Perceptual and Motor Skills最新文献

Background and Purpose: This study developed a reliable and ecologically valid virtual reality eye movements-based assessment system to evaluate basketball players' decision-making abilities.Research Design: The system incorporated expert ratings, inter-group differences, analysis of covariance, and test-retest reliability assessments to validate its effectiveness and reliability.Study Sample: A VR system with 100 task scenarios was used to assess decision-making performance and visual behavior. 30 high-level and 30 low-level players participated in two phases.Data Collection and Analysis: In Phase 1, a panel of basketball experts (N = 3) rated the decision-making scenarios. Kendall's coefficient of concordance (W) was used to analyze expert ratings, confirming content validity. Mann-Whitney U and independent samples t-tests were employed to assess decision quality and decision time differences between high- and low-level groups. Gender was included as a covariate in ANCOVA to control for gender effects. Gaze patterns were analyzed to examine differences in visual behavior. Phase 2 involved test-retest reliability analysis using Pearson's correlation coefficient (r).Results: High-level players performed significantly better in decision-making (p < 0.001) and had broader gaze distributions, while low-level players focused less on critical information. Test-retest correlations for decision scores (r = 0.846) and reaction times (r = 0.802) were significant (p < 0.001). Therefore, the high test-retest correlation reflects the strong reliability of the assessment system.Conclusions: This study is the first to validate the reliability and validity of a VR eye movements -based assessment tool for evaluating basketball players' decision-making abilities. By integrating eye-tracking technology with VR, this tool enables more accurate and reliable evaluations of basketball players' decision-making skills in future research.

This study investigated the impact of early success in cadet and junior World Championships on career longevity among elite judo athletes, focusing on the critical transition from junior to senior levels. Using survival analysis, we examined dropout rates and career durations for medalists and non-medalists, defining career termination as a period of at least two consecutive years without international competition. The results from the Cox regression showed that medalists exhibited significantly lower risks of career termination in certain years (e.g., 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2016), with reductions ranging from 43% to 75%. However, this protective effect was inconsistent, with no significant differences observed in other years. Factors such as injuries, performance stagnation, and structural changes in the International Judo Federation's ranking system likely contributed to these variations, particularly during years of significant policy shifts. Our findings highlight the importance of early success in extending career duration while emphasizing that it is not a guaranteed predictor of long-term success. These insights indicate the need for tailored athlete development programs that address physical, psychological, and social dimensions, as well as further research to understand the mechanisms supporting career longevity and inform policies aimed at sustaining elite judo athletes.

Background: Tailored training methods for 200-m races may improve in Paralympic canoe sprint (PCS) kayaking. Understanding methods impact on fatigue can help coaches and athletes in guiding training periodization.Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the acute performance decrement (APD) in PCS athletes after phase-specific training sessions for the 200-m kayak race, and compare the training loads of three different methods and their correlation with APD.Research Design: Randomized, within-subject repeated-measures (crossover) study.Study sample: Twenty-four athletes who participated in 200-m kayak races at international and national events were recruited.Data collection: The athletes performed a maximum 200-m ergometer test at baseline and 1 min after three training methods: acceleration phase training (ACC), phase two training (P2), and race simulation training (RACE). The primary outcome was the APD, measured by the percentage decrease in performance outcomes of the 200-m ergometer test immediately after the training methods.Results: Significant APD was observed in time, power, and velocity during training sessions. The ACC phase showed the lowest decrement, differing significantly from P2 and RACE across the same outcomes. While ACC, P2, and RACE also showed distinct differences in power and velocity, APD did not significantly correlate with performance outcomes or training loads. Notably, APD magnitudes varied by training method, with longer set distances showing greater decrements.Conclusion: Reducing set distances might help maintain training intensity without significant performance decrements. Training loads did not significantly correlate with APD for any method, emphasizing the importance of monitoring training load to promote health, enhance performance, and minimize injury risks.

Stroboscopic training (ST) effectively enhances visuomotor performance in athletes, yet the dose-response relationship between ST difficulty and performance remains unclear. This study investigated the influence of ST difficulty on visuomotor response times (RTs) and assessed the reliability of RTs under stroboscopic vision.Twenty-two healthy young individuals performed a visuomotor response task on three separate days, responding to light-based stimuli under normal and stroboscopic vision at three difficulty levels (FAST = 6 Hz; MEDIUM = 4 Hz; SLOW = 2.25 Hz). Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC) and Coefficients of Variation (CoV) assessed relative and absolute reliability. Repeated measures ANOVAs examined the effects of difficulty (NORMAL, FAST, MEDIUM, SLOW) and session day (I, II, III) on RTs.Results showed significantly slower RTs at higher difficulty levels (p < .001), while session day had no significant effect. Reliability analysis revealed good to excellent relative reliability for NORMAL, FAST, and MEDIUM conditions, but moderate reliability for SLOW. Absolute reliability was acceptable across all conditions (<5%).These results suggest a dose-response relationship between ST difficulty and RTs. The inter-individual variability in RTs under stroboscopic vision highlights the need for individualized ST difficulties. The high reliability scores suggest that performance changes following ST stem from functional adaptations rather than habituation.

This study focuses on the human decision-making process under temporal and physical constraints. While previous studies have explored how humans respond rapidly to changing situations, this study examined situations that appear static but involve potential dynamic changes. Specifically, we used soccer as a context to analyze mistakes made in sports situations that seem static but assume potential movements and changes. The number of successful kicks and passes in static and quasi-static situations were compared, and the concept of information entropy was used for motion analysis to provide new insights. The results revealed that the number of successful passes in quasi-static situations significantly decreased (count: 320/400 times), indicating that even in quasi-static states, humans make decisions while anticipating dynamic situations, even in quasi-static states (Movement time: 853 ± 121 ms). During this time, there was a large variation (Entropy: 1.64, 1.86 bits) in the direction of the waist and the kicking motion at the moment of the kick. These findings indicate that motion is controlled in anticipation of dynamic situations, even under seemingly static conditions, and emphasize the importance of stability and accuracy in motor control across all situations. This study offers new insights into the psychological understanding of decision-making and behavioral control under complex and dynamic conditions with time constraints, contributing valuable knowledge to the field of psychology.

Cognitive flexibility is crucial for volleyball athletes, enabling swift adaptation to dynamic game situations. While blood flow restriction (BFR) training has been suggested to enhance working memory, its specific effects on cognitive flexibility in volleyball players are not well understood. Therefore, this study investigates the effects of BFR combined with low-intensity aerobic exercise on cognitive flexibility in adolescent athletes, with a focus on the role of peripheral catecholamines. A randomized balanced crossover design was employed, involving 20 participants who completed four intervention conditions: sedentary rest, low-intensity aerobic exercise, moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, and BFR with low-intensity aerobic exercise. Post-intervention assessments included measurements of peripheral catecholamine levels and cognitive flexibility, specifically examining shifting costs. The results revealed significant differences in shifting costs across intervention conditions (p < .001). BFR training was associated with significantly higher shifting costs compared to sedentary rest (p < .001), lowintensity aerobic exercise (p < .001), and moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (p = .003). Correlation analysis demonstrated significant negative associations between post-BFR norepinephrine (R = -0.46) and epinephrine (R = -0.48) levels and shifting costs. These findings highlight the potential of BFR training to improve cognitive flexibility in adolescent volleyball players beyond the effects of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, with practical implications for optimizing training regimens in this population. Additionally, the observed correlations between norepinephrine and epinephrine levels and cognitive performance offer novel insights into the physiological mechanisms underpinning cognitive function in sports contexts.

In this study, drawing on an integrated understanding of the process model of emotion regulation (Gross, 2015) and the control-value theory (Pekrun, 2006), and informed by principles from the complex dynamic systems theory, we used a network analysis to examine the relationships between task engagement, achievement emotions (i.e., enjoyment, boredom and anxiety), and emotion regulation of 348 Chinese college students in English-as-a-foreign language (EFL) classes. We found a relatively strong connection between these constructs, with cognitive appraisal, enjoyment, and emotional engagement being the most central nodes within connections to task engagement, achievement emotions, and emotion regulation, respectively. Notably, strong peripheral relationships emerged between enjoyment and all facets of task engagement, all of which were positively associated with cognitive reappraisal but negatively with boredom. Expressive suppression was positively linked only with boredom and anxiety, whereas cognitive reappraisal was positively associated with social engagement. We found no direct association between task engagement and anxiety or emotion suppression. Collectively, these findings provide novel insights into the emotional underpinnings of students' task engagement in EFL contexts.

Blood flow restricted exercise appears to be more discomforting than the same exercise without blood flow restriction. Changes in discomfort have not been investigated following repeated bouts of isometric exercise. It is possible that the isometric contractions may further trap metabolites resulting in greater discomfort. The purpose was to investigate the effects of six weeks of isometric handgrip exercise on perceived discomfort and willingness to continue with that form of exercise. 135 participants trained three times a week for six-weeks. The training consisted of four sets of 2-min low-intensity contractions (at 30% of their maximal voluntary contraction) with blood flow restriction (LI + BFR) and without blood flow restriction (LI). The maximal contraction group performed four, five second maximal contractions (MAX). Discomfort was measured post-exercise on the first, ninth, and last training session using the CR10+ scale. Changes in discomfort from the 1^st to the 18^th session were greater in the LI [-1.7 (1.7) AU] (BF₁₀ = 6952.769) and LI + BFR [-1.5 (1.9) AU] (BF₁₀ = 404.996) when compared to MAX group [0.04 (1.5) AU]. There was no difference between LI and LI + BFR (BF₁₀ = 0.241). Although there were differences in discomfort, there was no difference in the desire to continue the same exercise amongst groups (BF₁₀ = 0.208). Discomfort decreased more in both low intensity groups compared to the MAX group. Despite greater decreases in discomfort there was no difference in willingness to continue with the same form of exercise. This suggests other factors besides discomfort may influence an individual's willingness to continue with the same type of exercise.

AimWhile there are several conservative therapy methods used for patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP), there remains a need for more holistic approaches. This pilot study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of Basic Body Awareness Therapy (BBAT) in patients with CLBP.MethodsTwenty-eight patients with CLBP, 14 in the Conventional Therapy (CT) group and 14 in the BBAT group, were included in our study. Both groups received CT for 6 weeks, which included electrotherapy, hot pack, and general exercises. The BBAT group received BBAT in addition to CT. The Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ) was used to assess pain, the SF-12 was used to evaluate quality of life and the Awareness Body Chart (ABC), Body Awareness Questionnaire (BAQ) and Fremantle Back Awareness Questionnaires (FreBAQ) were used to evaluate body awareness. Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Physical Impairment Index were used to assess disability.ResultsGreater improvements were observed in BBAT group compared to CT group in the emotional index and total scores of the SF-MPQ, as well as the SF-12 mental health scores (p < .05). BBAT produced greater improvements in body awareness values for the cervical-lumbar region, chest/abdomen, back, shoulder, thigh/hip, lower leg, and overall score of the ABC compared to CT (p < .05). However, there were no significant differences between the groups in the FreBAQ and BAQ scores (p > .05).ConclusionIn patients with CLBP, the addition of BBAT to CT resulted in positive outcomes such as increased body awareness, decreased pain, and improved mental health.

Objective: This study examined whether dual-task (DT) cognitive-locomotor interferences are present among young seniors (55-75 years) simultaneously performing a locomotor and a cognitive task of varying levels of complexity while ambulating in a virtual community environment. Method: To assess DT abilities, participants were asked to walk down a virtual mall corridor while remembering a 5-item shopping list. Two levels of complexity for the locomotor (without vs. with obstacles) and the cognitive task (unmodified vs. modified shopping list) were assessed. After measuring the presence of locomotor and cognitive DT costs (DTC) using one sample Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, a nonparametric ANOVA was performed to explore the impact of task complexity on DTC. Spearman coefficients were used to examine the impact of age on DTC. Results: Sixteen participants were recruited. Locomotor and cognitive DTC were observed in all DT conditions, except the easiest combination (no obstacle + unmodified shopping list). These DTC were mainly impacted by the complexity of the cognitive task. They were also positively correlated to age. Discussion: The results highlight the importance of real-life scenarios for accurately describing DT abilities for whom locomotor DTC seems to increase with age despite the absence of daily limitations.