Omesh Kini, Mo Shen, Jaideep Shenoy, Venkat Subramaniam
In this paper, we study the impact of labor unions on product quality failures. We use a product recall as our measure of quality failure because it is an objective metric that is applicable to a broad cross-section of industries. Our analysis employs a union panel setting and close union elections in a regression discontinuity design framework to overcome identification issues. In the panel regressions, we find that firms that are unionized and those that have higher unionization rates experience a greater frequency of quality failures. The results obtain even at a more granular establishment level in a subsample in which we can identify the manufacturing establishment associated with the recalled product. When comparing firms in close elections, we find that firms with close union wins are followed by significantly worse product quality outcomes than those with close union losses. These results are amplified in non–right-to-work states, where unions have a relatively greater influence on the workforce. We find that unionization increases firms’ costs and operating leverage and, consequently, crowds out investments that potentially impact quality. We also find some suggestive evidence that unions may compromise quality by hurting employee morale and by resisting technological upgrades in the firm. Overall, our results suggest that unions have an adverse impact on product recalls, and thus, product quality is an important dimension along which unions impact businesses. This paper was accepted by Gustavo Manso, finance.
{"title":"Labor Unions and Product Quality Failures","authors":"Omesh Kini, Mo Shen, Jaideep Shenoy, Venkat Subramaniam","doi":"10.1287/mnsc.2021.4082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2021.4082","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we study the impact of labor unions on product quality failures. We use a product recall as our measure of quality failure because it is an objective metric that is applicable to a broad cross-section of industries. Our analysis employs a union panel setting and close union elections in a regression discontinuity design framework to overcome identification issues. In the panel regressions, we find that firms that are unionized and those that have higher unionization rates experience a greater frequency of quality failures. The results obtain even at a more granular establishment level in a subsample in which we can identify the manufacturing establishment associated with the recalled product. When comparing firms in close elections, we find that firms with close union wins are followed by significantly worse product quality outcomes than those with close union losses. These results are amplified in non–right-to-work states, where unions have a relatively greater influence on the workforce. We find that unionization increases firms’ costs and operating leverage and, consequently, crowds out investments that potentially impact quality. We also find some suggestive evidence that unions may compromise quality by hurting employee morale and by resisting technological upgrades in the firm. Overall, our results suggest that unions have an adverse impact on product recalls, and thus, product quality is an important dimension along which unions impact businesses. This paper was accepted by Gustavo Manso, finance.","PeriodicalId":198334,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Personnel Economics eJournal","volume":"141 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123422368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We study contests in which the prize depends on the number of participants, and show that equilibrium effort can be increasing, decreasing, or non-monotonic in the number of participants. This contrasts with the standard result for contests with fixed prizes in which effort is decreasing in the number of participants.
{"title":"Contests With Participant-Dependent Prizes","authors":"Nicolas de Roos, Alexander Matros, V. Smirnov","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3804612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3804612","url":null,"abstract":"We study contests in which the prize depends on the number of participants, and show that equilibrium effort can be increasing, decreasing, or non-monotonic in the number of participants. This contrasts with the standard result for contests with fixed prizes in which effort is decreasing in the number of participants.","PeriodicalId":198334,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Personnel Economics eJournal","volume":"220 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123090896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We estimate the option value of municipal liquidity by studying bond market behavior and public sector hiring decisions when government budgets are severely distressed. Using a regression discontinuity (RD) design, we exploit lending eligibility cutoffs introduced by the Federal sector’s Municipal Liquidity Facility (MLF) in April 2020 to study the effect of an emergency liquidity option on yields, primary issuance, credit downgrade probability, and public sector employment. We find that while the announcement of the liquidity option improved overall municipal bond market functioning across the board, low-rated issuers additionally benefited from direct access: low-rated government bonds traded at higher prices and were issued more frequently on private markets with facility access. This suggests the presence of a credit-risk sharing channel on top of the Fed’s role as liquidity-provider of last resort. In contrast to investors, local governments responded to the liquidity option by retaining a greater share of public sector employees across the entire ratings distribution.The results imply municipal debt markets and employment outcomes would likely have been more distressed absent the MLF, and are consistent with the view that large government furloughs might have over-weighted the worst possible outcomes based on past experience.
{"title":"The Option Value of Municipal Liquidity: Evidence from Federal Lending Cutoffs during COVID-19","authors":"A. Haughwout, Benjamin Hyman, Or Shachar","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3785577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3785577","url":null,"abstract":"We estimate the option value of municipal liquidity by studying bond market behavior and public sector hiring decisions when government budgets are severely distressed. Using a regression discontinuity (RD) design, we exploit lending eligibility cutoffs introduced by the Federal sector’s Municipal Liquidity Facility (MLF) in April 2020 to study the effect of an emergency liquidity option on yields, primary issuance, credit downgrade probability, and public sector employment. We find that while the announcement of the liquidity option improved overall municipal bond market functioning across the board, low-rated issuers additionally benefited from direct access: low-rated government bonds traded at higher prices and were issued more frequently on private markets with facility access. This suggests the presence of a credit-risk sharing channel on top of the Fed’s role as liquidity-provider of last resort. In contrast to investors, local governments responded to the liquidity option by retaining a greater share of public sector employees across the entire ratings distribution.The results imply municipal debt markets and employment outcomes would likely have been more distressed absent the MLF, and are consistent with the view that large government furloughs might have over-weighted the worst possible outcomes based on past experience.","PeriodicalId":198334,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Personnel Economics eJournal","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129669955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Contests that non-contestants consume for entertainment are a fixture of economic, cultural and political life. We look to professional sports and exploit injury-induced changes to teams' line-ups to examine whether individuals prefer to consume contests that have more uncertain outcomes. Using data from the Australian Football League, we fi nd that a one standard-deviation increase in game outcome uncertainty causes, on average, an 11.2% increase in attendance. Our results extend research on contest design and information preferences by showing that spectators strongly prefer evenly-balanced contests and appear to derive entertainment utility from suspense and the resolution of uncertainty.
{"title":"Consuming Contests: Outcome Uncertainty and Spectator Demand for Contest-based Entertainment","authors":"Patrick J. Ferguson, K. Lakhani","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3783339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3783339","url":null,"abstract":"Contests that non-contestants consume for entertainment are a fixture of economic, cultural and political life. We look to professional sports and exploit injury-induced changes to teams' line-ups to examine whether individuals prefer to consume contests that have more uncertain outcomes. Using data from the Australian Football League, we fi nd that a one standard-deviation increase in game outcome uncertainty causes, on average, an 11.2% increase in attendance. Our results extend research on contest design and information preferences by showing that spectators strongly prefer evenly-balanced contests and appear to derive entertainment utility from suspense and the resolution of uncertainty.","PeriodicalId":198334,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Personnel Economics eJournal","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126154213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Athletic scholarships create an economic gap when student-athletes select non-lucrative majors as opposed to lucrative majors. The Article further asserts that student-athletes should either receive the opportunity to select lucrative majors or receive the financial difference. The issue of student-athletes receiving compensation has long been debated by players and the NCAA. The NCAA asserts that they can restrict payments to athletes by arguing that their restraints have procompetitive effects on the sports market. This argument, heard by the Supreme Court over 35 years ago, won the day in NCAA v. Board of Regents. The NCAA argues that the opportunity to obtain a degree makes up for the lack of financial compensation to student-athletes. Despite this opportunity, it begs the question: “What type of degrees do athletes receive?” Countless reasons exist for why student-athletes should receive financial compensation, but another reason includes the fluctuated value of a college degree which creates an economic gap between student-athletes and non-student-athletes.
{"title":"A Gap, B Gap, Economic Gap: How Athletic Scholarships Force Student-Athletes into Non-Lucrative Majors","authors":"Joshua L. Holmes","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3774425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3774425","url":null,"abstract":"Athletic scholarships create an economic gap when student-athletes select non-lucrative majors as opposed to lucrative majors. The Article further asserts that student-athletes should either receive the opportunity to select lucrative majors or receive the financial difference. The issue of student-athletes receiving compensation has long been debated by players and the NCAA. The NCAA asserts that they can restrict payments to athletes by arguing that their restraints have procompetitive effects on the sports market. This argument, heard by the Supreme Court over 35 years ago, won the day in NCAA v. Board of Regents. The NCAA argues that the opportunity to obtain a degree makes up for the lack of financial compensation to student-athletes. Despite this opportunity, it begs the question: “What type of degrees do athletes receive?” Countless reasons exist for why student-athletes should receive financial compensation, but another reason includes the fluctuated value of a college degree which creates an economic gap between student-athletes and non-student-athletes.","PeriodicalId":198334,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Personnel Economics eJournal","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114345060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Florian Bünning, H. F. Chan, Sascha L. Schmidt, Dominik Schreyer, B. Torgler
Despite the potential importance of awards as a possible career catalyst, the theoretical and empirical research on awards is still in its infancy. Here, we address this notable shortcoming in the economic literature by exploring data from German youth football. Analyzing whether an early career award, the so-called Fritz Walter Medal, significantly affects the awardee’s career trajectory in a highly competitive environment, where performance differences are often hardly perceivable, we find that receiving an early career award seems, per se, to be a robust positive signal for a player’s future career success. Intriguingly, though, both the award characteristics, that is, whether it is bestowed in gold, silver, or bronze, and also the exact age at which the awardee receives the bestowal only add limited explanatory power.
{"title":"Awards Are Career Catalysts for Young Talents in Highly Competitive Job Markets","authors":"Florian Bünning, H. F. Chan, Sascha L. Schmidt, Dominik Schreyer, B. Torgler","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3758520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3758520","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the potential importance of awards as a possible career catalyst, the theoretical and empirical research on awards is still in its infancy. Here, we address this notable shortcoming in the economic literature by exploring data from German youth football. Analyzing whether an early career award, the so-called Fritz Walter Medal, significantly affects the awardee’s career trajectory in a highly competitive environment, where performance differences are often hardly perceivable, we find that receiving an early career award seems, per se, to be a robust positive signal for a player’s future career success. Intriguingly, though, both the award characteristics, that is, whether it is bestowed in gold, silver, or bronze, and also the exact age at which the awardee receives the bestowal only add limited explanatory power.","PeriodicalId":198334,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Personnel Economics eJournal","volume":"613 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134429301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
PurposeThis paper investigates the relationship of both technological (product and process) and non-technological (organizational and marketing) innovation with the gender wage gap at firms.Design/methodology/approachUsing employer–employee level data from Estonia, the authors estimate Mincerian wage equations, in order to show how innovation at the firm level is associated with the gender wage gap. Next, the authors use propensity score matching (PSM) to study the effects of the movement of men and women into innovative firms, how this shapes the gender wage gap at firms.FindingsThe authors find that both technological and non-technological innovation are associated with a larger gender wage gap at firms. The relationship between innovation and the contemporaneous gender wage gap at firms reflects to a significant extent the different selection of men and women with different time-invariant characteristics to innovative firms. Further, the authors find that movement of men and women to work at innovative firms is in longer term associated with larger gains in wages for men. The authors also observe that the relationship of innovation with gender wage gap is stronger in the case of women with children.Originality/valueMuch of the prior analysis focuses on the effects of technological innovation on gender-related labour market outcomes. The authors show here that the relationship of innovation at firms with higher gender wage gap is not only specific to technological innovation, but is more general, and is observed across different types of innovation indicators, including non-technological innovation. This study's results suggest that the effects of innovation on gender wage gap may reflect to an extent the higher demand for flexibility of employees for work purposes at innovative firms, which may increase the gender wage gap, especially between men and women with children.
{"title":"Innovation as a Firm-Level Factor of the Gender Wage Gap","authors":"J. Masso, Priit Vahter","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3756783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3756783","url":null,"abstract":"PurposeThis paper investigates the relationship of both technological (product and process) and non-technological (organizational and marketing) innovation with the gender wage gap at firms.Design/methodology/approachUsing employer–employee level data from Estonia, the authors estimate Mincerian wage equations, in order to show how innovation at the firm level is associated with the gender wage gap. Next, the authors use propensity score matching (PSM) to study the effects of the movement of men and women into innovative firms, how this shapes the gender wage gap at firms.FindingsThe authors find that both technological and non-technological innovation are associated with a larger gender wage gap at firms. The relationship between innovation and the contemporaneous gender wage gap at firms reflects to a significant extent the different selection of men and women with different time-invariant characteristics to innovative firms. Further, the authors find that movement of men and women to work at innovative firms is in longer term associated with larger gains in wages for men. The authors also observe that the relationship of innovation with gender wage gap is stronger in the case of women with children.Originality/valueMuch of the prior analysis focuses on the effects of technological innovation on gender-related labour market outcomes. The authors show here that the relationship of innovation at firms with higher gender wage gap is not only specific to technological innovation, but is more general, and is observed across different types of innovation indicators, including non-technological innovation. This study's results suggest that the effects of innovation on gender wage gap may reflect to an extent the higher demand for flexibility of employees for work purposes at innovative firms, which may increase the gender wage gap, especially between men and women with children.","PeriodicalId":198334,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Personnel Economics eJournal","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124543631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This file provides additional robustness checks for CEO Employee Approval and Firm Value: Evidence from Employees' Choice Awards. Section one describes sample construction for samples not in the data section of the paper. Section two provides the results of the additional tests. Section three includes the figures and tables for the internet appendix.
{"title":"Internet Appendix for CEO Employee Approval and Firm Value: Evidence From Employees' Choice Awards","authors":"Spencer Barnes","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3545503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3545503","url":null,"abstract":"This file provides additional robustness checks for CEO Employee Approval and Firm Value: Evidence from Employees' Choice Awards. Section one describes sample construction for samples not in the data section of the paper. Section two provides the results of the additional tests. Section three includes the figures and tables for the internet appendix.","PeriodicalId":198334,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Personnel Economics eJournal","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130738347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: This paper investigates whether weekend work is associated with higher levels of work-family conflict (WFC) among parents, and whether resources like schedule control or presence of a partner mitigate this effect.
Background: The 24/7 economy requires many workers to work on weekends. Nevertheless, research on the impact of weekend work on families, and on WFC in particular, is underdeveloped, with previous studies relying on cross-sectional data and small samples.
Method: Associations between regular weekend work and a measure of WFC are examined using data from fourteen waves of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey. The sample is restricted to workers aged 18 to 64 years with parenting responsibilities for children aged 17 or less (7,753 individuals, 40,216 observations). Both pooled ordinary least squares and fixed-effects regression models are estimated.
Results: Among both genders, weekend workers have significantly higher levels of WFC than those who only work weekdays. WFC is particularly high for those who work weekends and simultaneously have little control over their schedule. And whereas WFC is generally higher for single parents, weekend work affects WFC similarly for couple and single parents. Conclusion: Weekend work generally has a detrimental effect on workers’ ability to combine employment with parenting commitments. However, work-domain resources like schedule control can buffer the impact of weekend work.
{"title":"Weekend Work and Work-Family Conflict: Evidence from Australian Panel Data","authors":"Inga Laß, M. Wooden","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3737254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3737254","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: This paper investigates whether weekend work is associated with higher levels of work-family conflict (WFC) among parents, and whether resources like schedule control or presence of a partner mitigate this effect.<br><br>Background: The 24/7 economy requires many workers to work on weekends. Nevertheless, research on the impact of weekend work on families, and on WFC in particular, is underdeveloped, with previous studies relying on cross-sectional data and small samples.<br><br>Method: Associations between regular weekend work and a measure of WFC are examined using data from fourteen waves of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey. The sample is restricted to workers aged 18 to 64 years with parenting responsibilities for children aged 17 or less (7,753 individuals, 40,216 observations). Both pooled ordinary least squares and fixed-effects regression models are estimated.<br><br>Results: Among both genders, weekend workers have significantly higher levels of WFC than those who only work weekdays. WFC is particularly high for those who work weekends and simultaneously have little control over their schedule. And whereas WFC is generally higher for single parents, weekend work affects WFC similarly for couple and single parents.<br> Conclusion: Weekend work generally has a detrimental effect on workers’ ability to combine employment with parenting commitments. However, work-domain resources like schedule control can buffer the impact of weekend work.<br>","PeriodicalId":198334,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Personnel Economics eJournal","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122998656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines the impact of labor unions on firms' quality provisions through the lens of the U.S. airline industry. Leveraging quarterly carrier-route level data on flight frequencies and on-time performance from the Bureau of Transportation Statistics from 1993 to 2019, our difference-in-differences estimates suggest that for both legacy carriers and low cost carriers, union representation is associated with a significant deterioration of product quality across different dimensions of airline quality provisions. By providing systematic product-level evidence of the product quality impact of unionization between carriers of different types, our study contributes to the understanding of airline labor unions and offers important management and policy implications.
本文以美国航空业为研究对象，考察工会对企业质量条款的影响。利用美国运输统计局(Bureau of Transportation Statistics) 1993年至2019年的季度航班频率和准点率数据，我们的差异中之差估计表明，对于传统航空公司和低成本航空公司来说，工会代表与航空公司质量规定不同维度的产品质量显著恶化有关。通过对不同类型航空公司工会化对产品质量的影响提供系统的产品层面的证据，我们的研究有助于了解航空公司工会，并提供重要的管理和政策启示。
{"title":"Labor Unions and Product Quality: A Case Study of the U.S. Airline Industry","authors":"Q. Ge, Donggeun Kim, Myongjin Kim","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3734055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3734055","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the impact of labor unions on firms' quality provisions through the lens of the U.S. airline industry. Leveraging quarterly carrier-route level data on flight frequencies and on-time performance from the Bureau of Transportation Statistics from 1993 to 2019, our difference-in-differences estimates suggest that for both legacy carriers and low cost carriers, union representation is associated with a significant deterioration of product quality across different dimensions of airline quality provisions. By providing systematic product-level evidence of the product quality impact of unionization between carriers of different types, our study contributes to the understanding of airline labor unions and offers important management and policy implications.","PeriodicalId":198334,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Personnel Economics eJournal","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124569041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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