Pharmaceutical nanotechnology最新文献

Keratomycosis, also termed fungal keratitis (FK), is an invasive eye condition for which there is a lack of available effective treatment due to pharmacological shortages and vital ocular obstacles. This severe corneal infection typically suppurates and eventually ulcerates, ultimately causing blindness or decreased vision. According to epidemiological studies, FK is more common in warm, humid places with an agricultural economy. The use of nanoemulsion carriers for ocular fungal infection has been promoting better treatment and patient compliance. The persistent fungal infection like FK, affecting particularly the stroma heralds complications thereby posing difficulty in diagnosis and treatment. To help treat refractory cases and improve outcomes, recently targeted drug delivery techniques and novel antifungal drugs shall be explored. A delay in diagnosis may cause corneal fungal infections to have irreversible consequences, which cannot be avoided. However, infections can develop into ocular perforation even after receiving intense care. The commonly used chemotherapy for FK is based on topical (natamycin 5% is typically first-line therapy) and systemic administration of azole drugs. To address the problems related to better treatment, various nanoemulsion carriers were discussed. Novel drug delivery systems based on nanoemulsions are a viable therapeutic option for treating keratomycosis and may be a candidate method for overcoming obstacles in the treatment of many other ocular illnesses when combined with different hydrophobic medicines. With a brief explanation of the pathogenesis, this article seeks to give readers a thorough analysis of current trends, various treatment choices, and care strategies for fungal keratitis.

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and is expected to greatly rise in future, making it a major worldwide health concern with severe impacts on individuals and society. Despite advancements in understanding the cellular and molecular aspects of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in recent decades, it still poses a significant problem. A major problem is accurately delivering drugs to diseased neurons while minimising effects on healthy neurons. This difficulty is worsened by the low water solubility of anti-Alzheimer's disease medicines and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that hinders the entry of central nervous system pharmaceuticals that are highly lipophilic.

Objective: The focus of this article is on nanocarriers that are lipid-based. This is one of the more widely accepted methods of treating Alzheimer's disease, as it increases therapeutic efficacy while decreasing side effects related to cooperated neurological disorder payload.

Method: Searched many databases for papers published under the title (including PubMed, Elsevier, and Google Scholar).

Results/conclusion: Nano Lipid Carriers (NLCs) are recognized for their ability to target the brain effectively due to their lipid-loving properties and compatibility with living tissues. They improve the absorption of drugs in the brain while decreasing the accumulation of drugs in unintended organs. This work emphasises the importance of nano lipid carriers, which are lipophilic and biocompatible and have demonstrated exceptional targeting efficiency, making them an ideal carrier system for delivering medications to the brain.

Aims: This research aimed to study the potential of PDEN from P. peruviana fruits (PENC) for regenerating and remodeling HDF.

Background: Large wounds are dangerous and require prompt and effective healing. Various efforts have been undertaken, but have been somewhat ineffective. Plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (PDEN) are easily sampled, relatively cost-effective, exhibit high yields, and are nonimmunogenic.

Objectives: The objective of the study was to isolate and characterize PDEN from Physalis peruviana (PENC), and determine PENC's internalization and toxicity on HDF cells, PENC's ability to regenerate HDF (proliferation and migration), and PENC ability's to remodel HDF (collagen I and MMP-1 production).

Methods: PENC was isolated using gradual filtration and centrifugation, followed by sedimentation using PEG6000. Characterization was done using a particle size analyzer, zeta potential analyzer, TEM, and BCA assay. Internalization was done using PKH67 staining. Toxicity and proliferation assays were conducted using MTT assay; meanwhile, migration assay was carried out by employing the scratch assay. Collagen I production was performed using immunocytochemistry and MMP-1 production was conducted using ELISA.

Results: MTT assay showed a PENC concentration of 2.5 until 500 μg/mL and being non-toxic to cells. PENC has been found to induce cell proliferation in 1, 3, 5, and 7 days. PENC at a concentration of 2.5, 5, and 7.5 μg/mL, also accelerated HDF migration using the scratch assay in two days. In remodeling, PENC upregulated collagen-1 expression from day 7 to 14 compared to control. MMP-1 declined from day 2 to 7 in every PENC concentration and increased on day 14. Overall, PENC at concentrations of 2.5, 5, and 7.5 μg/mL induced HDF proliferation and migration, upregulated collagen I production, and decreased MMP-1 levels.

Conclusion: Isolated PENC was 190-220 nm in size, circular, covered with membrane, and its zeta potential was -6.7 mV; it could also be stored at 4°C for up to 2 weeks in aqua bidest. Protein concentration ranged between 170-1,395 μg/mL. Using PKH67, PENC could enter HDF within 6 hours. PENC was non-toxic up to a concentration of 500 μg/mL. Using MTT and scratch assay, PENC was found to elevate HDF proliferation and migration, and reorganize actin. Using immunocytochemistry, collagen I was upregulated by PENC, whereas MMP-1 concentration was reduced.

The potential use of nanoparticle-based formulations is being explored rapidly for drug delivery in ocular treatment. Despite having several advancements in the area of ocular therapy, the pharmacokinetics-based formulation development for pediatric ocular treatment is still not in proper focus. There are an inadequate number of degenerative ocular ailments with childhood onset. The purpose of this review is to focus on the pharmacokinetics studies of nanoparticle- based formulations for treating ocular diseases and problems associated with the ocular treatment of the pediatric population. Recent studies on pharmaceutical modeling of ocular formulations have also been discussed. Nanoparticle-based formulations were collected by conducting a literature survey on PubMed, Science Direct, and other portals. In this review, we have explored in detail the explanation behind the inequality among available ocular treatment regimens for youngsters as well as adults by specifically focusing on those diseases that can be distressing for children. Latest innovative developments and advancements in drug delivery systems and challenges in their usage particularly for young infant patients were also discussed. It can be concluded that the bioavailability of ocular formulations and their effect on ocular cells can be further enhanced manifolds by the development of nanoparticles-based formulations.

Cancer is classified as having one of the highest mortality rates on a global scale, presenting a significant challenge in its treatment, especially when conventional chemotherapy methodologies are used. Conversely, there is a growing interest in utilizing herbal medicine as an alternative to the treatment of cancer because of its lack of adverse effects compared to contemporary medical strategies. The incorporation of nanotechnology into therapy has attracted attention owing to its efficacy in the treatment of various illnesses. Phytosomes play a crucial role in the treatment of cancer by enhancing the characteristics of drugs and nanostructures within carriers to enable targeted drug delivery. The establishment of chemical bonds between phospholipid molecules and bioactive compounds from plants ensures the stability of phytosomes, thus establishing them as an innovative mechanism for drug delivery systems that transport plant-derived constituents to specific areas. This mini-overview discusses the potential phytosome complexes, uses, drawbacks, patents, challenges, and prospects of phytosomes in cancer treatment. Thus, numerous phytosomal formulations incorporating plant-derived components have exhibited promising anticancer properties, with several formulations currently undergoing clinical trials.

Topical formulations of corticosteroids, particularly clobetasol propionate (CP), are commonly used to treat a range of dermatological conditions. CP is a potent corticosteroid known for its efficacy in managing inflammatory and pruritic manifestations of corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses. Emulgel-based formulations of CP have emerged as an innovative approach, offering advantages like improved drug solubility, enhanced skin penetration, and extended drug release. This review aims to provide an updated overview of the latest advancements in the development and evaluation of CP emulgel formulations. Key aspects discussed include the selection and optimization of emulgel components, formulation characterization, in vitro drug release, and pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory and anti-pruritic effects. Emphasis is placed on recent studies and innovations that underscore the potential of CP emulgels in dermatological therapy, highlighting their promising applications in enhancing therapeutic efficacy and patient outcomes.

Background: Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) are explored as vehicles for ophthalmic drug delivery owing to their better drug loading, good permeation, and satisfactory safety profile.

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to fabricate and characterize an in situ ocular gel of loratadine as a model drug based on NLCs to enhance the drug residence time.

Methods: NLCs were fabricated using the microemulsion method in which solid lipid as Compritol 888 ATO, lipid as oleic acid, surfactant as Tween 80, and isopropyl alcohol as co-surfactant as alcohol were used. Based on the evaluation of formulation batches of NLCs, the optimized batch was selected and further utilized for the formulation of in situ gel containing Carbopol 934 and HPMC K15M as gelling agents, and characterized Results: The optimized NLCs of loratadine exhibited entrapment efficiency of 83.13 ± 0.13% and an average particle size of 18.98 ± 1.22 nm. Drug content and drug release were found to be 98.67 and 92.48%, respectively. Excellent rheology and mucoadhesion were demonstrated by the loratadine NLC-loaded in situ gel to enhance its attachment to the mucosa. NLC-based in situ ocular gel showed the desired results for topical administration. The prepared gel was observed to be non-irritating to the eye.

Conclusion: The optimized NLC-based in situ gel formulation presented better corneal retention and it was found to be stable, offering sustained release of the drug. Thus, the joined system of sol-gel was found promising for ophthalmic drug delivery.

Transdermal drug delivery is an attractive and patient-friendly route for administering therapeutic agents. However, the skin's natural barrier, the stratum corneum, restricts the passage of many drugs, limiting their effectiveness. To overcome this challenge, researchers have developed various nanocarriers to enhance drug penetration through the skin. Transethosomes, a novel and promising drug delivery system, have emerged as an innovative solution for improving transdermal drug delivery. Transethosomes are a hybrid of two established nanocarriers: ethosomes and transfersomes. Ethosomes are lipid-based vesicles that can accommodate lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs, while transfersomes are deformable lipid vesicles designed to enhance skin penetration. Transethosomes combine the advantages of both systems, making them ideal candidates for efficient transdermal drug delivery. They are composed of phospholipids, ethanol, and water and exhibit high flexibility, enabling them to squeeze through the tight junctions of the stratum corneum. This abstract reviews the key characteristics of transethosomes, including their composition, preparation methods, mechanisms of action, characterization parameters, and prospects. Moreover, the recent advancements and applications of transethosomes in delivering various therapeutic agents, such as analgesics, anti-inflammatories, hormones, and skincare products, are explored. The enhanced skin penetration capabilities of transethosomes can potentially reduce systemic side effects and improve patient compliance, making them a valuable tool in the field of transdermal drug delivery. In conclusion, transethosomes represent a promising platform for overcoming the challenges of transdermal drug delivery. Their unique properties enable efficient drug permeation through the skin, offering a more controlled and effective means of administering a wide range of pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. This abstract highlights the potential of transethosomes as a valuable addition to the field of transdermal drug delivery and paves the way for further research and development in this area.