Pub Date : 2019-06-29DOI: 10.21743/PJAEC/2019.06.05
N. N. Memon
The present work describes fatty acid profile, proximate composition and nutritional quality of selected nuts (Almond, Pistachio, Walnut, Pine nut and Peanut). Differences (p < 0.05) were noticed in the crude protein (17.85-31.17%), total lipids (49.81-66.96%), carbohydrate (1.46- 14.14%), moisture (2.50-4.50%) and ash (1.50-3.60%) contents of the nuts. The palmitic acid and stearic acid were the main saturated fatty acids (SFA), oleic acid was the predominant monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), while the linoleic and linolenic acid were the major polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The percentage of linoleic acid exceeded that of linolenic acid in all analyzed nut samples. A major finding of LC-PUFA (Long Chain PUFA) among walnut was found higher (72.14 g/100g), due to higher linoleic and linolenic acid (57.26 and 14.88 g/100g). In addition the calculated essential PUFA/SFA ratio was ranged as 3.10-11.49. However ratio of n-6/n-3 FA ranged 3.83-11.05, lower n-6/n-3 for walnut is beneficial for nutrition purpose by providing more n-3 essential FAs in comparison of other analyzed nuts. The results showed that all selected nuts have good nutritional quality and could be used in fighting malnutrition and can serve as valuable source of oil for industrial purposes.
{"title":"Nutritional Characteristics (Fatty Acid Profile, Proximate Composition and Dietary Feature) of Selected Nuts Available in Local Market","authors":"N. N. Memon","doi":"10.21743/PJAEC/2019.06.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21743/PJAEC/2019.06.05","url":null,"abstract":"The present work describes fatty acid profile, proximate composition and nutritional quality of selected nuts (Almond, Pistachio, Walnut, Pine nut and Peanut). Differences (p < 0.05) were noticed in the crude protein (17.85-31.17%), total lipids (49.81-66.96%), carbohydrate (1.46- 14.14%), moisture (2.50-4.50%) and ash (1.50-3.60%) contents of the nuts. The palmitic acid and stearic acid were the main saturated fatty acids (SFA), oleic acid was the predominant monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), while the linoleic and linolenic acid were the major polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The percentage of linoleic acid exceeded that of linolenic acid in all analyzed nut samples. A major finding of LC-PUFA (Long Chain PUFA) among walnut was found higher (72.14 g/100g), due to higher linoleic and linolenic acid (57.26 and 14.88 g/100g). In addition the calculated essential PUFA/SFA ratio was ranged as 3.10-11.49. However ratio of n-6/n-3 FA ranged 3.83-11.05, lower n-6/n-3 for walnut is beneficial for nutrition purpose by providing more n-3 essential FAs in comparison of other analyzed nuts. The results showed that all selected nuts have good nutritional quality and could be used in fighting malnutrition and can serve as valuable source of oil for industrial purposes.","PeriodicalId":19846,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48351197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-29DOI: 10.21743/PJAEC/2019.06.10
Abdul-Aziz Y. T. Al-Saffawi
The current study aims at determining the water quality of the Nimrud district wells, southwest of Mosul, for drinking and civilian purposes by using the Canadian model of water quality. The aquatic samples were collected from randomly distributed wells in the area during the dry season for chemical and physical testing to assess their quality. The results of the study indicated the high levels of most of the studied characteristics, which reflected negatively on the values of CCME WQI (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environmental Water Quality Index), where 70% of them classified as poor quality water for drinking and domestic use. The study recommended periodic monitoring of the quality of water with water treatment processes before being used for drinking.
{"title":"Water Quality of Nimrud District Wells Southeast of Mosul City for Drinking and Civil Purpose Using the Canadian Model of Water Quality","authors":"Abdul-Aziz Y. T. Al-Saffawi","doi":"10.21743/PJAEC/2019.06.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21743/PJAEC/2019.06.10","url":null,"abstract":"The current study aims at determining the water quality of the Nimrud district wells, southwest of Mosul, for drinking and civilian purposes by using the Canadian model of water quality. The aquatic samples were collected from randomly distributed wells in the area during the dry season for chemical and physical testing to assess their quality. The results of the study indicated the high levels of most of the studied characteristics, which reflected negatively on the values of CCME WQI (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environmental Water Quality Index), where 70% of them classified as poor quality water for drinking and domestic use. The study recommended periodic monitoring of the quality of water with water treatment processes before being used for drinking.","PeriodicalId":19846,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49512597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-29DOI: 10.21743/PJAEC/2019.06.02
I. Khan
A simple, specific, accurate and economic reverse phase liquid chromatographic method was developed for the estimation of Sofosbuvir in all polymorphic form. Mobile phase contain acetonitrile and 0.05M ammonium acetate (pH 7.6) in ratio of 50:50 (v/v). A logarithmic calibration curve was plotted from 10 μg/mL to 60 μg/mL (r = 0.9989) for sofosbuvir, with the limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.245 μg/mL and 0.816 μg/mL, respectively. The developed method was highly validated and practiced for the assurance of sofosbuvir raw materials with acceptable and non-objectionable accuracy and precision results (recovery 99–102%, RSD <1.2%, n = 3). Zero significant difference (t-test) was obtained between the overall results of the developed RP-HPLC method.
{"title":"A New, Rapid, Cost-Effective, Easy and Validated RP-HPLC Method for Determination of Antiviral (Sofosbuvir) in Bulk Forms","authors":"I. Khan","doi":"10.21743/PJAEC/2019.06.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21743/PJAEC/2019.06.02","url":null,"abstract":"A simple, specific, accurate and economic reverse phase liquid chromatographic method was developed for the estimation of Sofosbuvir in all polymorphic form. Mobile phase contain acetonitrile and 0.05M ammonium acetate (pH 7.6) in ratio of 50:50 (v/v). A logarithmic calibration curve was plotted from 10 μg/mL to 60 μg/mL (r = 0.9989) for sofosbuvir, with the limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.245 μg/mL and 0.816 μg/mL, respectively. The developed method was highly validated and practiced for the assurance of sofosbuvir raw materials with acceptable and non-objectionable accuracy and precision results (recovery 99–102%, RSD <1.2%, n = 3). Zero significant difference (t-test) was obtained between the overall results of the developed RP-HPLC method.","PeriodicalId":19846,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44182487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-29DOI: 10.21743/PJAEC/2019.06.09
Agha Arslan Wasim, S. Naz, M. N. Khan, Saba Fazal-Ur-Rehman
Heavy metals, upon accumulation in human body, are known to possess quite toxic effects. They are ubiquitously found in earth crust and tend to accumulate in crops grown in heavily contaminated soil and hence enter the food chain. This study was based on the analysis of heavy metals in eighteen selected varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) that circulates in local market of Karachi, Pakistan. Few heavy metals namely, Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Manganese (Mn), Nickel (Ni), and Zinc (Zn) were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Rice samples were digested using nitric acid (conc.). Average concentrations of Cd, Co, Cr, Pb, Ni were 7.3, 10.6, 107, 117, 139 μg kg-1 of rice respectively, whereas, the respective concentrations of Cu, Mn, and Zn were found to be 4.7, 9.7, and 14.6 mg kg-1 of rice. The results from this study when compared with previous studies revealed that the Pakistani rice is found to have relatively less concentration of these heavy metals.
{"title":"Assessment of Heavy Metals in Rice using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry – A Study of Different Rice Varieties in Pakistan","authors":"Agha Arslan Wasim, S. Naz, M. N. Khan, Saba Fazal-Ur-Rehman","doi":"10.21743/PJAEC/2019.06.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21743/PJAEC/2019.06.09","url":null,"abstract":"Heavy metals, upon accumulation in human body, are known to possess quite toxic effects. They are ubiquitously found in earth crust and tend to accumulate in crops grown in heavily contaminated soil and hence enter the food chain. This study was based on the analysis of heavy metals in eighteen selected varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) that circulates in local market of Karachi, Pakistan. Few heavy metals namely, Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Manganese (Mn), Nickel (Ni), and Zinc (Zn) were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Rice samples were digested using nitric acid (conc.). Average concentrations of Cd, Co, Cr, Pb, Ni were 7.3, 10.6, 107, 117, 139 μg kg-1 of rice respectively, whereas, the respective concentrations of Cu, Mn, and Zn were found to be 4.7, 9.7, and 14.6 mg kg-1 of rice. The results from this study when compared with previous studies revealed that the Pakistani rice is found to have relatively less concentration of these heavy metals.","PeriodicalId":19846,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47646561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-19DOI: 10.21743/PJAEC/2019.06.01
I. Khan, Qurrat-Ul-Ain, Z. Maqsood
This study develops a gas chromatographic method coupled to micro-electron capture detector to determine four basic polychlorinated dibenzo- p -dioxins (PCDDs) congeners: 1, 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin; 2, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin; 3, 1,2,3,6,7,8-hexachloro-dibenzo- p -dioxin; and 4, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin in wheat and rice. The PCDDs were extracted using 1:1 acetone: n -hexane mixture followed by cleaning with acidic aluminium oxide in polypropylene mini columns and eluted with dichloromethane. In quantitative determinations, the limit of detection for congener 1 of PCDDs was 0.4 ng mL -1 while for other congeners (2–4) it was found to be 1.0 ng mL -1 . The congener 1 was checked at spiking levels of 0.02, 0.05 and 0.1 ng g -1 , and its recovery was 85.96–120.74% and 95.32–116.88% from wheat and rice, respectively. Wheat and rice were also spiked by congers 2–4 at spiking levels of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.5 ng g -1 ; the recovery ranges from wheat were 87.70–115.54%, 85.64–117.88% and 88.40–119.32% for congener 2, 3 and 4, respectively, while from rice the recovery was 77.67–115.68%, 83.18–119.68% and 79.76–131.15% for congener 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The limit of quantification was determined as 0.1 ng g -1 for congener 1 and 0.5 ng g -1 for other three PCDDs (2–4). The intra-day and inter-day RSDs of peak areas ( n = 3) for four congeners (2 ng mL -1 ) were ranged at 2.5–8.1% and 3.1–10.6%, respectively. This study provides a simple and cost-effective gas chromatographic-electron capture detector method to study some basic PCDDs in wheat and rice grains first time in Pakistan with fair precision and accuracy when expensive high resolution gas chromatographic-mass spectrometry method is not accessible.
本研究建立了气相色谱联用微电子捕获检测器测定四种多氯二苯并-对二恶英(pcdd)的同系物:1,1,2,3,7,8 -五氯二苯并-对二恶英;2,2,3,7,8 -四氯二苯并-对二恶英;3,1,2,3,6,7,8 -六氯二苯并-对二恶英;小麦和水稻中的4,1,2,3,4,6,7,8 -七氯二苯并-对二恶英。用丙酮:正己烷1:1的混合物提取pcdd，然后在聚丙烯迷你柱中用酸性氧化铝清洗，用二氯甲烷洗脱。在定量测定中，pcdd的同源物1的检出限为0.4 ng mL -1，而其他同源物(2-4)的检出限为1.0 ng mL -1。同源基因1在0.02、0.05和0.1 ng g -1的浓度下，从小麦和水稻中提取的回收率分别为85.96 ~ 120.74%和95.32 ~ 116.88%。对小麦和水稻也施用了0.05、0.1和0.5 ng g -1的长穗2-4;同源物2、3、4在小麦中的回收率分别为87.70 ~ 115.54%、85.64 ~ 117.88%和88.40 ~ 119.32%，同源物2、3、4在水稻中的回收率分别为77.67 ~ 115.68%、83.18 ~ 119.68%和79.76 ~ 131.15%。同源物1的定量限为0.1 ng g -1，其他三种pcdd的定量限为0.5 ng g -1(2-4)。4个同源物(2 ng mL -1)峰面积(n = 3)的日内、日间rsd分别为2.5 ~ 8.1%和3.1 ~ 10.6%。本研究在巴基斯坦首次提供了一种简单、经济的气相色谱-电子捕获检测器方法来研究小麦和大米中的一些基本pcdd，在昂贵的高分辨率气相色谱-质谱法无法获得的情况下，具有相当的精密度和准确度。
{"title":"Development of Gas Chromatographic Method with Electron Capture Detector for Determination of Some PCDDs inWheat and Rice Grain Matrix","authors":"I. Khan, Qurrat-Ul-Ain, Z. Maqsood","doi":"10.21743/PJAEC/2019.06.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21743/PJAEC/2019.06.01","url":null,"abstract":"This study develops a gas chromatographic method coupled to micro-electron capture detector to determine four basic polychlorinated dibenzo- p -dioxins (PCDDs) congeners: 1, 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin; 2, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin; 3, 1,2,3,6,7,8-hexachloro-dibenzo- p -dioxin; and 4, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin in wheat and rice. The PCDDs were extracted using 1:1 acetone: n -hexane mixture followed by cleaning with acidic aluminium oxide in polypropylene mini columns and eluted with dichloromethane. In quantitative determinations, the limit of detection for congener 1 of PCDDs was 0.4 ng mL -1 while for other congeners (2–4) it was found to be 1.0 ng mL -1 . The congener 1 was checked at spiking levels of 0.02, 0.05 and 0.1 ng g -1 , and its recovery was 85.96–120.74% and 95.32–116.88% from wheat and rice, respectively. Wheat and rice were also spiked by congers 2–4 at spiking levels of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.5 ng g -1 ; the recovery ranges from wheat were 87.70–115.54%, 85.64–117.88% and 88.40–119.32% for congener 2, 3 and 4, respectively, while from rice the recovery was 77.67–115.68%, 83.18–119.68% and 79.76–131.15% for congener 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The limit of quantification was determined as 0.1 ng g -1 for congener 1 and 0.5 ng g -1 for other three PCDDs (2–4). The intra-day and inter-day RSDs of peak areas ( n = 3) for four congeners (2 ng mL -1 ) were ranged at 2.5–8.1% and 3.1–10.6%, respectively. This study provides a simple and cost-effective gas chromatographic-electron capture detector method to study some basic PCDDs in wheat and rice grains first time in Pakistan with fair precision and accuracy when expensive high resolution gas chromatographic-mass spectrometry method is not accessible.","PeriodicalId":19846,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48701811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-28DOI: 10.21743/PJAEC/2018.12.11
Nilgün Yenil, Fadim Yemiş
Nitrogen compounds being important for the vital activities of living things are produced by the nitrification process and occurred spontaneously in the nitrogen cycle. Human vital activities are also responsible for the extra nitrogen released into the atmosphere. So, both human and environmental healths are negatively affected by the increasing nitrate and nitrate amounts in water and soil. For this reason, it is aimed to ensure regular control of nitrates and nitrites at certain levels in order to protect the universe and all living things. Their precise and selective determination by various methods is very important. Their determinations can usually be made by using electrochemical, spectrophotometric, chromatographic and titrimetric methods. Nowadays instead of these techniques, sensors are preferred in determining nitrate and nitrite due to their easy, fast, selective and sensitive application properties. Furthermore, polymeric materials have shown great promise for different sensing applications such as gas, humidity, explosive and water pollutants. Sensors, which are developed by polymerization, have very high quality for the determination of nitrite. The highly sensitive results of optical and electrochemical sensors attract the attention of researchers. In this review, different detection methods for nitrite ions and various studies on the preparation of polymeric sensors that can selectively capture the nitrite ions in complex matrices are examined.
{"title":"Nitrite in Nature: Determination with Polymeric Materials","authors":"Nilgün Yenil, Fadim Yemiş","doi":"10.21743/PJAEC/2018.12.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21743/PJAEC/2018.12.11","url":null,"abstract":"Nitrogen compounds being important for the vital activities of living things are produced by the nitrification process and occurred spontaneously in the nitrogen cycle. Human vital activities are also responsible for the extra nitrogen released into the atmosphere. So, both human and environmental healths are negatively affected by the increasing nitrate and nitrate amounts in water and soil. For this reason, it is aimed to ensure regular control of nitrates and nitrites at certain levels in order to protect the universe and all living things. Their precise and selective determination by various methods is very important. Their determinations can usually be made by using electrochemical, spectrophotometric, chromatographic and titrimetric methods. Nowadays instead of these techniques, sensors are preferred in determining nitrate and nitrite due to their easy, fast, selective and sensitive application properties. Furthermore, polymeric materials have shown great promise for different sensing applications such as gas, humidity, explosive and water pollutants. Sensors, which are developed by polymerization, have very high quality for the determination of nitrite. The highly sensitive results of optical and electrochemical sensors attract the attention of researchers. In this review, different detection methods for nitrite ions and various studies on the preparation of polymeric sensors that can selectively capture the nitrite ions in complex matrices are examined.","PeriodicalId":19846,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48279271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-28DOI: 10.21743/PJAEC/2018.12.17
A. Dar, Iram Riaz, J. Anwar
Effluents from industries directly pollute water bodies as a result the drinking water sources are contaminated. In present study, removal of methylene blue from aqueous medium by using raw bengal gram husk (RBGH) and microwave assisted urea modified Bengal gram husk (UMBGH) was done. Effect of different parameters such as contact time, shaking speed, adsorbent dose, temperature, pH were studied. Mechanism of adsorption was revealed using Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin adsorption model. Experimental data followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm that is revealed from the R 2 values and adsorption capacity (q max ) 7.915 mg g -1 and 111.178 mg g -1 for both RBGH and UMBGH, respectively. The value of “n” was 1.001 and 0.979 for RBGH and UMBGH which indicated that adsorption was favorable. B T value of RBGH and UMBGH was 5.784 and 4.093, respectively which revealed that adsorption was physical in nature. Present study proved that microwave assisted urea modification of Bengal gram husk greatly increased the removal efficiency of the adsorbent.
{"title":"Microwave Assisted Urea Modified Bengal Gram Husk for the Batch Wise Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Medium","authors":"A. Dar, Iram Riaz, J. Anwar","doi":"10.21743/PJAEC/2018.12.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21743/PJAEC/2018.12.17","url":null,"abstract":"Effluents from industries directly pollute water bodies as a result the drinking water sources are contaminated. In present study, removal of methylene blue from aqueous medium by using raw bengal gram husk (RBGH) and microwave assisted urea modified Bengal gram husk (UMBGH) was done. Effect of different parameters such as contact time, shaking speed, adsorbent dose, temperature, pH were studied. Mechanism of adsorption was revealed using Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin adsorption model. Experimental data followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm that is revealed from the R 2 values and adsorption capacity (q max ) 7.915 mg g -1 and 111.178 mg g -1 for both RBGH and UMBGH, respectively. The value of “n” was 1.001 and 0.979 for RBGH and UMBGH which indicated that adsorption was favorable. B T value of RBGH and UMBGH was 5.784 and 4.093, respectively which revealed that adsorption was physical in nature. Present study proved that microwave assisted urea modification of Bengal gram husk greatly increased the removal efficiency of the adsorbent.","PeriodicalId":19846,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43707664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-28DOI: 10.21743/PJAEC/2018.12.14
S. H. Taqvi
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in vegetables grown in Sindh, Pakistan. The vegetables were collected from both local markets and industrial areas where vegetation was carried out. All three types of vegetables, root vegetables, leafy vegetables and fruit vegetables were selected for analysis. The PAHs were extracted by Soxhlet extraction method and analysed by gas chromatography. The results showed that average concentration of PAHs in vegetables was ranged from 1.62±0.01 µg/kg to 144.52±2.51 µg/kg. From seven PAHs analyzed, the fluorene was found to be present in almost all vegetable samples and was highest in bitter guard that is 144.52±2.51 µg/kg. Like fluorene, naphthalene and anthracene were also present in all the vegetables but their concentration was not very high (6.89±0.03 µg/kg for naphthalene and 2.18±0.01 for anthracene). Higher concentration of PAHs was observed in samples collected from industrial areas due to the fact that industrial smoke could easily be absorbed by the vegetables grown in those areas.
{"title":"Potential Risk Assessment of Selected Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Vegetables Grown in Polluted and Non-polluted Areas of Sindh, Pakistan","authors":"S. H. Taqvi","doi":"10.21743/PJAEC/2018.12.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21743/PJAEC/2018.12.14","url":null,"abstract":"Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in vegetables grown in Sindh, Pakistan. The vegetables were collected from both local markets and industrial areas where vegetation was carried out. All three types of vegetables, root vegetables, leafy vegetables and fruit vegetables were selected for analysis. The PAHs were extracted by Soxhlet extraction method and analysed by gas chromatography. The results showed that average concentration of PAHs in vegetables was ranged from 1.62±0.01 µg/kg to 144.52±2.51 µg/kg. From seven PAHs analyzed, the fluorene was found to be present in almost all vegetable samples and was highest in bitter guard that is 144.52±2.51 µg/kg. Like fluorene, naphthalene and anthracene were also present in all the vegetables but their concentration was not very high (6.89±0.03 µg/kg for naphthalene and 2.18±0.01 for anthracene). Higher concentration of PAHs was observed in samples collected from industrial areas due to the fact that industrial smoke could easily be absorbed by the vegetables grown in those areas.","PeriodicalId":19846,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41974744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-28DOI: 10.21743/PJAEC/2018.12.12
V. Samanidou, Ioannis Sarakatsianos, N. Manousi, D. Georgantelis, A. Goula, K. Adamopoulos
In present study the use of Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) was investigated for the detection and differentiation of mechanically deboned meat (MDM) content treated with high pressure techniques in meat products. A number of samples of meat products were prepared containing different proportions of MDM and elemental analysis was performed by a multi-element ICP-MS method after microwave assisted acid digestion of processed meat samples in closed vessels acid microwave digestion method. Element concentrations were plotted versus MDM content and obvious differences were observed for certain elements. Among all examined elements, barium presented a clear trend in correlation of its concentration with the MDM content. The results of this preliminary study indicate that it is possible to detect the proportion of % MDM content in processed meat products by its correlation to barium concentration.
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Pub Date : 2018-12-28DOI: 10.21743/PJAEC/2018.12.16
K. Mehmood, H. Ahmad, A. A. Abid, P. Guo
In recent years, Pakistan has experienced severe and persistent air pollution associated with urbanization and industrialization and it has substantial affects on ecosystem and air quality. In urban and peri urban areas, maximum TSP concentration was observed at Satiana Road (987 µm -3 ) and Chak 215 RB (1123 µgm -3 ). Similarly, maximum PM 10 concentration was recorded at Gutte Wala (782ug m -3 ) and Chak 215 RB (893 µg m -3 ), while maximum PM 2.5 concentrations was observed at Madina Food Mill (621 ug m -3 ) and Chak 215 RB (654 µgm -3 ). The statistical results suggested that there is significant difference between urban and peri-urban areas. Majority of size segregated pollutants including TSP, PM 10 and PM 2.5 were found with higher values than the United States Environmental Protection agency (US-EPA), national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS), world health organization (WHO) and national environmental quality standards for Pakistan (NEQS-Pak) limits for both urban and peri-urban areas, only 4%, 8% and 4% for TSP, PM 10 and PM 2.5 in urban and TSP (40%) PM 10 (60%) and PM 2.5 (44%) samples in peri urban samples were found under prescribed guidelines. Furthermore, we have also compared metropolitan size segregated pollutant (PM 10 ) with other Pakistan and Asian metropolitan’s cities’ and purposed strategy to control it.
近年来，巴基斯坦经历了与城市化和工业化相关的严重和持续的空气污染，对生态系统和空气质量产生了重大影响。在城市和城郊地区，最高TSP浓度为Satiana Road(987µm -3)和Chak 215 RB(1123µgm -3)。同样，在Gutte Wala (782ug m -3)和Chak 215 RB(893µgm -3)记录了最大PM 10浓度，而在Madina Food Mill (621 ug m -3)和Chak 215 RB(654µgm -3)记录了最大PM 2.5浓度。统计结果表明，城市和城郊地区之间存在显著差异。大多数大小分离的污染物，包括TSP、pm10和PM 2.5，其值高于美国环境保护署(US-EPA)、国家环境空气质量标准(NAAQS)、世界卫生组织(WHO)和巴基斯坦国家环境质量标准(NEQS-Pak)对城市和城郊地区的限制，TSP仅为4%、8%和4%。城市和TSP样本中的pm10和PM 2.5(40%)和城市周边样本中的pm10(60%)和PM 2.5(44%)在规定的指导方针下被发现。此外，我们还比较了大都市规模的分离污染物(pm10)与其他巴基斯坦和亚洲大都市的情况，并制定了控制它的策略。
{"title":"A Preliminary Assessment and Control Strategy of Size Segregated Pollutants in Urban and Peri-urban Areas of Metropolitan Faisalabad, Pakistan","authors":"K. Mehmood, H. Ahmad, A. A. Abid, P. Guo","doi":"10.21743/PJAEC/2018.12.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21743/PJAEC/2018.12.16","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, Pakistan has experienced severe and persistent air pollution associated with urbanization and industrialization and it has substantial affects on ecosystem and air quality. In urban and peri urban areas, maximum TSP concentration was observed at Satiana Road (987 µm -3 ) and Chak 215 RB (1123 µgm -3 ). Similarly, maximum PM 10 concentration was recorded at Gutte Wala (782ug m -3 ) and Chak 215 RB (893 µg m -3 ), while maximum PM 2.5 concentrations was observed at Madina Food Mill (621 ug m -3 ) and Chak 215 RB (654 µgm -3 ). The statistical results suggested that there is significant difference between urban and peri-urban areas. Majority of size segregated pollutants including TSP, PM 10 and PM 2.5 were found with higher values than the United States Environmental Protection agency (US-EPA), national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS), world health organization (WHO) and national environmental quality standards for Pakistan (NEQS-Pak) limits for both urban and peri-urban areas, only 4%, 8% and 4% for TSP, PM 10 and PM 2.5 in urban and TSP (40%) PM 10 (60%) and PM 2.5 (44%) samples in peri urban samples were found under prescribed guidelines. Furthermore, we have also compared metropolitan size segregated pollutant (PM 10 ) with other Pakistan and Asian metropolitan’s cities’ and purposed strategy to control it.","PeriodicalId":19846,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48520035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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