Pub Date : 2015-03-30DOI: 10.15228/2015.V05.I01.P02
M. Hassan, S. Nisar, S. Kazmi, M. Qadri, S. Imad, R. Naz
{"title":"Kinetics and Mechanism of Reduction of Fe(III)-Acetohydroxamic Acid by Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride at Acidic pH","authors":"M. Hassan, S. Nisar, S. Kazmi, M. Qadri, S. Imad, R. Naz","doi":"10.15228/2015.V05.I01.P02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15228/2015.V05.I01.P02","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19815,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Chemistry","volume":"30 1","pages":"8-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84609888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-03-24DOI: 10.15228/2015.V05.I01.P03
S. Rasool, Aziz‐ur‐Rehman, M. Abbasi, S. Z. Siddiqui, A. S. Gondal, H. Noor, S. Sheral, I. Ahmad
The antibacterial and lipoxygenase enzyme inhibition activities of two series of compounds have been investigated in the presented work. The 4-methyl/hydroxy benzoic acids (1a & 1b) were used as starting materials to prepare corresponding esters (2a & 2b), hydrazides (3a & 3b), 5-(4-methylphenyl/4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-thiols (4a & 4b), S-substituted esters (5a & 5b) and acetohydrazides (6a & 6b). The acetohydrazones, 8a-i & 9a-i, were synthesized by stirring 6a & 6b with mono(di)substituted phenylcarboxaldehydes (7a-i) in methanol. The data of IR, 1 H-NMR and EIMS spectral techniques well confirmed the structural formulae of synthesized compounds. The molecules of 4-methyl series rendered the better results than those of 4-hydroxy series.
{"title":"Antibacterial and Enzyme Inhibition Study of Hydrazone Derivatives Bearing 1, 3, 4- Oxadiazole","authors":"S. Rasool, Aziz‐ur‐Rehman, M. Abbasi, S. Z. Siddiqui, A. S. Gondal, H. Noor, S. Sheral, I. Ahmad","doi":"10.15228/2015.V05.I01.P03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15228/2015.V05.I01.P03","url":null,"abstract":"The antibacterial and lipoxygenase enzyme inhibition activities of two series of compounds have been investigated in the presented work. The 4-methyl/hydroxy benzoic acids (1a & 1b) were used as starting materials to prepare corresponding esters (2a & 2b), hydrazides (3a & 3b), 5-(4-methylphenyl/4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-thiols (4a & 4b), S-substituted esters (5a & 5b) and acetohydrazides (6a & 6b). The acetohydrazones, 8a-i & 9a-i, were synthesized by stirring 6a & 6b with mono(di)substituted phenylcarboxaldehydes (7a-i) in methanol. The data of IR, 1 H-NMR and EIMS spectral techniques well confirmed the structural formulae of synthesized compounds. The molecules of 4-methyl series rendered the better results than those of 4-hydroxy series.","PeriodicalId":19815,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Chemistry","volume":"22 1","pages":"14-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75465825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.15228/2015.V05.I03.P07201509310955
Zahid Khan
ABSTRACT New transition metal complexes of a Schiff base (5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde-N-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3ylidene)hydrazone) have been synthesized, characterized and evaluated in-vitro for their anti-microbial and anti-oxidant activities. Modern characterization techniques including CHN, IR, UV-Vis, AAS and SEM have been employed for characterization. The bis Schiff base found to be a tridentate ligand and coordinated to the metal centers through its phenolic oxygen, azomethine nitrogen and carbonyl group. On the basis of spectral evidences and magnetic susceptibility data of complexes, square planner geometry is proposed for Cu +2 complex, distorted tetrahedral geometry is proposed for Zn +2 while octahedral geometries are proposed for Co +2 and Ni +2 complexes. Results of antimicrobial studies revealed that the metal complexes are more potent bactericide and fungicide agents. This boost in activity can be explained on the basis of chelation theory suggesting that chelation reduces the polarity of metal ions which increase the lipophilic nature of the complex and hence is able to cross the lipid barrier layer of cell membrane to interfere normal cell functions leading to cell death. On the other hand however, Schiff base ligand showed more DPPH radical scavenging activity compared to the complexes which is attributed to the presence of OH group in the Schiff base.
{"title":"Synthesis, Characterization, and In-Vitro Anti-Microbial and Anti-Oxidant Activities of Co+2, Ni+2, Cu+2 and Zn+2 Complexes of 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde-N-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3-ylidene)hydrazone","authors":"Zahid Khan","doi":"10.15228/2015.V05.I03.P07201509310955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15228/2015.V05.I03.P07201509310955","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT New transition metal complexes of a Schiff base (5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde-N-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3ylidene)hydrazone) have been synthesized, characterized and evaluated in-vitro for their anti-microbial and anti-oxidant activities. Modern characterization techniques including CHN, IR, UV-Vis, AAS and SEM have been employed for characterization. The bis Schiff base found to be a tridentate ligand and coordinated to the metal centers through its phenolic oxygen, azomethine nitrogen and carbonyl group. On the basis of spectral evidences and magnetic susceptibility data of complexes, square planner geometry is proposed for Cu +2 complex, distorted tetrahedral geometry is proposed for Zn +2 while octahedral geometries are proposed for Co +2 and Ni +2 complexes. Results of antimicrobial studies revealed that the metal complexes are more potent bactericide and fungicide agents. This boost in activity can be explained on the basis of chelation theory suggesting that chelation reduces the polarity of metal ions which increase the lipophilic nature of the complex and hence is able to cross the lipid barrier layer of cell membrane to interfere normal cell functions leading to cell death. On the other hand however, Schiff base ligand showed more DPPH radical scavenging activity compared to the complexes which is attributed to the presence of OH group in the Schiff base.","PeriodicalId":19815,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Chemistry","volume":"34 1","pages":"143-149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89713091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.15228/2015.V05.I03.P01201509310905
Khadija Jabbar
*Corresponding Author Received 7 th July 2015, Accepted 25 th September 2015 New Design of Flow Injection Unit for Determination of Aluminum (Iii) by Alizarin Dye Khadija J. A and Zaid N. U * Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education for Girls of Kufa, Iraq University Email: khdijajabar@gmail.com ABSTRACT A new simple and rapid method was reported for the accurate and precised spectrophotometric determination of Aluminum [Al (III)] using flow injection analysis (FIA). The method is based on determination of Al (III) by Alizarin dye spectrophotometrically at 494nm.The variousphysical and chemical parameters affecting on determination of Al have been investigated including flow rate, reaction coil length, and volume of reagent (Alizarin), volume of sample, pH,and concentration of both reactants.The precision and accuracy of the results were determined through reproducibility. The interferences of ions were also checked using different ions. The method allows the determination of linear range (2-140) mg/l and the sampling rate of 120 samples per hour, the detection limit (0.5 mg/l) for FIA. Relative standard deviation for (60mg/l), n=10 for the method is found (0.274% for FIA). The applications of this method were also studied for some pharmaceutical samples. Dispersion coefficient is measured for the method.
{"title":"New Design of Flow Injection Unit for Determination of Aluminum (Iii) by Alizarin Dye","authors":"Khadija Jabbar","doi":"10.15228/2015.V05.I03.P01201509310905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15228/2015.V05.I03.P01201509310905","url":null,"abstract":"*Corresponding Author Received 7 th July 2015, Accepted 25 th September 2015 New Design of Flow Injection Unit for Determination of Aluminum (Iii) by Alizarin Dye Khadija J. A and Zaid N. U * Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education for Girls of Kufa, Iraq University Email: khdijajabar@gmail.com ABSTRACT A new simple and rapid method was reported for the accurate and precised spectrophotometric determination of Aluminum [Al (III)] using flow injection analysis (FIA). The method is based on determination of Al (III) by Alizarin dye spectrophotometrically at 494nm.The variousphysical and chemical parameters affecting on determination of Al have been investigated including flow rate, reaction coil length, and volume of reagent (Alizarin), volume of sample, pH,and concentration of both reactants.The precision and accuracy of the results were determined through reproducibility. The interferences of ions were also checked using different ions. The method allows the determination of linear range (2-140) mg/l and the sampling rate of 120 samples per hour, the detection limit (0.5 mg/l) for FIA. Relative standard deviation for (60mg/l), n=10 for the method is found (0.274% for FIA). The applications of this method were also studied for some pharmaceutical samples. Dispersion coefficient is measured for the method.","PeriodicalId":19815,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Chemistry","volume":"64 1","pages":"93-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84483187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.15228/2015.V05.I03.P03201509310952
Muhammad Naief
To overcome a drinking water contamination by heavy metals, effective low cost methods for removing heavy metals from aqueous solutions are required. In this study, reed straw was modified by using citric acid at thermal reaction, at different time and different temperatures used to remove Pb +2 ions from aqueous solutions. The best result for removing Pb +2 ions was giving at a modification time of 12 h and 120°C.The formation of cellulose _ citric acid cross-linking was confirmed by using FTIR spectrum. The b value of Langmuir isotherm was found to be 6.8 L/mg and qmax45.45 mg/g. The Freundlich constant kf was 0.91 mg/g and the n value was 3.06.
{"title":"An Investigation of Langmuir and Freundlich Isotherms for Removing of Pb+2ions from Aqueous Solutions by Using Modified Reed","authors":"Muhammad Naief","doi":"10.15228/2015.V05.I03.P03201509310952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15228/2015.V05.I03.P03201509310952","url":null,"abstract":"To overcome a drinking water contamination by heavy metals, effective low cost methods for removing heavy metals from aqueous solutions are required. In this study, reed straw was modified by using citric acid at thermal reaction, at different time and different temperatures used to remove Pb +2 ions from aqueous solutions. The best result for removing Pb +2 ions was giving at a modification time of 12 h and 120°C.The formation of cellulose _ citric acid cross-linking was confirmed by using FTIR spectrum. The b value of Langmuir isotherm was found to be 6.8 L/mg and qmax45.45 mg/g. The Freundlich constant kf was 0.91 mg/g and the n value was 3.06.","PeriodicalId":19815,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Chemistry","volume":"217 1","pages":"108-113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76084295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.15228/2015.V05.I03.P05201509310953
W. Ahmed
Grapefruit is an important fruit crop in the world as well as in Pakistan. The signalling molecule like methyl jasmonate (MeJA) are endogenous plant growth substances which can play a key role in plant growth and development and responses to environmental stresses. Phytochemicals in grapefruit are considered very important for human body due to their medicinal properties. The effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) applied before fifteen days of harvesting to estimate the fruit firmness, fruit color, total soluble solid (TSS), weight loss, total phenolic (TP) and separate phenolic compounds , total antioxidant activity (TAA) of “grape fruit were analyzed at initial stage of harvesting and after storage. Foliar spray of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) significantly decreased fruit weight loss after 90 days storage. Quality related parameters were maintained after 90 days storage. The higher doze of MeJA @ 4mM significantly maintained the total phenolics and antioxidant after 90 days of storage. Enzymes peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), Polycultrase (Poly) were found higher at 90 days storage these enzymes play an important role to developed a defense mechanisms in stored fruit those were delay fruit repining and improve shelf life of grapefruit during storage. MeJA applications has significantly increased different individual phenolic compounds especially chlorogenic acid contents after 90 days storage. These phytonutrient have significant role for antioxdative stress anti-viral, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory activities of human body. The application of MeJA has potential to produce the different enzymes linkage which increased the fruit internal change and produce the resistance for disease resistance and improve the quality of fruits.
{"title":"Pre Harvest Foliar Application of Methyl Jasmonate on Fruit Quality and Quality Enzymes and Phenolic Compounds Changes During Storage of Grapefruit","authors":"W. Ahmed","doi":"10.15228/2015.V05.I03.P05201509310953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15228/2015.V05.I03.P05201509310953","url":null,"abstract":"Grapefruit is an important fruit crop in the world as well as in Pakistan. The signalling molecule like methyl jasmonate (MeJA) are endogenous plant growth substances which can play a key role in plant growth and development and responses to environmental stresses. Phytochemicals in grapefruit are considered very important for human body due to their medicinal properties. The effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) applied before fifteen days of harvesting to estimate the fruit firmness, fruit color, total soluble solid (TSS), weight loss, total phenolic (TP) and separate phenolic compounds , total antioxidant activity (TAA) of “grape fruit were analyzed at initial stage of harvesting and after storage. Foliar spray of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) significantly decreased fruit weight loss after 90 days storage. Quality related parameters were maintained after 90 days storage. The higher doze of MeJA @ 4mM significantly maintained the total phenolics and antioxidant after 90 days of storage. Enzymes peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), Polycultrase (Poly) were found higher at 90 days storage these enzymes play an important role to developed a defense mechanisms in stored fruit those were delay fruit repining and improve shelf life of grapefruit during storage. MeJA applications has significantly increased different individual phenolic compounds especially chlorogenic acid contents after 90 days storage. These phytonutrient have significant role for antioxdative stress anti-viral, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory activities of human body. The application of MeJA has potential to produce the different enzymes linkage which increased the fruit internal change and produce the resistance for disease resistance and improve the quality of fruits.","PeriodicalId":19815,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Chemistry","volume":"46 1","pages":"123-134"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81416309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.15228/2015.V05.I03.P06201509310954
S. Nadeem
The physico-chemical and microbiological water quality parameters of ground water samples from different locations inside Gulshan-e-Iqbal Town, Karachi were analyzed by standard methods of analysis. The drinking water quality parameters such as pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Electrical conductance (EC) and concentration of important minerals such as Calcium (Ca 2+ ) Magnesium (Mg 2+ ), Sodium (Na + ), Potassium (K + ), Chloride (Cl ), and Sulphate (SO4 2) in ground water samples was determined and the experimental values were compared with the World Health Organization (WHO) and Pakistan Standard and Quality Control Authority (PSQCA) standards to evaluate the feasibility of ground water samples to be used as drinking water. The physico-chemical parameters of 90% ground water samples were found to be in compliance with WHO and PSQCA drinking water quality standards whereas microbiological characteristics of 70% of ground water samples were found satisfactory enough to permit there use as potable water.
{"title":"Assessment of Ground Water Quality at Selected Locations Inside Karachi City","authors":"S. Nadeem","doi":"10.15228/2015.V05.I03.P06201509310954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15228/2015.V05.I03.P06201509310954","url":null,"abstract":"The physico-chemical and microbiological water quality parameters of ground water samples from different locations inside Gulshan-e-Iqbal Town, Karachi were analyzed by standard methods of analysis. The drinking water quality parameters such as pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Electrical conductance (EC) and concentration of important minerals such as Calcium (Ca 2+ ) Magnesium (Mg 2+ ), Sodium (Na + ), Potassium (K + ), Chloride (Cl ), and Sulphate (SO4 2) in ground water samples was determined and the experimental values were compared with the World Health Organization (WHO) and Pakistan Standard and Quality Control Authority (PSQCA) standards to evaluate the feasibility of ground water samples to be used as drinking water. The physico-chemical parameters of 90% ground water samples were found to be in compliance with WHO and PSQCA drinking water quality standards whereas microbiological characteristics of 70% of ground water samples were found satisfactory enough to permit there use as potable water.","PeriodicalId":19815,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Chemistry","volume":"34 1","pages":"135-142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74066533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-30DOI: 10.15228/2014.V04.I04.P02
M. Abbasi, U. Mujahid, Aziz‐ur‐Rehman, S. Rasool, K. Khan, M. Ashraf
Sulfonamides belong to an emerging class having good inhibitory effects. In the present work, a series of N-substituted derivatives of N-benzyl-4-chlorobenzenesulfonamide have been synthesized. The reaction of moringine (benzylamine; 1) with 4chlorobenzenesulfonyl chloride (2) in aqueous medium yielded the parent molecule, N-benzyl-4-chlorobenzenesulfonamide (3). Alkyl/aralkyl halides, 4a-m, were reacted with 3 in polar aprotic medium to produce N-substituted derivatives, 5a-m. These synthesized products were characterized by H-NMR, IR and EI-MS spectra and screened against lipoxygenase (LOX) enzyme. These were found to be moderate inhibitors of this enzyme and could find their use as therapeutic agent for various inflammatory ailments.
{"title":"Synthesis of Some N-Substituted Sulfonamides Derived from Moringine as Lipoxygenase Inhibitors","authors":"M. Abbasi, U. Mujahid, Aziz‐ur‐Rehman, S. Rasool, K. Khan, M. Ashraf","doi":"10.15228/2014.V04.I04.P02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15228/2014.V04.I04.P02","url":null,"abstract":"Sulfonamides belong to an emerging class having good inhibitory effects. In the present work, a series of N-substituted derivatives of N-benzyl-4-chlorobenzenesulfonamide have been synthesized. The reaction of moringine (benzylamine; 1) with 4chlorobenzenesulfonyl chloride (2) in aqueous medium yielded the parent molecule, N-benzyl-4-chlorobenzenesulfonamide (3). Alkyl/aralkyl halides, 4a-m, were reacted with 3 in polar aprotic medium to produce N-substituted derivatives, 5a-m. These synthesized products were characterized by H-NMR, IR and EI-MS spectra and screened against lipoxygenase (LOX) enzyme. These were found to be moderate inhibitors of this enzyme and could find their use as therapeutic agent for various inflammatory ailments.","PeriodicalId":19815,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Chemistry","volume":"4 1","pages":"161-166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85252723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-30DOI: 10.15228/2014.v04.i04.p04
S. S. Raza
ABSTRACT Nanoscale alumina fibers reduce the flammability and melt dripping behaviour of polymers. Magnesium hydroxide breaks the agglomerates by generating shear and iterative forces. Mixing was done with Brabender Plasticoder. The temperature and time of mixing greatly affects the mixing behaviour. At higher temperatures blow holes were observed. By increasing the mixing time agglomerates were broken to a greater extent. Different concentrations of nanofibers, Magnesium hydroxide and surface treatments are used to investigate the properties of polymer. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), optical microscopy and flame test was done to see the effect of different parameters on mixing and flame retardancy behaviour.
{"title":"Preparation of Magnesium Hydroxide and Nanofiber Polymer Composites to Reduce the Flammability and Melt Dripping Behaviour of Polymers","authors":"S. S. Raza","doi":"10.15228/2014.v04.i04.p04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15228/2014.v04.i04.p04","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Nanoscale alumina fibers reduce the flammability and melt dripping behaviour of polymers. Magnesium hydroxide breaks the agglomerates by generating shear and iterative forces. Mixing was done with Brabender Plasticoder. The temperature and time of mixing greatly affects the mixing behaviour. At higher temperatures blow holes were observed. By increasing the mixing time agglomerates were broken to a greater extent. Different concentrations of nanofibers, Magnesium hydroxide and surface treatments are used to investigate the properties of polymer. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), optical microscopy and flame test was done to see the effect of different parameters on mixing and flame retardancy behaviour.","PeriodicalId":19815,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Chemistry","volume":"57 1","pages":"185-189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86504062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-30DOI: 10.15228/2014.V04.I04.P07
S. Imad, M. Yousaf, K. Shirin, S. Nisar, S. Naseem
Major coal fields in Punjab Province are located in the Salt and Surghar ranges, whose collective reserves are 235 million tons. Representative coal samples were collected from Makarwal, Kallar Kahar and Dandot for assessment of quality and its impact on environment during combustion. The coal was classified as sub-bituminous type on the basis of proximate analysis. Average measured calorific values were noted 6801, 5624 and 6415 Btu/lb for Makarwal, Kallar Kahar and Dandot samples respectively. Moderate moisture, volatiles, fixed carbon and low ash designate it as suitable material for electric generation and cement manufacturing. The average sulfur content of all samples was appeared as 5.13%, which is high for power generation and other allied industries. The combustion of this coal may pose threat to the environment in the region due to the presence of high sulfur and other trace elements like Al, Cr, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Sn, and Ni in appreciable quantities. Appropriate measure is essential to substantially reduce sulfur and these trace elements before using it in the power generation plants and other industries of Pakistan
{"title":"Quality and Environmental Impact Assessment of Coal Deposits of Punjab Pakistan","authors":"S. Imad, M. Yousaf, K. Shirin, S. Nisar, S. Naseem","doi":"10.15228/2014.V04.I04.P07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15228/2014.V04.I04.P07","url":null,"abstract":"Major coal fields in Punjab Province are located in the Salt and Surghar ranges, whose collective reserves are 235 million tons. Representative coal samples were collected from Makarwal, Kallar Kahar and Dandot for assessment of quality and its impact on environment during combustion. The coal was classified as sub-bituminous type on the basis of proximate analysis. Average measured calorific values were noted 6801, 5624 and 6415 Btu/lb for Makarwal, Kallar Kahar and Dandot samples respectively. Moderate moisture, volatiles, fixed carbon and low ash designate it as suitable material for electric generation and cement manufacturing. The average sulfur content of all samples was appeared as 5.13%, which is high for power generation and other allied industries. The combustion of this coal may pose threat to the environment in the region due to the presence of high sulfur and other trace elements like Al, Cr, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Sn, and Ni in appreciable quantities. Appropriate measure is essential to substantially reduce sulfur and these trace elements before using it in the power generation plants and other industries of Pakistan","PeriodicalId":19815,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":"205-211"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79157322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：