Perceptual and Motor Skills最新文献

To support anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) individuals in restoring knee joint function and reaching preinjury levels of activity, it is essential to monitor not only postoperative physical, but also psychological recovery. The study aimed to culturally adapt the short version of Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Return to Sport after Injury (ACL-RSI) scale into Traditional Chinese (ACL-RSI-TC) and evaluate its psychometric properties among individuals with post ACLR. ACL-RSI-TC was developed using the back translation method. A total of 150 physically active participants (61 males and 89 females, age = 25.22 ± 4.72 years) with 42 ± 36.68 months post-ACLR participated in the validation and reliability assessment of the ACL-RSI-TC. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha, which measured the internal consistency among ACL-RSI-TC items. Construct validity was determined through factor analysis and correlations between ACL-RSI-TC and both Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) and Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia-11 (TSK 11). The ACL-RSI-TC scale demonstrated good internal consistency (α = .84). All back-translated items exhibited factor loadings within an acceptable range (factor loadings = .50 to .79) in factor analysis. ACL-RSI-TC scores demonstrated small to moderate correlations with subscales of KOOS correlations and displayed a negative and moderate correlation with the TSK-11 scores. The ACL-RSI-TC has reasonable reliability and construct validity indices in individuals with ACLR. We recommend clinicians integrate the ACL-RSI-TC into practices to enhance decision-making in rehabilitation and return to sport following ACLR while working with Traditional Chinese users.

Kinesio Taping (KT) is widely used in athletic settings to enhance performance, yet its short-term effects on muscular activity and sport-specific tasks remain unclear. This study examined the short-term delayed effects of KT on muscular activity and throwing velocity in female handball players. Seventeen amateur female handball players were randomly assigned to either a KT or placebo tape group using a crossover design. KT was applied with an inhibition technique to muscles of the throwing arm, while the placebo group received similar taping without any specific technique. Surface electromyographic (sEMG) activity and throwing velocity were measured at baseline, 1, 24, and 48 hours post-taping, with a seven-day wash-out period between KT and placebo tape treatments. Results revealed a significant time effect on sEMG activity in the biceps brachii and triceps brachii, as well as a time-by-group interaction for the flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU). Additionally, a significant time and time-by-group interaction effect was detected on throwing velocity. Our findings suggest that KT may enhance throwing velocity in female handball players. Additionally, KT may exert a localized neuromuscular effect, as it significantly affected sEMG activity only in the FCU among the muscles examined. Future research should explore the delayed and prolonged effects of KT on elite-level and/or male athletes to further validate and expand these findings in the athletic setting.

The competitive nature of sports often leads to heightened aggression among athletes, particularly in adolescents. This study examined the relationship between narcissism and aggression in adolescent athletes, focusing on the moderating role of emotional intelligence. A total of 294 adolescent athletes registered with institutions under the Korean Sport & Olympic Committee completed self-report surveys on narcissism, emotional intelligence, and aggression. Data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 21.0, employing Hayes's PROCESS macro for moderation analysis. Results revealed that athletes' narcissism positively predicted aggression, and this relationship was moderated by the level of athletes' emotional intelligence. Specifically, the positive association between narcissism and aggression was weaker for athletes with higher emotional intelligence. These findings contribute to the understanding of psychological dynamics in youth sports and provide practical implications for coaches and sports psychologists. By highlighting the complex interplay between narcissism, emotional intelligence, and aggression, this study offers insights for developing targeted interventions to manage aggressive behavior and promote healthy psychological development in adolescent athletes.

Background: Green reading is a critical skill in golf putting. Purpose: This study examines how golfers across a continuum of skill levels interpret static 2D images and videos to predict ball roll and putting outcomes. Methods: Eighty participants of varying skill (average putts per round ranging from 29 to 54, with an average of 40.8 putts) completed a screen-based task. Firstly, a series of two putts were presented as static images. Participants first provided an initial read, then reviewed up to six different viewing positions before confirming or revising their decision and finally watched a video of a professional executing the putt before confirming or revising their read. Participants also completed two additional video tasks, firstly watching six videos of occluded putts and judging whether the ball would go in or miss. The second task had three separate putts. Participants viewed each putt from three camera angles (behind, side, and side-delayed) and were asked to identify the read. Results: Golfers are more accurate in predicting the read from a video than a 2D static image. Higher skilled golfers benefit more from additional visual information or a video, predicting outcomes better than lesser skilled golfers. Conclusions: These findings highlight both the potential and limitations of screen-based green reading.

Balance control is a fundamental motor skill influenced by various external and internal factors, including social influences (spectator effects) and visual fixation. In a two-step approach, we investigated the influence of videotaped spectators on balance performance in 32 female dancers and 64 control participants (32 Non-Dancers 1, 32 Non-Dancers 2 - sport students) using a single-leg balance task on an ankle-disc board. The participants balanced on their dominant and non-dominant leg alone and in front of a simulated audience (pre-recorded video). While dancers and 32 control participants (Non-Dancers (1) were told they were being watched in real time, the other 32 control participants (Non-Dancers (2) were aware that the video was pre-recorded. Balance performance improved in the presence of simulated spectators, independent of expertise level or leg dominance of the participants, also in participants who were aware that the audience was "fake". These findings challenge traditional theories of social facilitation effects in motor tasks and highlight the stabilizing role of visual fixation in balance control.

Background: Understanding the phases of a 200-meter race is crucial for establishing effective competition strategies. Although ergometer and on-water kayaks present similar race phases, breakpoint differences may exist. Purpose: This study compared the phases of the 200-meter race performed on an ergometer and on-water kayak in Paralympic canoe sprint (PCS) athletes and attempted to develop equations to adjust on-water breakpoints based on ergometer tests. Methods: Twenty-four international (n=8) and national (n = 16) PCS athletes (age: 34.5 years; time since injury: 14.6 years; PCS time: 4.7 years) completed a 200-meter maximum test on both ergometer and on-water kayaks. Race phases were identified using piecewise linear regression models (three- and four-phase), and breakpoint distances and times were compared using inferential statistics with a significance level set at p ≤ 0.05. Results: Total time and velocity did not differ significantly between ergometer and on-water conditions. The first breakpoint occurred later on water compared to ergometer, with significant differences in distance (∆ = 26.5%, p ≤ 0.05) and time (∆ = 35.2%, p ≤ 0.05). The four-phase model showed very high coefficients of determination for both ergometer and on-water (R² = 0.97 and R² = 0.94), while the three-phase model showed high to very high values (R² = 0.94 and R² = 0.86). Regression equations for the first breakpoint were calculated but were not statistically significant. Conclusions: Findings indicate that the first breakpoint occurs earlier on ergometers, suggesting their potential utility for training monitoring and pacing strategy development. Nonetheless, physiological and biomechanical differences between ergometer and on-water conditions warrant caution in extrapolating results. Ergometer benchmarks may serve as useful targets for on-water training, particularly in refining acceleration phases.

Children's self-evaluations are typically overly positive until around 8 years of age. An overestimation of aquatic skills may increase behavioral risk-taking and then elevate the likelihood of drowning. However, little is known about how perceived and actual water competence are related in children, as well as whether children overestimate their ability in aquatic skills. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between perceived and actual water competence in Brazilian children aged 4 to 10 years. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 162 participants (51.8% girls), categorized into three age groups: 4-6 years (≤72 months, n = 33), 6-8 years (73-96 months, n = 83), and 8-10 years (≥97 months, n = 46). Perceived and actual water competence were assessed using aligned instruments: Pictorial Scale of Perceived Water Competence (PSPWC) and Actual Aquatic Skill Test (AAST), respectively. Actual and perceived water competence were positively and strongly associated across age groups (r_s = .788 to .940). No significant differences by sex were found in either actual or perceived water competence. Comparisons between actual and perceived water competence revealed no significant differences in all age groups. This study showed that perceived and actual water competence are strongly and positively associated in Brazilian children aged 4 to 10 years. Moreover, children did not overestimate their aquatic skills, even in the younger age groups. Therefore, children can make accurate self-evaluations in water competence when the aquatic skills being assessed are basic and concrete. We recommend assessing perceived water competence as part of a comprehensive screening strategy integrated into broader water safety actions that may help prevent drowning in children.

The placebo effect is a psychobiological response capable of influencing physical performance. Although its impact in sports settings is well documented, few studies have investigated whether a placebo effect exists for resistance training (RT)-induced muscle strength and mass changes. This study examined whether strategies involving external motivational feedback can affect the effectiveness of RT potentiating muscle strength and lean mass gains in untrained individuals. Thirty-one volunteers (25.9 ± 4.4 years, 13 women) were assigned to either a PLACEBO group (with external motivational feedback strategies) or a N-PLACEBO group (no external motivational feedback strategies). Both groups followed the same 14-week RT protocol, but with individual load progression. Muscle strength was assessed via one-repetition maximum (1 RM), and changes in lean mass of the thigh and hip via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), before (pre) and after (post) RT. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA showed significant pre-to-post increases in 1 RM and lean mass in both groups (main effect of time, p < 0.001), but no significant group-by-time interaction for muscle strength or lean mass (p > 0.05). We conclude that external motivational feedback strategies did not yield additional gains in muscle strength or lean mass of the thigh and hip in untrained individuals. Therefore, no placebo effect was observed for the analyzed outcomes.