Pharmaceutical nanotechnology最新文献

The development of targeted cancer therapies has become crucial in addressing the limitations of conventional chemotherapy, particularly its lack of specificity and severe side effects. Polymeric nanocarriers have emerged as a transformative solution, providing enhanced drug solubility, selective targeting, and controlled release of therapeutics. This review discusses recent advances in polymeric nanocarriers, emphasizing their capacity to incorporate multiple drugs and optimize delivery through both active and passive targeting strategies, and especially the transition to targeted cancer therapy through the various applied methods in the field. Mechanisms such as the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect for passive targeting, and the use of ligands, peptides, and proteins for active targeting, are explored in depth. Furthermore, the potential of these nanocarriers to improve therapeutic outcomes through targeting specific cellular and subcellular sites, including the nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum, is examined. These innovations pave the way for the development of safer and more effective cancer treatments with the potential to enhance clinical outcomes.

This thorough analysis looks critically at how glycosaminoglycan (GAG) supports joint health. It emphasizes the importance of GAG in particular, clarifies the underlying processes linked to joint pain, and assesses the shortcomings of traditional therapy modalities. Additionally, the research delves into several traditional approaches, such as injectable GAG therapy and oral supplements, carefully evaluating the benefits and drawbacks of each. The study then explores novel GAG drug delivery technologies, acknowledging the urgent need for better treatment approaches. The article highlights the potential of hydrogel-based systems, liposomal/micellar carriers, and nanoparticles in addressing current challenges in GAG delivery. These challenges include achieving sustained release, improving bioavailability, facilitating targeted delivery, and reducing safety concerns related to biocompatibility. Examining these elements closely and critically, the review seeks to provide a thorough grasp of the developments, difficulties, and possible breakthroughs in GAG delivery systems. In the end, this thorough investigation will greatly aid in the improvement of joint pain therapies. The results imply that by shielding articular joints from erosive effects, early use of GAG therapy-particularly hyaluronic acid-can reduce joint deterioration associated with arthritis. Even though GAG-based therapies have shown promise in lowering inflammation and increasing joint flexibility, further study is required to improve their effectiveness in treating joint pain, particularly in diseases like osteoarthritis.

Metallic nanostructures play a vital role in technological advancement, providing exceptional performance and improved adaptability in comparison to their bulk equivalents. Conventional synthesis techniques frequently depend on dangerous reducing agents to transform metal ions into Nanoparticles (NPs), which presents considerable environmental and health issues. In contrast, the approach of green synthesis, which emphasizes the use of non-toxic reagents, has garnered significant interest as a sustainable method for the fabrication of Metallic Nanoparticles (MNPs). This sustainable approach utilizes biological sources, like actinomycetes, algae, fungi, polymers, crops, waste biomass, and yeast, recognized for their excellent biocompatibility, availability, affordability, and efficiency. Biological extracts act as reducing and stabilizing agents, with the metabolites and enzymes present in these extracts aiding in the conversion of metal ions into nanoparticles. This review offers an in-depth examination of different MNPs, such as copper, gold, platinum, silver, and zinc, emphasizing their distinct characteristics and a variety of synthesis methods. The review further explores the diverse applications of MNPs in biomimetics, agriculture, and various industrial sectors, including energy, catalysis, and wastewater treatment, along with optical enhancement. This review explores stability and toxicity profiles, filling a significant gap in the existing knowledge base and providing valuable insights into the broad applicability of MNPs.

Aim: This study aimed to develop and evaluate lornoxicam (LXM) and thiocolchicoside (TCS) transferosomal transdermal patches.

Background: Oral administration of LXM and TCS can lead to gastric irritation, necessitating alternative delivery methods for pain and inflammation relief. Incorporating LXM & TCS into transferosomes within a transdermal patch offers a potential solution.

Objective: The objective of this study is to develop and evaluate transferosomal transdermal patches containing LXM and TCS, incorporating Aloe vera leaf mucilage (AVLM) and lime oil (LO) as permeability enhancers. The aim is to enhance the skin permeation of these drugs while mitigating gastric irritation associated with their oral administration.

Method: Transferosomes were made by the thin film hydration tactic, with nine formulations based on three independent variables: phosphatidylcholine, span 80, and sonication time. Entrapment efficiency and drug release at 6th h were assessed as dependent variables. The optimized combination was then formulated into transdermal patches via central composite design, evaluating the impact of AVLM and LO on lornoxicam discharge and other physicochemical properties.

Results: The average weight and thickness of the patches ranged from 7.52±0.75 to 8.07±0.11g and from 1.69±0.01 to 1.82±0.02mm, respectively, representing minimal variance. The LXM/TCS content homogeneity ranged from 92.84±3.55 to 94.07±4.61% for LXM and from 90.17±1.98 to 93.18±2.98% for TCS, demonstrating robust uniformity. Higher proportions of phosphatidylcholine and span 80, along with lesser sonication time, led to improved entrapment of lornoxicam. In vitro, discharge studies demonstrated optimal discharge with a higher proportion of phosphatidylcholine, a medium proportion of span 80, and a longer sonication time. The transferosomal patches exhibited zero-order discharge kinetics, with LXM & TCS discharge % at 24, 48, and 72 h.

Conclusion: The study concludes that formulation TDP-8, which incorporates 3g of Aloe vera leaf mucilage (AVLM) and lime oil (LO) as permeability enhancers, demonstrated favorable discharge characteristics. This indicates its potential as an effective transdermal delivery system for LXM and TCS, offering a promising substitute for pain and inflammation relief while minimizing gastric irritation. The study succeeded in developing and evaluating transferosomal transdermal patches for LXM and TCS, providing an alternative delivery method that minimizes gastric irritation.

Even with recent advancements in surgery and multimodal adjuvant therapy, brain cancer treatment is still difficult. The blood-brain barrier and the potentially deadly medications' nonspecificity have made pharmacological treatment for brain cancer particularly ineffective. The nanoparticle has surfaced as a viable brain delivery vector that can solve the issues with existing approaches. Furthermore, it is possible to integrate many functions into a single nanoplatform to enable tumor-specific diagnosis, therapy, and follow-up observation. Conventional technology does not allow for such multitasking. Recent developments in brain cancer treatment and detection using nanoparticles are discussed in this study. The benefits of delivery via nanoparticles are discussed, along with the kinds of nanoparticle systems being studied and their potential uses.

Background: Itraconazole (ICZ) has been approved by the FDA to treat many fungal infections including, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, and aspergillosis. ICZ can be also used as prophylaxis in the population who are at high risk for developing systemic fungal infections, such as HIV patients, and chemotherapy patients.

Aim: However, since ICZ is a BCS Class II drug that has low solubility and high permeability, leads to low oral bioavailability. In addition, the absorption of ICZ from commercial oral dosage forms is highly affected by food intake and pH.

Objective: The current study aimed to develop, optimize, and characterize ICZ-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (ICZ-SLNs) using a Central Composite Design for improved solubility and extendedrelease profile.

Methods: ICZ-SLNs were optimized based on physicochemical characteristics. ICZ-SLNs were also evaluated for differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), in-vitro release, lyophilization, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and physicochemical stability at refrigerated and room temperatures for three months.

Results: The optimized ICZ-SLNs formulation showed particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, drug content, and entrapment efficiency of 335.6±8.0 nm, 0.25±0.02, -23.8±0.5 mV, 98.3±2.5%, and 99.5±1.5%, respectively. ICZ-SLN dispersions showed extended-release profiles for ICZ compared to the control solution over 24 h. The absence of the endothermic melting drug peak of the lyophilized formulation indicated that the drug was converted to its amorphous form inside the solid matrix. In addition, TEM studies showed spherical shape nanoparticles. Moreover, the optimized ICZ-SLN formulation was stable at both tested storage conditions.

Conclusion: The current ICZ formulation could exhibit improved oral bioavailability with better therapeutic outcomes during the treatment of systemic fungal infections.

Polymeric nano-discs offer a promising and adaptable nanocarrier platform for topical applications involving the targeted administration of drugs. These biocompatible polymer-based, disc-shaped, nanoscale structures have drawn interest due to their exceptional capacity to encapsulate a diverse range of theranostics. Theranostics, the concept of combining treatments and diagnostics into a single system, is the core of attraction. Precision and fewer adverse effects are provided by the regulated and prolonged release of these drugs made possible by polymeric nano-discs. They also offer the perfect foundation for keeping track of the effectiveness of treatments. The selection of polymeric materials that provide biocompatibility and customized release mechanisms is critical to effectively implementing polymeric nano-discs. Recent pre-clinical and clinical research has demonstrated efficacy in targeted therapeutic interventions. Nevertheless, there are obstacles and restrictions in real-world implementation, and more study is necessary to fully realize their potential. Hence polymeric nano-discs offer controlled drug release and simultaneous diagnostic capabilities, making them a flexible and viable path forward for topical theranostics. Their advancement has opportunities for improved treatment results; however, more study is needed to properly resolve obstacles and realize their therapeutic potential.

Background: Malaria remains a formidable public health obstacle across Africa, Southeast Asia, and portions of South America, exacerbated by resistance to antimalarial medications, such as artemisinin-based combinations. The combination of curcumin and artemisinin shows promise due to its potential for dose reduction, reduced toxicity, synergistic effects, and suitability for drug delivery improvement.

Objectives: This research aims to enhance the solubility and dissolution rates of curcumin and artemisinin by employing Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs). Oral delivery of both drugs faces challenges due to their poor water solubility, inefficient absorption, and rapid metabolism and elimination.

Methods: The study focuses on formulating and optimizing Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) encapsulating artemisinin (ART) and curcumin (CUR). SLNs were developed using the hot homogenization method, incorporating ultrasonication. Drug-excipient compatibility was evaluated using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Lipid and surfactant screening was performed to select suitable components. A 3² full factorial design was utilized to investigate the influence of lipid and surfactant concentrations on key parameters, such as entrapment efficiency (%EE) and cumulative drug release (%CDR). Additionally, evaluations of %EE, drug loading, particle size, zeta potential, and in-vitro drug release were conducted.

Results: Successful development of artemisinin and curcumin SLNs was achieved using a full factorial design, demonstrating controlled drug release and high entrapment efficiency. The optimized nanoparticles exhibited a size of 114.7nm, uniformity (PDI: 0.261), and a zeta potential of -9.24 mV. Artemisinin and curcumin showed %EE values of 79.1% and 74.5%, respectively, with cumulative drug release of 85.1% and 80.9%, respectively. The full factorial design indicated that increased lipid concentration improved %EE, while higher surfactant concentration enhanced drug release and %EE. Stability studies of the optimized batch revealed no alterations in physical or chemical characteristics.

Conclusion: The study successfully developed Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) for artemisinin and curcumin, achieving controlled drug release, high entrapment efficiency, and desired particle size and uniformity. This advancement holds promise for enhancing drug delivery of herbal formulations.