选择对分析结果的影响。然而,到目前为止,为提高机器学习研究的质量所做的努力未能考虑到无监督机器学习(UML)与更常见的有监督的机器学习(SML)分开的特殊方法要求。我们通过研究非结构化文本的常见组织研究数据集来解决这些问题,并发现预处理和UML算法选择的组合之间的可解释性和代表性权衡会危及研究的可重复性、可问责性和透明度。我们强调了解决这些问题的上下文论证的必要性,并提供了评估UML选择在研究环境中的上下文适用性的原则。
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引用次数: 1
Reviewer Resources: Confirmatory Factor Analysis 评审员资源:验证性因素分析
IF 9.5 2区 管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2022-08-31 DOI: 10.1177/10944281221120541
Christopher D. Nye
Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) are widely used in the organizational literature. As a result, understanding how to properly conduct these analyses, report the results, and interpret their implications is critically important for advancing organizational research. The goal of this paper is to summarize the complexities of CFA models and, therefore, to provide a resource for journal reviewers and researchers who are using CFA in their research. The topics covered in this paper include the estimation process, power analyses, model fit, and model modifications, among other things. In addition, this paper concludes with a checklist that summarizes the key points that are discussed and can be used to evaluate future studies that incorporate CFA.
验证性因素分析(CFA)在组织文献中得到了广泛的应用。因此,了解如何正确进行这些分析、报告结果并解释其含义对于推进组织研究至关重要。本文的目的是总结CFA模型的复杂性,从而为在研究中使用CFA的期刊评审员和研究人员提供资源。本文涵盖的主题包括估计过程、功率分析、模型拟合和模型修改等。此外,本文最后总结了一份清单,该清单总结了所讨论的关键点,可用于评估未来纳入CFA的研究。
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引用次数: 6
Corrigendum to Using CATA and Machine Learning to Operationalize Old Constructs in New Ways: An Illustration Using U.S. Governors’ COVID-19 Press Briefings 使用CATA和机器学习以新方式实现旧结构的操作:以美国州长COVID-19新闻发布会为例
IF 9.5 2区 管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2022-08-21 DOI: 10.1177/10944281221114765
J. Marshall, F. Yammarino, S. Parameswaran, M. Cheong
In the above-referenced article, Appendices A to D were inadvertently uploaded as a supplemental material, but now we have included the Appendices A to D back in the main published paper, as appendices included a sample code and how-to tutorial guidance and shall provide a great value to the readers. The referenced article has been corrected accordingly. © The Author(s) 2022.
在上面引用的文章中,附录A到D被无意中作为补充材料上传,但现在我们已经将附录A到D重新包含在主要发表的论文中,因为附录中包含了示例代码和how-to教程指导,对读者有很大的价值。所引用的文章已作相应更正。©作者2022。
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引用次数: 0
Construct Development and Validation in Three Practical Steps: Recommendations for Reviewers, Editors, and Authors* 在三个实际步骤中构建开发和验证:对审稿人,编辑和作者的建议*
IF 9.5 2区 管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2022-08-15 DOI: 10.1177/10944281221115374
L. Lambert, Daniel A. Newman
We review contemporary best practice for developing and validating measures of constructs in the organizational sciences. The three basic steps in scale development are: (a) construct definition, (b) choosing operationalizations that match the construct definition, and (c) obtaining empirical evidence to confirm construct validity. While summarizing this 3-step process [i.e., Define-Operationalize-Confirm], we address many issues in establishing construct validity and provide a checklist for journal reviewers and authors when evaluating the validity of measures used in organizational research. Among other points, we pay special attention to construct conceptualization, acknowledging existing constructs, improving existing measures, multidimensional constructs, macro-level constructs, and the need for independent samples to confirm construct validity and measurement equivalence across subpopulations.
我们回顾了在组织科学中开发和验证构造度量的当代最佳实践。量表开发的三个基本步骤是:(a)构造定义,(b)选择与构造定义匹配的操作化,(c)获得经验证据来确认构造有效性。在总结这三步过程(即定义-操作-确认)的同时,我们解决了建立结构效度的许多问题,并为期刊审稿人和作者在评估组织研究中使用的测量方法的效度时提供了一份清单。其中,我们特别关注结构概念化,承认现有结构,改进现有措施,多维结构,宏观层面的结构,以及需要独立样本来确认结构有效性和测量在亚群体中的等效性。
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引用次数: 14
Entwined Positionality and Interpretive Frames of Reference: An Autoethnographic Account 纠缠的位置性和解释性参考框架:一个民族志解释
IF 9.5 2区 管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2022-06-30 DOI: 10.1177/10944281221111401
Yemisi Bolade-Ogunfodun, Lebene Richmond Soga, B. Laker
This paper investigates the ethnographic researcher's positionality and its role in sensemaking within the research process. Using autoethnographic data of the first author - a black female West African (Yoruba) scholar in a Western organizational context, we adopt a critical sensemaking approach to make sense of the researcher's field experience. We propose a conceptualization of the researcher's positionality as one that is entwined in the field, being an active interaction of the researcher's formative context with her sensory capabilities. We demonstrate how openness to the researcher's entwined positionality generates interpretive frames of reference and uncovers nuances in the sensemaking process, which widens the scope for reflexivity. We offer a methodological roadmap for engaging entwined positionality in reflexive practice and contribute to the body of research which challenges the idea of the detached researcher; thus, we respond to the growing calls for integrating the elements of a researcher's positionality into research in a way that enhances reflexivity.
本文探讨了民族志研究者的立场及其在研究过程中的意义制造作用。在西方组织背景下,我们使用第一作者——一位西非黑人女性学者的民族志数据,采用批判性感知方法来理解研究人员的实地经验。我们提出了一个概念,将研究人员的位置性视为一个与该领域纠缠在一起的位置性,即研究人员的形成环境与她的感官能力的积极互动。我们展示了对研究者纠缠的立场的开放性是如何产生解释参考框架的,并揭示了感知过程中的细微差别,从而拓宽了自反性的范围。我们提供了一个方法论路线图,用于在反射实践中引入纠缠的立场,并为挑战超然研究者理念的研究主体做出贡献;因此,我们回应了越来越多的呼声,要求以增强自反性的方式将研究人员的立场元素融入研究中。
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引用次数: 4
期刊
Organizational Research Methods
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