Perceptual and Motor Skills最新文献

BackgroundThe optimization of training in team sports such as futsal necessitates methodologies that integrate physical, technical, and tactical development. While Small-Sided Games (SSG) are a cornerstone of modern pedagogy, their effects are frequently investigated in isolation. Consequently, a knowledge gap persists regarding the interplay between physical adaptations and improvements in decision-making.ObjectiveTo critically analyze and synthesize the scientific evidence on how manipulating SSG variables concurrently impacts both physical performance and tactical decision-making in futsal players.MethodsThis systematic review was performed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. The Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect databases were systematically searched up to June 2025 for original studies published in English, Spanish, or Portuguese that examined the effects of SSG variable manipulation on decision-making and/or physical performance.ResultsThis systematic review identified 10 eligible studies, with sample sizes ranging from 8 to 59 participants (total N = 306), that met the inclusion criteria. Regarding decision-making, the narrative synthesis indicated that reducing the number of players (e.g., 2vs2) increases the frequency of individual actions (dribbling, shooting), shifting the tactical focus to 1vs1 problem-solving. In contrast, formats with more players (e.g., 4vs4) foster collective tactical behaviors such as ball possession. In terms of physical performance, these smaller formats were consistently associated with a higher overall physical load. A trade-off between physiological intensity and informational complexity was identified.ConclusionManipulating constraints within SSGs represents a precise and versatile pedagogical strategy. Effective task design requires the deliberate alignment of the tactical problem with the intended physiological stimulus to foster a holistic development of the player. Coaches are thus encouraged to function as 'architects of learning environments' rather than mere prescribers of drills.

Background: Developing children's motor competence (MC) is central to fostering physical literacy and constitutes a core aim of high-quality physical education. Accurate and valid assessment tools are therefore essential. The MOBAK 3-4, following the MOBAK 1-2, was designed to assess basic motor competencies (BMC) in 8-10-year-olds. Purpose: This study aimed to provide evidence of construct validity and score reliability for the MOBAK 3-4 in a Portuguese sample. Study Sample: A total of 436 pupils (M = 9.4 ± 0.6 years; 53% boys) were assessed by trained test administrators with excellent inter- and intra-rater agreement. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis supported a two-factor correlated model-Object Movement (OM) and Self-Movement (SM)-including residual covariances between Dribbling-Running and Balancing-Jumping. Stepwise measurement invariance testing across sex supported partial thresholds and loadings invariance (Throwing and Running freed). Latent mean comparison indicated boys scored significantly higher in OM (d = 0.87 [0.86, 1.63]), but similarly in SM (d = -0.29 [-0.57, 0.06]) A Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes model with age evidenced the moderating effect of sex: age predicted higher OM and SM in girls, but negligible gains in boys. Score reliability was acceptable for OM (Ω = .69) but inadequate for SM (Ω = .39), limiting its interpretability as a stand-alone scale, particularly in girls. Regression-based OM and SM subscores are recommended over a single global index. Conclusions: MOBAK 3-4 is a feasible and psychometrically supported tool for assessing children's BMC. Results highlight age- and sex-specific patterns in MC, with implications for research, policy, and practice in physical education.

Background: Directing attention externally (EF) has been found to be more advantageous for motor performance than directing attention internally (IF). More recently, a holistic focus (HF) has been found to yield similar performance outcomes to an EF focus among both novice and experienced individuals. Purpose: There remains a need to examine kinetics and kinematics under a HF to more fully understand the underlying mechanism for the performance benefits. Study Sample: Seventeen (male; M = 19.81 years, SD = 1.58) NCAA Division I football players performed 12 vertical jumps in a counterbalanced order under four conditions with three jumps in each: IF (i.e., tips of the fingers), EF (i.e., top of the rungs), HF (i.e., being explosive), and control (CON). Data Collection: all participants performed the vertical jumps on a force plate with 16 reflective markers placed on their lower extremities. Research Design: Repeated measures ANOVA with Sidak post-hoc were used to analyze jump height, flight height, peak force, takeoff velocity, and knee and hip flexion. Results: A significant main effect for jump height was observed [F (3, 48) = 8.14, p = .003, η_p² = .34]. HF and EF jumped significantly higher than CON (p = .020; p = .024). No other significant differences for jump height were observed (p's > .05). No significant differences were observed for flight height, peak force, takeoff velocity, and flexion of the knee and hip (p's > .05). Conclusions: The results of our study support previous research in that both an EF and HF significantly improved jump performance, however, the benefit was not attributed to improved kinematics or kinetics. Practitioners can utilize both EF and HF to enhance athletic performance.

This study investigated the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Dynamic Gait Index (DGI) in dyslexic children. Sixty children aged 8-14 years were included. The original English DGI was translated into Turkish and cross-culturally adapted following standard guidelines. To evaluate its measurement properties, two independent raters assessed all children in a single session, and one of them repeated the evaluation after 7 days. Internal consistency was determined via Cronbach's alpha, while intra- and inter-rater reliability were assessed using Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC). We found the internal consistency of the DGI to be moderate, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.624, and it demonstrated good intra-rater (ICC = 0.85) and inter-rater (ICC = 0.83) reliability. Concurrent validity was examined by correlating DGI scores with the Timed Up and Go Test (TUG) and the Functional Reach Test (FRT) results using Spearman's correlation analysis. However, no significant correlations were found between DGI scores and TUG or FRT performance (p > 0.05). This pattern may be related to ceiling effects and the limited sensitivity of these tests to subtle gait and dynamic balance impairments in dyslexic children. Notably, dyslexic children scored significantly lower on the DGI and performed worse on the TUG compared with their non-dyslexic peers (DGI: p < 0.001; TUG: p = 0.035), whereas no significant difference was observed for FRT scores (p = 0.43). These findings indicate that the Turkish DGI shows good intra- and inter-rater reliability in dyslexic children, but that evidence for its concurrent validity with clinical balance tests (TUG and FRT) is limited. Further research is needed to identify complementary assessment tools that can provide a more comprehensive evaluation of balance in this population.

This study aimed to determine the responsiveness and establish the minimal clinically important difference of the Turkish version of the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI-TR) in patients with acute discogenic lumbar radiculopathy (ADLR). This study included 140 patients (mean age: 51.38 ± 12.23 years) with ADLR. Pre- and post-treatment, participants completed the ODI-TR and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), which assessed pain at rest (VASr), at night (VASn), and during activity (VASa). Post-treatment, the Global Perceived Effect Scale (GPE) was utilized to quantify patient-reported improvement or deterioration. Responsiveness was evaluated using both distribution- and anchor-based methods. The distribution-based approach involved calculating the standard error of measurement (SEM) using the formula SEM = SDx√(1-R), followed by the determination of the minimum detectable change at a 95% confidence level (MDC95), calculated as MDC = SEMx1.96x√2. The anchor-based method employed receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The ODI-TR demonstrated good responsiveness, as indicated by an effect size of 1.29 and a standardized response mean of 1.03. The measurement error was quantified by an SEM of 7.08, and the MDC was calculated as 19.62. The ROC analysis showed a moderate ability to distinguish between patient outcomes, with an area under the curve of 0.71. An ODI-TR score of 9.50 was found to be the most effective cut-off, providing high sensitivity (86.1%) and specificity (76.0%). The ODI-TR is responsive in determining the changes in ADLR patients. The MDC and established cut-off point provide clinicians with valuable metrics for discerning clinically significant improvements or deteriorations.

As no other investigators have holistically addressed kinesiotaping (KT) effects on physical and psychological measures in patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP). Our aim in the present study was to investigate the effects of KT application on pain, flexibility, function, back awareness, fear-avoidance, anxiety, and depression in patients with CLBP. We conducted a single-blind, randomized controlled trial with 52 patients with CLBP who were randomized to either or an electrotherapy (ET) group (n = 26) or a KT + ET group (n = 26). The ET group received only conventional electrophysical interventions for two weeks, while the KT + ET group received kinesiotaping plus the electro-physical interventions. At baseline, after the second week (post-treatment), and at an eighth-week follow-up, participants were given the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for self-reported pain, the Fremantle Low Back Awareness Questionnaire (FreBAQ), the Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test (FTST), the Timed Up and Go Test (TUG), the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), the Modified Schober Test (mST), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ). The KT + ET group showed greater improvement than the ET group on the VAS, TUG, FTST, FreBAQ, and FABQ and was significantly improved at both the second and eighth weeks (p < .05). The subjective function (RMDQ) score of the KT group was better at the eighth week (p < .05). There was no significant difference between the groups on the mST, HADS-D, and HADS-A (p > .05). However, both the KT + ET and ET groups showed significant improvement on the HADS-D and HAD-S-A (p < .05). These results show that the KT application provided additional benefits relative to ET alone in participants' perceived pain, and their objective and subjective functioning, low back awareness, and fear avoidance.

Background: Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) experience significant deficits in motor control. Understanding the mechanisms associated with the stability of coordination patterns and their transfer, particularly in the context of interlimb coordination and intertask transfer, can provide valuable insights into addressing their motor challenges. Purpose: The present study employed a quasi-experimental design with pretest-posttest measures, including retention and transfer sessions. Research Design: A total of 36 boys, aged 7-12 years, diagnosed with DCD according to the DSM-5 criteria, and 36 typically developing children, matched for IQ and chronological age, were selected through purposive sampling. Each child was randomly assigned to one of three practice conditions: unimanual, bimanual, or dyadic. In the pretest, participants completed five trials in unimanual, bimanual, and dyadic execution modes across all groups. During the acquisition, they performed five blocks of practice, each consisting of 10 trials. After 24 hours, one block of five trials was conducted to assess retention, and two blocks of five trials each were used to evaluate transfer across different practice conditions. Data Collection: Manual coordination was assessed using rotary pursuit task software, measuring variables such as continuous relative phase (CRP), total time on target (TOT), continuous time on target (CTT), distance from target (DT), and distance from path (DP). Results: Repeated measures ANOVA showed significant differences between the groups in TOT, CTT, and DT during retention (p < .05), indicating challenges in maintenance of retention in children with DCD. For CRP, there was no significant difference between the two groups (p > .05). In the transfer of coordination stability, significant differences were observed when transferring from dyadic and bimanual training to unimanual execution in DP, CTT, and TOT (p < .05) and from unimanual and dyadic training to bimanual execution in TOT and CTT (p < .05). Conclusion: Overall, children with DCD are capable of executing and learning motor coordination patterns and even transferring acquired skills to new conditions. However, they face greater challenges compared to typically developing children. These difficulties are likely due to the performer constraints, which may be alleviated with increased training and practice.

The advancement of technology has driven significant changes in user interface design, shifting from traditional button-based interfaces to touch-based graphical user interfaces. As medical knowledge progresses, there is a growing awareness of the importance of self-health monitoring at home. However, due to age-related physiological and cognitive changes, elderly individuals often encounter challenges when operating touchscreen interfaces. This study explores the effects of button size, display position, and color contrast on the usability of touchscreen interfaces for elderly users. A total of 220 subjects, including 110 young people aged 18-35 years and 110 elderly people aged 65 years and above, were recruited for this study. Each subject was required to perform 16 experiments (4 button sizes × 4 display positions). Results indicated that age significantly affected both operation time and error rates, with younger participants exhibiting faster response times and lower error rates. For young adults, button size influenced operation time but not display position or color contrast. In contrast, elderly users performed best with a 16 mm button size and when buttons were positioned at the upper or right side of the display. These findings highlight the importance of designing touchscreen interfaces tailored to the physiological and cognitive limitations of elderly users. Future research should explore adaptive interface designs that dynamically adjust button sizes and layouts to optimize usability across different subjects.

The present study investigated the impact of three intensities of aerobic exercise -- low intensity [LIE), moderate intensity [MIE], and higher intensity [HIE]) -- on information processing and executive functioning. Forty participants (19, male; 21, female) between the ages of 18-25 (mean = 20.75, SD = ± 2.56) were randomly assigned to either a non-exercise-control (CON), LIE, MIE, or HIE groups. Participants took part in (1) single choice (SC), multichoice (MC), and dual-task (DT) response-time tasks to ascertain the speed of information processing, and (2) the Trail Making Test (TMT) to ascertain executive functioning, before exercise and 1 min and 20 min postexercise. Information processing was analyzed by fractionating total response time (RPT) into reaction time (RT), and movement time (MT). Trail Making Test, RPT, RT, and MT data were analyzed using separate 4 (Group [CON, LIE, MIE, HIE]) x 3 (Test Trial Block [pre-exercise, 1 min postexercise, 20 min postexercise]) repeated measures ANOVA. Results indicated that to varying extents participants in the three exercise groups significantly improved their RT and RPT during MC and DT tasks, but not during the SC task, and improved their TMT scores (ranging from p < .05 to p < .001) compared to CON group participants and that these improvements were observed at 1 min and 20 min postexercise. Based on the results, exercises of varying intensities positively affected the speed of information processing during the more complex response time tasks (MC and DT) and positively impacted executive functioning. As RT, and not MT, was primarily affected by exercise and as RT represents more central nervous system (CNS) processing, the faciliatory effect of exercise on the speed of information processing involved more rapidity of cortical processing than rapidity of movement when completing the MC and DT response-time tasks.