Perceptual and Motor Skills最新文献

Cognitive flexibility is crucial for volleyball athletes, enabling swift adaptation to dynamic game situations. While blood flow restriction (BFR) training has been suggested to enhance working memory, its specific effects on cognitive flexibility in volleyball players are not well understood. Therefore, this study investigates the effects of BFR combined with low-intensity aerobic exercise on cognitive flexibility in adolescent athletes, with a focus on the role of peripheral catecholamines. A randomized balanced crossover design was employed, involving 20 participants who completed four intervention conditions: sedentary rest, low-intensity aerobic exercise, moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, and BFR with low-intensity aerobic exercise. Post-intervention assessments included measurements of peripheral catecholamine levels and cognitive flexibility, specifically examining shifting costs. The results revealed significant differences in shifting costs across intervention conditions (p < .001). BFR training was associated with significantly higher shifting costs compared to sedentary rest (p < .001), lowintensity aerobic exercise (p < .001), and moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (p = .003). Correlation analysis demonstrated significant negative associations between post-BFR norepinephrine (R = -0.46) and epinephrine (R = -0.48) levels and shifting costs. These findings highlight the potential of BFR training to improve cognitive flexibility in adolescent volleyball players beyond the effects of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, with practical implications for optimizing training regimens in this population. Additionally, the observed correlations between norepinephrine and epinephrine levels and cognitive performance offer novel insights into the physiological mechanisms underpinning cognitive function in sports contexts.

The negative effects of mental fatigue on physical performance have been well established in different sports that require aerobic endurance, but, in this study, we investigated the impact of mental fatigue on the physical performance of paralympic (wheelchair basketball) athletes. Eleven participants completed a baseline and two experimental sessions, each separated by 24 hours. The baseline session familiarized participants with the measurements. During each experimental session, athletes performed a version of the Yo-Yo intermittent 10-m test under one of two conditions: (a) after watching a documentary for 30 minutes (control), and (b) after high cognitive effort, induced by the Stroop test. Rating of perceived effort (RPE) was measured during both conditions after cognitive and physical effort. We used estimation statistics, paired Hedge's g for repeated measures with 95% bootstrap confidence intervals (CI) to compare conditions. Results showed that high cognitive effort significantly reduced performance in distance covered (control M = 1169, SD = 429 m; high cognitive effort M = 924, SD = 399 m), with a moderate effect size (Hedge's g = -0.54 [95% CI -1.06; -1.16]), indicating a moderately negative mental fatigue impact on intermittent endurance performance. Test duration decreased (control M = 18, SD = 6.89 min; high cognitive effort M = 14, SD = 6.49 min), also with a moderate effect size (Hedge's g = -0.54 [95% CI -1.06; -1.17]). Furthermore, RPE increased under high cognitive effort (control M = 15, SD = 0.9; high cognitive effort M = 17, SD = 1.4), with a large effect size (Hedge's g = 1.59 [95% CI 0.87; 2.31]), suggesting considerably increased perceived exertion. Thus, the evidence obtained suggests that mental fatigue impairs physical performance and increases perceived effort among wheelchair athletes.

In this study, drawing on an integrated understanding of the process model of emotion regulation (Gross, 2015) and the control-value theory (Pekrun, 2006), and informed by principles from the complex dynamic systems theory, we used a network analysis to examine the relationships between task engagement, achievement emotions (i.e., enjoyment, boredom and anxiety), and emotion regulation of 348 Chinese college students in English-as-a-foreign language (EFL) classes. We found a relatively strong connection between these constructs, with cognitive appraisal, enjoyment, and emotional engagement being the most central nodes within connections to task engagement, achievement emotions, and emotion regulation, respectively. Notably, strong peripheral relationships emerged between enjoyment and all facets of task engagement, all of which were positively associated with cognitive reappraisal but negatively with boredom. Expressive suppression was positively linked only with boredom and anxiety, whereas cognitive reappraisal was positively associated with social engagement. We found no direct association between task engagement and anxiety or emotion suppression. Collectively, these findings provide novel insights into the emotional underpinnings of students' task engagement in EFL contexts.

In this study, we assessed players' technical and tactical performance, based on home or away venues and examined whether these differences varied between All-NBA and Non-All-NBA players. We analyzed data from 23 NBA seasons (1997-1998 to 2022-2023), excluding seasons impacted by lockouts and pandemic restrictions. The dataset, sourced from open-access NBA records, included 243,067 games and variables such as points per game, rebounds (offensive and defensive), shooting percentages (2-points %, 3-points %, free-throw %), assists, steals, blocks, turnovers, personal fouls, and efficiency, normalized per 48 minutes of play. We found significant differences based on venue and player tier. Points per game were higher at home (p < .001) and for All-NBA players (p < .001), with a strong interaction effect showing that All-NBA players performed best at home. Free throw and 2P % were also higher at home and for All-NBA players (both p < .001). Efficiency, assists, and rebounds were higher at home and for All-NBA players, with interaction effects showing that All-NBA players at home excelled over other conditions (all p < .001). Turnovers were higher for All-NBA players at home (p < .001), while steals were lower for Non-All-NBA players in away games. Blocks were highest at home, with Home All-NBA players leading (p < .001). Personal fouls were higher in away games and for Non-All-NBA players (p < .001). We concluded that both venue and player tier were significantly associated with better performance, with home games offering a distinct advantage and All-NBA players showing superior performance to Non-All-NBA Players across most metrics. Practical applications include optimizing recovery and travel schedules to manage away-game challenges, leveraging home-court advantages, and tailoring strategies to maximize elite player performance in different environments.

Blood flow restricted exercise appears to be more discomforting than the same exercise without blood flow restriction. Changes in discomfort have not been investigated following repeated bouts of isometric exercise. It is possible that the isometric contractions may further trap metabolites resulting in greater discomfort. The purpose was to investigate the effects of six weeks of isometric handgrip exercise on perceived discomfort and willingness to continue with that form of exercise. 135 participants trained three times a week for six-weeks. The training consisted of four sets of 2-min low-intensity contractions (at 30% of their maximal voluntary contraction) with blood flow restriction (LI + BFR) and without blood flow restriction (LI). The maximal contraction group performed four, five second maximal contractions (MAX). Discomfort was measured post-exercise on the first, ninth, and last training session using the CR10+ scale. Changes in discomfort from the 1^st to the 18^th session were greater in the LI [-1.7 (1.7) AU] (BF₁₀ = 6952.769) and LI + BFR [-1.5 (1.9) AU] (BF₁₀ = 404.996) when compared to MAX group [0.04 (1.5) AU]. There was no difference between LI and LI + BFR (BF₁₀ = 0.241). Although there were differences in discomfort, there was no difference in the desire to continue the same exercise amongst groups (BF₁₀ = 0.208). Discomfort decreased more in both low intensity groups compared to the MAX group. Despite greater decreases in discomfort there was no difference in willingness to continue with the same form of exercise. This suggests other factors besides discomfort may influence an individual's willingness to continue with the same type of exercise.

Executive functions are crucially important for helping to explain children's mathematical performances. We investigated the relationships between components of executive functions and different aspects of mathematical ability in young school-aged Taiwanese children. In a cross-sectional design, a typically developing group of 122 sixth-grade students completed tests battery of working memory (WM), inhibition, and set-shifting tests, and a measure of achievement competence in mathematical concepts, computation, and applied problems. We found significant associations between general intellectual ability, working memory, inhibition, and set-shifting, and between these abilities and different mathematical skills. Verbal and spatial WM was positively correlated with different mathematical skills, and inhibition and set-shifting were positively correlated with mathematical performance to a lesser extent. We conducted partial correlation analyses to control for participants' age, socioeconomic status, and processing speed, and we then found that verbal and spatial WM was related to the math domains of concepts, computation, and applied problems. Meanwhile, inhibition was correlated with the domain of applied problems. Regression analyses revealed that varied domains of mathematical skills were best predicted by a general intelligence index (GAI) and verbal working memory (WM). Inhibition predicted better performance in applied problems. We discuss the limitations and implications of these findings, as they provide important information about the specific associations between aspects of executive function and components of mathematics performance in middle childhood.

Background: Ageing leads to functional changes in body systems. Purpose: This study sought to examine the age-based differences in temporal patterning, temporal variability and temporal regularity of tennis service in older adults. Research design: cross-sectional study. Study sample: Participants of this study were volunteers from young (n = 10) and older (n = 11) adults who were self-defined as non-competitive, participating in tennis at a recreational (sub-elite) level for 2-3 days per week regularly. Data collection: They were asked to perform 20 trials of the same serves (flat, slice or top-spin) on a regular size court. The timing (duration) of the serve action was recorded and analysed, using a high-speed digital camera. Participants performed the tennis serves during their routine training sessions on a tennis court. They undertook a structured general (10min) and a specific warm-up routine (10min) before performing services. There was a 30-second rest period between trials. Results: Findings showed that there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in temporal patterning, whereas the younger group performed the serves with higher variability and regularity/consistency than the older adults in some phases of the action. Conclusion: Older adults who participate recreationally in sports are able to preserve some functional organisation of perceptual-motor capacities, such as timing, due to long-term practice effects. The findings illustrate how sport participation may help maintain functional movement organisation following ageing to mitigate age-related declines in perception and action in late adulthood.

Although chronic neck pain (CNP) is associated with impairments in balance, the effects of muscle stabilization training are unknown. In this study, we compared the effects of core stabilization (CS) and scapular stabilization (SS) training via telerehabilitation on balance, functionality, pain, and depression in young adults with CNP. In this two-armed, randomized controlled study, we assigned 41 participants with CNP to either a CS (n = 21) or SS (n = 20) group. Both groups underwent stabilization training via telerehabilitation for eight weeks. We evaluated postural stability (PS), limits of stability (LOS), functionality (Neck Disability Index), pain (Visual Analog Scale), and depression (Beck Depression Inventory). Time × Group interactions were significant on VAS, NDI, PS overall, LOS overall, LOS forward, LOS backward, and LOS right (p < .05). Both groups showed significant improvements over time. However, the SS group demonstrated significantly greater improvements than the CS group in VAS (p < .001) and NDI (p = .001). On the other hand, the CS group showed significantly greater improvements in PS overall, as well as in various measures of LOS, including overall, forward, backward, and right (p < .05). While both groups showed significant improvements, there were notable differences between them. These findings suggest that SS training is more effective in pain management and functional improvement, while CS training has a stronger impact on balance and stability in young adults with CNP.

This study was designed to investigate the construct-concurrent validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Peabody Developmental Motor Scale-2 (PDMS-2) in at-risk infants between 0-24 age in Turkey. In this study, 120 infants (70 males, 50 females) participated in the study (mean corrected age 20.18 ± 22.535 weeks). The PDMS-2 scale consists of two subdimensions, the Fine Motor Quotient (FMQ) and the Gross Motor Quotient (GMQ). Whereas the construct validity was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis, concurrent validity was investigated using the correlation between PDMS-2 and the Alberta Infant Motor Scale and the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination with Spearman's correlation analysis. The PDMS-2 was applied twice for test-retest reliability. Cronbach's alpha (α) and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were used for reliability. ICC value was with 95% CI. The overall reliability coefficient of the test was found to be Croncbach's α = 0.865. TICC values were found (ICC FMQ: 0.998, ICC GMQ: 0.998). Construct validity (${\chi }^2$/SD = 4.396; root mean square error of approximation = 0.021; goodness-of-fit index = 0.951) and concurrent validity (r = 0.502-0.771; p < .05) were confirmed as acceptable. The PDMS-2 demonstrated good psychometric properties and can be used as a reliable and valid measure to assess neurodevelopmental aspects of Turkish at-risk infants.

Our aim in this study was to determine the effect of applying dual-task training of cognitive rehabilitation and sucking activities for stroke patients. We selected 118 stroke patients from the Neurology Department of a class 3, grade A hospital between August 2020 and January 2022; and we randomly assigned them into either a dual-task (DT) training group or a control group. The DT training group received dual-task training of cognition combined with sucking activities based on conventional nursing guidelines; the control group received only conventional neurologic nursing procedures. After a 4-week intervention period, swallowing ability, sucking force, Swallowing Quality-of-Life Questionnaire (SWAL-QOL) scores, and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores improved significantly for patients in both groups (p = .010, p < .001, p < .001, p < .001). And the incidence of clinical aspiration pneumonia was much lower in the DT training group than in the control group (p = .024). We concluded that short-term dual-task training of cognition combined with sucking activities effectively improved the sucking force, swallowing abilities, SWAL-QOL, and cognition functions of these stroke patients, with important implications for other stroke patients.