Perceptual and Motor Skills最新文献

The present study investigated the impact of three intensities of aerobic exercise -- low intensity [LIE), moderate intensity [MIE], and higher intensity [HIE]) -- on information processing and executive functioning. Forty participants (19, male; 21, female) between the ages of 18-25 (mean = 20.75, SD = ± 2.56) were randomly assigned to either a non-exercise-control (CON), LIE, MIE, or HIE groups. Participants took part in (1) single choice (SC), multichoice (MC), and dual-task (DT) response-time tasks to ascertain the speed of information processing, and (2) the Trail Making Test (TMT) to ascertain executive functioning, before exercise and 1 min and 20 min postexercise. Information processing was analyzed by fractionating total response time (RPT) into reaction time (RT), and movement time (MT). Trail Making Test, RPT, RT, and MT data were analyzed using separate 4 (Group [CON, LIE, MIE, HIE]) x 3 (Test Trial Block [pre-exercise, 1 min postexercise, 20 min postexercise]) repeated measures ANOVA. Results indicated that to varying extents participants in the three exercise groups significantly improved their RT and RPT during MC and DT tasks, but not during the SC task, and improved their TMT scores (ranging from p < .05 to p < .001) compared to CON group participants and that these improvements were observed at 1 min and 20 min postexercise. Based on the results, exercises of varying intensities positively affected the speed of information processing during the more complex response time tasks (MC and DT) and positively impacted executive functioning. As RT, and not MT, was primarily affected by exercise and as RT represents more central nervous system (CNS) processing, the faciliatory effect of exercise on the speed of information processing involved more rapidity of cortical processing than rapidity of movement when completing the MC and DT response-time tasks.

Classifying judo technique performance offers valuable insights into the technical-tactical profiles of judo athletes with visual impairment, particularly in high-level competition. This approach allows for a deeper understanding of how visual impairments influence the execution of specific techniques, which can vary across athletes' sex, sport classes and weight categories. In this regard, this study aimed to analyze the technical profiles of judo athletes with visual impairments by applying a technique-specific classification system across the London 2012, Rio 2016, and Tokyo 2020+1 Paralympic Games, while accounting for sex, sport class, and weight category. Data were extracted from the official results books of the London 2012, Rio de Janeiro 2016 and Tokyo 2020+1 Paralympic Games, covering matches from seven male and six female weight categories, totaling 380 athletes and 522 matches. Throwing and groundwork techniques were classified according to a technique-specific classification system. Chi-Square tests were used to test the associations between groups of techniques and sex, sport class (B1, B2 and B3), and weight category with a significant level set at p < .05. Significant associations were found between technique classifications and sex (χ² = 34.49, p < .001), sport class (χ² = 26.16, p = .046) and weight category (χ² = 123.52, p < .001). Groundwork techniques showed higher usage across all categories analyzed. The findings underscore the importance of understanding the technical profiles of judo athletes with visual impairments and their specific needs. These insights contribute to favor better training strategies and competition preparation tailored to the unique requirements of judo athletes with visual impairments.

Background: Academic burnout (AB) among college students is a negative psychological state that can lead to serious psychological and behavioral issues. Thus, a deep understanding of its contributing factors and mechanisms is crucial for promoting healthy development and a positive learning attitude. Method: This study explores the mitigating effects of physical exercise (PE) on academic burnout among college students, examining the mediating roles of psychological distress (PD) and mobile phone addiction (MPA). The study employed a cross-sectional design with 986 university students (M age = 20.2, SD = 1.5) from diverse academic disciplines across China, including 489 (49.6%) males and 497 (50.4%) females. Results: Findings suggest that regular physical exercise significantly reduces academic burnout, with psychological distress and mobile phone addiction serving as key mediators. Physical exercise was negatively correlated with academic burnout and psychological distress, while psychological distress positively influenced both mobile phone addiction and academic burnout. Additionally, mobile phone addiction positively correlated with increased academic burnout. The structural equation model indicated that the pathways from physical exercise to academic burnout through psychological distress and mobile phone addiction are significant, revealing a chained mediation effect. Conclusion: These results underscore the importance of physical exercises in mitigating academic burnout through psychological and behavioral mechanisms.

Administration of Purdue Pegboard Test (PPT) for fine motor testing among individuals with limited English comprehension is challenging. Translation of PPT into different language versions for use among individuals who speak other languages is crucial for examiner-examinee interactions. This study aimed to translate the PPT from English into Simplified Chinese (PPT-C) and evaluate the PPT-C linguistic content validity and test-retest reliability. Four English language teachers performed PPT's forward and backward translations (Model 32020A) into PPT-C. Ten expert reviewers evaluated the linguistic content validity and 60 university students (1-trial administration (n = 30) and 3-trial administration (n = 30)) participated in the test-retest reliability evaluation. PPT-C showed excellent content validity with Item-Content Validity Index = 0.80 - 1.00, Scale-Content Validity Index/Average = 0.93 - 1.00, and Scale-Content Validity Index/Universal Agreement = 0.25 - 1.00. The 3-trial administration had higher test-retest reliability (moderate to good) with intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) (standard error of measurements (SEMs)) = 0.69 (SEM = 0.88) - 0.81 (SEM = 0.69) compared to 1-trial administration (poor to moderate) with ICCs = 0.33 (SEM = 1.34) - 0.50 (SEM = 1.10). Both 1-trial and 3-trial administrations were likely to be affected by systematic errors, especially practice effects, as they had higher retest scores. Random errors were minimal; all subtests had minimal detectable change percent values within the acceptable range (15.36%-28.36%). Linguistic content validity and test-retest reliability evaluation showed that PPT-C can be used among Chinese-speaking individuals. It is recommended to use 3-trial administration for more reliable evaluation.

Background: Relative age effects (RAEs) refer to the overrepresentation of athletes born earlier in a selection year and may influence talent identification in sport. While RAEs are well-documented in male cricket, limited research exists in the female game. Purpose: To examine the prevalence of RAEs across the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) women's and girls' national talent pathway, from youth to senior levels. Research Design: A cross-sectional design comparing observed and expected birthdate distributions. Study Sample: Data were collected for 289 players from six cohorts: Regional Festivals (n = 108), School Games (n = 48), England U19 World Cup Squad (n = 15), and senior national squads-T20 (n = 47), ODI (n = 41), and Test (n = 30). Data Collection and/or Analysis: Players' birthdates were categorised into quartiles based on the UK academic year. Chi-square tests and odds ratios (95% CIs) were used to assess RAEs by cohort and skill set (batters, bowlers). Transitions from youth to senior levels were also examined. Results: Significant RAEs were identified in all youth cohorts, with relatively older players overrepresented. In contrast, senior cohorts showed a reversal effect, with relatively younger players more prevalent, particularly among those who played more matches. These patterns were evident across both batters and bowlers. Conclusions: RAEs are present in the ECB women's and girls' talent pathway, suggesting selection biases that may hinder long-term development. Stakeholders should implement strategies to create a more equitable pathway and support all players in realising their potential.

This study explores the interplay between the ideal L2 self, mindfulness, academic buoyancy, and foreign language achievement (FLA) among intermediate-level English as a foreign language (EFL) learners in Iran. Utilizing Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), data from 347 participants revealed significant relationships among these constructs. The ideal L2 self was found to have a direct positive effect on FLA, supporting the L2 Motivational Self System framework. Although mindfulness did not show a direct significant effect on FLA, it indirectly influenced FLA through academic buoyancy. Academic buoyancy mediated the relationships between both the ideal L2 self and mindfulness with FLA, highlighting its crucial role in academic resilience. These findings suggest that fostering a strong ideal L2 self and integrating mindfulness practices can enhance academic buoyancy, thereby improving language learning outcomes. The implications of this study for theory and practice highlight the importance of resilience-building and motivational strategies in language education. Limitations and directions for future research are also discussed.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the evolution of home advantage (HA) effect in NCAA D1 men's soccer (2010-2020) in relation to the level of a team. Research Design: The studied variables were result of the game, location of the game (home, away or neutral), winning percentage, the level of the team according to its winning percentage (high level, mid-level, or low level), the level of the opponent team, type of confrontation considering the level of the teams (1vs1, 1vs2, 1vs3, 2vs2, 2vs3, and 3vs3), team home points advantage, team goals, assists, shot attempts, shots on goal, efficacy (percentage of shots scored), penalties, corners, fouls, yellow cards, and red cards. Sample: The sample was all 39,397 NCAA Division 1 men's soccer matches from the 2010-2011 season to the 2019-2020 season. Results: Regardless of the strength of the team (level of team and type of confrontation), teams won significantly more games when playing at home compared to playing away. Comparing home point advantage, low level teams had a significantly higher home advantage effect than middle level teams. When playing at home, teams had significantly more goals, assists, shot attempts, shots on goal, and corners, while conceding fewer goals. All the differences found had a small effect size. The fact that neutral games didn't evince any significant differences, further supports the notion of the HA-effect. Conclusions: This study confirms the HA effect and presents reference values according to team strength and confrontations regarding win-loss-tie, home advantage points, and game statistics.

AimThe study aimed to evaluate the effect of Preterm Infant Oral Motor Intervention (PIOMI) on oral feeding skills, weight gain, and duration of hospital stay in preterm infants.MethodsThis systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews and reported according to the PRISMA flow diagram. The literature review was carried out over articles published in English in PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Ovid, Cochrane, Springer Link, Wiley Online Library, EBSCO, and Google Academic databases. There was no time limitation in the data review, and 11 articles were included in the study.ResultsIn our study, it was determined that the transition time to first oral and full oral feeding was shorter, Preterm Oral Feeding Readiness Scale (POFRAS) scores were higher, postmenstrual age in full oral feeding was lower and weight gain was higher in preterm infants who were applied PIOMI. In addition, it was determined that preterm infants who were applied PIOMI switched to full oral feeding at lower weights and had a shorter hospital stay.ConclusionThis study revealed that PIOMI positively affected the duration of transition to oral nutrition, oral nutrition skills, weight gain, and duration of hospital stay in preterm infants. However, considering that PIOMI may be affected by clinical and cultural practices, there is a need to conduct randomized controlled experimental studies with a large sample size in which the effectiveness of PIOMI is tested by standardizing the frequency and duration of application in newborns with more homogeneous characteristics in terms of age and weight.

Our study aimed to improve the lower limbs' simple and choice reaction times and reactive spatial orientation by practicing an experimental program using Fitlight technology in U14 and U16 junior basketball players. This research integrates three specific tests: the Lower Limb Reaction Test, the Lower Limb Choice Reaction Test, and the Spatial Orientation Reactive Test. These were designed to measure and improve players' reactions to simple, choice, and spatial orientation through visual stimuli. An 18-week training program was implemented between the initial and final evaluation, emphasizing integrating basketball-specific technical and physical exercises using Fitlight technology. The subjects' sample consists of an experimental and control group with identical numbers of participants in both the U14 (18 subjects) and U16 (17 subjects) categories. SPSS was used for statistical analysis. The results indicate significant improvements with p < .05, Cohen's d parameters with very high effect sizes (d > 1), in reaction times and spatial orientation for the experimental groups, highlighting the effectiveness of incorporating modern equipment in the sports training program. Analyzing the results of the experimental groups, we find that the most relevant age for the reactive development of spatial orientation with the help of Fitlight technologies implemented in the training process is U14, while the most relevant age for the reactive time of the lower limbs is U16. The study's results highlight the experimental program's positive impact in improving reactive reaction time in the lower limbs and spatial orientation of junior basketball players.

Background: Adolescence is a critical period for the development of physical and cognitive health. Understanding how lifestyle and physical health parameters relate to academic performance and quality of life may inform school-based interventions. Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between physical activity level (PAL), quality of life (QoL), physical fitness (PF), strength, speed and agility, body composition, and academic performance (AP) in high school students. Research Design: A cross-sectional, correlational study using multiple linear regression models to assess predictive relationships. Study Sample: 365 students (aged 16.93 ± 0.94 years) participated in the study. Data Collection and Analysis: Evaluations included Body Mass Index (BMI); PAL; QoL; PF (handgrip strength, countermovement vertical jump, and agility); and AP. A multiple linear regression was conducted using AP as the dependent variable, with BMI, jump performance, agility, handgrip strength, and PAL scores as predictors. Five additional multiple linear regressions were performed, each with a QoL domain as the dependent variable, and the same set of predictors as in the AP model. Participants' age and sex were included as covariates in all models. Results: Significant predictive capacity was observed for AP (F = 2.22, p = .028, R = 0.31, R² = 0.093) and two QoL domains: physical health (F = 2.32, p = .021, R = 0.28, R² = 0.079) and psychological health (F = 2.32 and p = .021, R = 0.28, R² = 0.079); however, with weak correlation coefficients (0.2 ≤ R <0.4). Only jump performance and age significantly affected the AP model (β = 0.038, p = .014) and the psychological health domain model (β = 0.48, p = .018). Conclusions: The predictors explained 9.3% of the variance in AP and 7.9% of the variance in physical health and psychological health in QoL domains, suggesting that additional factors (e.g., socioeconomic status, dietary habits) may play a role. The findings highlight the importance of multifactorial approaches in future research.