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Incentive Design for Overtime 加班激励设计
Pub Date : 2020-02-25 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3549028
Charu Agarwal
The paper presents an alternative incentive scheme to overcome some of the challenges posed by usual kind of pay-for-performance employee wage contracts offered by the firms.
本文提出了一种替代激励方案,以克服企业提供的常规绩效工资合同所带来的一些挑战。
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引用次数: 0
The Economic Value of Popularity: Evidence from Superstars in the National Basketball Association 人气的经济价值:来自nba超级明星的证据
Pub Date : 2020-02-24 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3543686
Scott Kaplan
Many industries are impacted by "superstars," where a select few individuals add tremendous economic value. This paper estimates fan willingness-to-pay for superstars in the National Basketball Association, and, in particular, distinguishes between demand for player skill versus player popularity. Using microdata from an online secondary ticket marketplace and plausibly exogenous player absence announcements, I find 4-16% ($7-$42) reductions in prices when superstars are announced to miss games. Additionally, LeBron James and Stephen Curry exhibit even larger impacts when isolating away game absences--21% ($75) per ticket for LeBron and 18% ($55) per ticket for Curry. The results suggest popularity is a more significant determinant of willingness-to-pay than skill, and in line with previous literature on superstars, popularity predicts price impacts convexly. This paper provides a novel methodology to estimate superstar value, and has implications for players, leagues, franchises, and ticket companies.
许多行业都受到“超级明星”的影响,在这些行业中,少数几个人创造了巨大的经济价值。本文估计了球迷为nba超级球星付费的意愿,并特别区分了对球员技术和球员知名度的需求。通过使用在线二级票券市场的微数据和貌似外生的球员缺席公告,我发现当超级明星宣布缺席比赛时,价格会下降4-16%(7- 42美元)。此外,勒布朗·詹姆斯和斯蒂芬·库里在客场缺席的情况下表现出更大的影响——勒布朗和库里分别为21%(75美元)和18%(55美元)。研究结果表明,受欢迎程度是决定支付意愿的重要因素,而不是技能。与之前关于超级明星的文献一致,受欢迎程度对价格影响的预测是凸的。本文提供了一种估算巨星价值的新方法,并对球员、联盟、特许经营和票务公司具有启示意义。
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引用次数: 1
Harnessing the Power of Social Incentives to Curb Shirking in Teams 利用社会激励的力量遏制团队中的逃避行为
Pub Date : 2020-02-18 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3540218
Brice Corgnet, Brian C. Gunia, Roberto Hernán González
We study several solutions to shirking in teams that trigger social incentives by reshaping the workplace social context. Using an experimental design, we manipulate social pressure at work by varying the type of workplace monitoring and the extent to which employees engage in social interaction. This design allows us to assess the effectiveness as well as the popularity of each solution. Despite similar effectiveness in boosting productivity across solutions, only organizational systems involving social interaction (via chat) were at least as popular as a baseline treatment. This suggests that any solution based on promoting social interaction is more likely to be embraced by workers than monitoring systems alone.
我们研究了几个解决团队中逃避问题的方法,通过重塑工作场所的社会环境来激发社会激励。通过实验设计,我们通过改变工作场所监控的类型和员工参与社会互动的程度来操纵工作中的社会压力。这种设计使我们能够评估每个解决方案的有效性和受欢迎程度。尽管在提高各种解决方案的生产力方面有类似的效果,但只有涉及社会互动(通过聊天)的组织系统至少与基线治疗一样受欢迎。这表明,任何基于促进社会互动的解决方案都比仅仅监控系统更有可能被员工所接受。
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引用次数: 4
Lottery-Based Reward Schemes Improve Worker Motivation and Productivity 以彩票为基础的奖励计划提高了员工的积极性和生产力
Pub Date : 2020-02-18 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3539871
Adrian R. Camilleri, Katarína Danková, Nano Ortiz Gomez, Ananta Neelim
The purpose of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of a probabilistic reward scheme to motivate workers and increase their performance. Across three experiments comprising both physical and cognitive tasks, we compared two novel probabilistic with two traditional non-probabilistic reward schemes. In our flagship “single lottery” probabilistic scheme, worker performance was associated with the accumulation of lottery tickets in the worker’s own personal lottery with a moderate jackpot on offer. It was possible for the worker to accumulate all tickets and thus guarantee the jackpot. We found that the single lottery scheme increased motivation and performance relative to a non-probabilistic piece-rate scheme with the same expected value. We argue that the probabilistic scheme benefited from greater excitement, over-optimism, and the goal gradient effect. In light of perceptions of (un)fairness associated with probabilistic reward schemes, we discuss what labor contexts are appropriate for the introduction of a probabilistic reward scheme.
本研究的目的是调查概率奖励方案在激励员工和提高他们绩效方面的有效性。在包括物理和认知任务的三个实验中,我们比较了两种新颖的概率奖励方案和两种传统的非概率奖励方案。在我们的旗舰“单一彩票”概率方案中,工人的表现与工人自己的个人彩票中的彩票积累有关,并提供适度的头奖。这名工人有可能把所有的彩票都累积起来,从而保证中头奖。我们发现,相对于具有相同期望值的非概率计件方案,单一彩票方案增加了动机和绩效。我们认为,概率方案受益于更大的兴奋、过度乐观和目标梯度效应。鉴于与概率奖励方案相关的(不)公平的感知,我们讨论了什么样的劳动环境适合引入概率奖励方案。
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引用次数: 0
Optimal Information Exchange in Contests 竞赛中的最优信息交换
Pub Date : 2020-02-10 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3535075
Zhuoqiong Chen
Abstract We study optimal exchange of private information in a two-player all-pay auction contest with independent private binary values. A benevolent information center who is informed about the players’ values facilitates the exchange of information by disclosing a signal publicly. The informativeness of the signal determines the monotonicity of the unique symmetric equilibrium and the players’ expected payoff. We characterize the upper bound of players’ expected payoff and the corresponding optimal signals utilizing such a relation between the informativeness and the payoff. When the players are ex ante sufficiently heterogeneous, the optimal signals work through an information-rent channel by inducing allocative efficient contests. When the players are ex ante sufficiently homogeneous, the optimal signals work through an unlevel-playing-field channel by inducing asymmetric contests. In order to guarantee efficient allocation, a regulator can punish any exchange of information when the players are sufficiently homogeneous and impose no restrictions when they are sufficiently heterogeneous.
摘要研究了具有独立私有二进制值的二人全付费竞价竞赛中私有信息的最优交换。一个知晓玩家价值观的善意信息中心通过公开披露信号来促进信息交换。信号的信息量决定了唯一对称均衡的单调性和参与人的期望收益。我们利用信息量与收益之间的这种关系来表征参与者期望收益的上界和相应的最优信号。当参与者事先具有足够的异质性时,最优信号通过信息租赁渠道通过诱导分配有效竞争发挥作用。当玩家事先足够同质时,最优信号通过诱导不对称竞争的非公平竞争渠道发挥作用。为了保证有效的分配,当参与者足够同质时,监管者可以惩罚任何信息交换,而当参与者足够异质时,监管者可以不施加任何限制。
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引用次数: 8
Why Are there More Accidents on Mondays? Economic Incentives, Ergonomics or Externalities 为什么星期一事故多?经济激励,人体工程学或外部性
Pub Date : 2020-01-29 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3527143
M. Poland, Isabelle Sin, S. Stillman
Research consistently finds more workplace injuries occur on Mondays than on other weekdays. One hypothesis is that workers fraudulently claim that off-the-job weekend sprains and strains occurred at work on the Monday in order to receive workers' compensation. We test this using data from New Zealand, where compensation is virtually identical whether or not an injury occurs at work. We still find that work claims, especially sprains and strains, occur disproportionately on Mondays, although less than in other jurisdictions. This suggests fraudulent claims in other countries are just one part of the story. Furthermore, we find work claims remain high on Tuesdays, and that workers' sprains and strains that occur off-the-job also disproportionately fall on Mondays. Sprains and strains treated at hospitals, which are not closed over the weekend, are also elevated on Mondays. However, Monday lost-time injuries are less severe than injuries on other days. Our findings are consistent with a physiological mechanism contributing to elevated Monday injury claims in New Zealand, but do not suggest doctors' offices being closed over the weekend, ergonomic explanations, or work being riskier on Mondays play important roles.
研究一致发现,周一的工伤事故发生率高于其他工作日。一种假设是,工人们欺骗性地声称周末下班时扭伤和拉伤是在周一工作时发生的,以获得工人赔偿。我们用新西兰的数据来验证这一点,在那里,无论是否在工作中受伤,赔偿几乎是相同的。我们仍然发现,工作索赔,尤其是扭伤和拉伤,在周一发生得不成比例,尽管比其他司法管辖区少。这表明,其他国家的欺诈性索赔只是故事的一部分。此外,我们发现周二的工作索赔仍然很高,工人在工作之外发生的扭伤和拉伤也不成比例地发生在周一。在周末不关闭的医院接受治疗的扭伤和拉伤患者在周一也会增加。然而,周一的伤情不像其他日子那么严重。我们的研究结果与导致新西兰周一受伤索赔增加的生理机制是一致的,但并不意味着医生办公室在周末关闭、人体工程学解释或周一工作风险更大是重要的因素。
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引用次数: 4
Analysis of the Job Characteristics Model 工作特征模型分析
Pub Date : 2020-01-15 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3600844
Tanvi Kamani
The Job-Characteristics Model is a concept constructed on the knowledge that a task is itself a key to the motivation of an employee (J. RICHARD HACKMAN, 1976). Precisely saying a repetitious job is very harmful to an employee’s motivation whereas a challenging and interesting job which keeps the employee engaged has a positive effect on the employee’s motivation (LĂZĂROIU, 2015). This theory mentions five job characteristics that are forecast to benefit the psychological state and work-related outcomes. This study also mentions some other factors that may function as mediators to show the relation between job characteristics and work-related outcomes (Syukrina Alini Mat Ali, 2014). The idea of work redesign arose to enrich the jobs in a way such that it would boost motivation and avoid monotonous tasks in a job. Hackman and Oldham’s job characteristics model states that there are five core job characteristics namely skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy and feedback (J. RICHARD HACKMAN, 1976). These job characteristics impact the psychological states of an employee that are experienced meaningfulness, experienced responsibility for outcomes and knowledge of outcomes (J. RICHARD HACKMAN, 1976). These in-turn affects the work outcomes that are job satisfaction, performance and work motivation (J. RICHARD HACKMAN, 1976). In addition, it is possible to combine the five core job characteristics to calculate a motivating potential score for a job that can be used as an index of how likely a job is to affect the behavior and attitude of an employee (Syukrina Alini Mat Ali, 2014). Work redesign is becoming increasingly popular as a strategy to simultaneously improve the productivity and quality of employee work experience in contemporary organizations (J. RICHARD HACKMAN, 1976). In this article ahead, the job characteristics, psychological states and work outcomes are explained in detail.
工作特征模型是建立在任务本身是员工动机的关键这一知识基础上的概念(J. RICHARD HACKMAN, 1976)。准确地说,重复的工作对员工的动机是非常有害的,而一份具有挑战性和有趣的工作,使员工保持投入,对员工的动机有积极的影响(LĂZĂROIU, 2015)。该理论提到了五个工作特征,预测这些特征有利于心理状态和工作相关的结果。本研究还提到了其他一些可能作为中介的因素,以显示工作特征和工作相关结果之间的关系(Syukrina Alini Mat Ali, 2014)。重新设计工作的想法是为了丰富工作,从而提高工作积极性,避免工作中的单调任务。Hackman和Oldham的工作特征模型指出,工作特征有五个核心特征,即技能多样性、任务同一性、任务重要性、自主性和反馈(J. RICHARD Hackman, 1976)。这些工作特征影响员工的心理状态,即体验到意义,体验到对结果的责任和对结果的知识(J. RICHARD HACKMAN, 1976)。这些反过来又影响工作结果,即工作满意度,绩效和工作动机(J. RICHARD HACKMAN, 1976)。此外,可以结合五个核心工作特征来计算工作的激励潜力得分,该得分可以用作工作影响员工行为和态度的可能性的指标(Syukrina Alini Mat Ali, 2014)。在当代组织中,工作重新设计作为一种同时提高员工工作经验的生产力和质量的策略越来越受欢迎(J. RICHARD HACKMAN, 1976)。在前面的文章中,对工作特点、心理状态和工作成果进行了详细的阐述。
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引用次数: 0
Job Security and Fertility Decisions 工作保障和生育决定
Pub Date : 2020-01-15 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3543204
M. Lopes
The restrictions on duration and number of allowed renewals implied by fixed- -term contracts generate lower job security. In many countries, these contracts are particularly common among young women. In this paper, I study the impact of job security on fertility decisions. Using a policy reform, which took place in Portugal in 2003, I show that the lower job security associated with fixed-term contracts decreases the likelihood of giving birth. The negative effect is particularly strong for shorter contracts. To identify the different channels that explain these results, I build and estimate a dynamic life-cycle structural model where women decide both labour supply and fertility, conditional on the characteristics of the job contract. I then simulate two different labour market policies that have been discussed in the public debate. Imposing an automatic conversion into permanent contracts, with higher job security, at the end of the fixed-term contract limit, decreases the number of childless women by 8.3%. In contrast, applying contract-specific tax rates, penalising fixed-term contract wages and subsidising permanent contract wages, induces 20% of the women who are already mothers to have their second child. These results corroborate the reduced-form evidence, showing that job security is especially important at first birth and income is relatively more important for subsequent birth decisions.
固定期限合同所隐含的对期限和允许续约次数的限制,导致工作保障较低。在许多国家,这些合同在年轻女性中尤为普遍。在本文中,我研究了工作保障对生育决策的影响。我利用2003年在葡萄牙进行的一项政策改革表明,与固定期限合同相关的较低的工作保障降低了生育的可能性。短期合约的负面影响尤其强烈。为了确定解释这些结果的不同渠道,我建立并估计了一个动态生命周期结构模型,其中女性决定劳动力供应和生育率,条件是工作合同的特征。然后,我模拟了公开辩论中讨论过的两种不同的劳动力市场政策。在固定期限合同到期时,自动转换为具有更高工作保障的永久合同,使无子女妇女的数量减少了8.3%。相比之下,采用合同特定税率,惩罚固定期限合同工资,补贴永久合同工资,诱使20%已经为人母的妇女生二胎。这些结果证实了简化形式的证据,表明工作保障在第一次生育时特别重要,而收入对随后的生育决定相对更重要。
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引用次数: 9
Remuneration as a Tool for Increasing Employee Performance in Nigerian 薪酬作为提高尼日利亚员工绩效的工具
Pub Date : 2020-01-09 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3565079
Onyekwelu, R.U, Dike, E.E, Muogbo, U.S
This research work assesses fundamentally remuneration as a device for expanding employee performance with specific reference to Bottling Companies in Nigeria. The broad aim of this research is to decide the role of remuneration in expanding workers performance. The population of the study is 200. The study adopt primary and secondary sources to gather information and copies of questionnaire were used also. The research adopted survey and descriptive research technique in analyzing data acquired from Bottling Companies in Nigeria while hypotheses was tested using Regression analysis and ANOVA. It was found that remuneration assumes a significant role in increasing workers performance in an organisation. The study therefore suggests that organisation ought to embrace the right remuneration tool that meets the craving of their workers so as to increase their output.
本研究工作从根本上评估薪酬作为扩大员工绩效的一种手段,具体参照尼日利亚的装瓶公司。本研究的主要目的是确定薪酬在扩大员工绩效方面的作用。研究对象为200人。本研究采用一手资料和二手资料收集资料,并使用问卷副本。本研究采用调查和描述性研究技术分析从尼日利亚装瓶公司获得的数据,同时使用回归分析和方差分析测试假设。研究发现,在一个组织中,薪酬在提高员工绩效方面起着重要作用。因此,该研究表明,组织应该采用合适的薪酬工具,以满足员工的渴望,从而提高他们的产出。
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引用次数: 8
UK Vice Chancellor Compensation: Do They Get What They Deserve? 英国副校长薪酬:他们得到了他们应得的吗?
Pub Date : 2020-01-09 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3516675
B. Lucey, Andrew Urquhart, Hanxiong Zhang
The compensation received by UK Vice Chancellors (VCs) has been on an upward trend in re- cent years and attracted a lot of negative media attention. In this paper, we examine whether VC compensation is excessive. Using a panel dataset covering the academic years 2007/2008 to 2016/2017, we develop a model to predict expected VC compensation to determine whether VCs are over- or undercompensated. Our model finds that VCs are not overcompensated regarding their base salary, but some are overcompensated in terms of their benefits and pension contributions. However, there is very little difference in terms of characteristics of over- and undercompensated VCs, indicating that on average, UK VCs receive the compensation they deserve. For robustness purposes, we employ a variety of alternative model specifications and subsamples which all support our findings.
近年来,英国副校长的薪酬一直呈上升趋势,并引起了媒体的大量负面关注。本文考察了风险投资补偿是否过度。使用涵盖2007/2008学年至2016/2017学年的面板数据集,我们开发了一个预测风险投资预期薪酬的模型,以确定风险投资是补偿过高还是补偿不足。我们的模型发现,在基本工资方面,风投并没有被过度补偿,但在福利和养老金方面,有些风投被过度补偿。然而,在薪酬过高和薪酬不足的风险投资人的特征方面,差异非常小,这表明平均而言,英国风险投资人得到了他们应得的薪酬。为了稳健性的目的,我们采用了各种可选的模型规范和子样本,它们都支持我们的发现。
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引用次数: 2
期刊
Labor: Personnel Economics eJournal
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