Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.22200/PJPR.2015125-32
H. Hameed, A. Khalid, Fazala Khalid, Rabeea F. Khan, A. Rasul
Chronopharmacotherapy refers to a treatment in which controlled drug delivery is achieved according to circadian rhythms of disease by enhancing therapeutic outcomes and minimizing side effects. Colon targeting has gained great importance not only for the treatment of local diseases such as Crohn’s disease, inflammatory bowel disease and ulcerative colitis but also very important in systemic delivery of proteins/peptides, antiasthmatic drugs, antidiabetic agents and antihypertensive drugs, which mostly show their efficacy based on circadian rhythms of the body.Colon drug delivery is one of the difficult approaches to achieve the targeted and desired outcomes through pulsatile drug delivery by avoiding dose dumping.The main reasonbehind the use of pulsatile delivery is provision ofconstant drug release where a zero-order release is notpreferred. Chronopharmacotherapy in colon targeting play its role bymany systems such ascapsular systems, pulsatile system and osmotic systems, which are based on use of rupturable membranes and biodegradable polymers.The objective of this review article is to provide latest knowledge about drugs with chrono-pharmacological behavior entails night time dosing specially to the colon.
{"title":"Chrono pharmacotherapy: A pulsatile Drug Delivery","authors":"H. Hameed, A. Khalid, Fazala Khalid, Rabeea F. Khan, A. Rasul","doi":"10.22200/PJPR.2015125-32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22200/PJPR.2015125-32","url":null,"abstract":"Chronopharmacotherapy refers to a treatment in which controlled drug delivery is achieved according to circadian rhythms of disease by enhancing therapeutic outcomes and minimizing side effects. Colon targeting has gained great importance not only for the treatment of local diseases such as Crohn’s disease, inflammatory bowel disease and ulcerative colitis but also very important in systemic delivery of proteins/peptides, antiasthmatic drugs, antidiabetic agents and antihypertensive drugs, which mostly show their efficacy based on circadian rhythms of the body.Colon drug delivery is one of the difficult approaches to achieve the targeted and desired outcomes through pulsatile drug delivery by avoiding dose dumping.The main reasonbehind the use of pulsatile delivery is provision ofconstant drug release where a zero-order release is notpreferred. Chronopharmacotherapy in colon targeting play its role bymany systems such ascapsular systems, pulsatile system and osmotic systems, which are based on use of rupturable membranes and biodegradable polymers.The objective of this review article is to provide latest knowledge about drugs with chrono-pharmacological behavior entails night time dosing specially to the colon.","PeriodicalId":19952,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76074254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.22200/PJPR.2015141-47
M. Zaman, Sobia Razzaq, Rabia Hassan, Junaid Qureshi, H. Ijaz, Muhammad Hanif, Fazal Rahman Sajid Chughtai
ABSTRACT: Drug abuse is the willful misuse of either licit or illicit drugs for the purpose of recreation, perceived necessity or convenience. Drug abuse is a more intense and often willful misuse of drugs often to the point of addiction. In the eastern world the incidence shows a decline or a static pattern but the number of drug addicts is still enormous.. The major drug of abuse are heroin and marijuana but designer drugs are shown to be on the increase. The aim of the study is to determine the ratio of the drug abuse in student. For this purpose we selected different institutions including “the university of Lahore”, “Forman Christian college”(private sector) and Punjab university(Govt sector) and conducted survey in 500 student. High proportion of students was found abusing drugs. From this study, we came across multiple factors which are the main cause of drug abuse in medical student including depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, as well as personality disorder like antisocial personality disorder. The most commonly abused drugs include stimulants, opioids, and benzodiazepines, antihistamines. Although survey have indicated high rate of illicit and prescription drugs misuse among college students, few have assessed the negative consequences, personel concerns, or interest in intervention for drugs use. Drug abuse although regarded as a personality disorder, may also be seen as worldwide epidemic with evolutionary genetic, physiology and environmental influences Controlling and affecting human behavior. Globally, the use has reached all time high. The study showed males are more drug abusers as compared to females. The drug abuse ratio in students of private sector is more as compared to Govt sector.
{"title":"Drug abuse among the students","authors":"M. Zaman, Sobia Razzaq, Rabia Hassan, Junaid Qureshi, H. Ijaz, Muhammad Hanif, Fazal Rahman Sajid Chughtai","doi":"10.22200/PJPR.2015141-47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22200/PJPR.2015141-47","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: Drug abuse is the willful misuse of either licit or illicit drugs for the purpose of recreation, perceived necessity or convenience. Drug abuse is a more intense and often willful misuse of drugs often to the point of addiction. In the eastern world the incidence shows a decline or a static pattern but the number of drug addicts is still enormous.. The major drug of abuse are heroin and marijuana but designer drugs are shown to be on the increase. The aim of the study is to determine the ratio of the drug abuse in student. For this purpose we selected different institutions including “the university of Lahore”, “Forman Christian college”(private sector) and Punjab university(Govt sector) and conducted survey in 500 student. High proportion of students was found abusing drugs. From this study, we came across multiple factors which are the main cause of drug abuse in medical student including depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, as well as personality disorder like antisocial personality disorder. The most commonly abused drugs include stimulants, opioids, and benzodiazepines, antihistamines. Although survey have indicated high rate of illicit and prescription drugs misuse among college students, few have assessed the negative consequences, personel concerns, or interest in intervention for drugs use. Drug abuse although regarded as a personality disorder, may also be seen as worldwide epidemic with evolutionary genetic, physiology and environmental influences Controlling and affecting human behavior. Globally, the use has reached all time high. The study showed males are more drug abusers as compared to females. The drug abuse ratio in students of private sector is more as compared to Govt sector.","PeriodicalId":19952,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89878796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.22200/PJPR.2015133-37
Hafsa Hina, Saima Khanum, Muhammad Hanif
Problems occupying special attention identified by the World Health Organization also include Childhood malnutrition (Beagle hole et al ., 1993). Development goals are also program by the United Nations to halve the problem of under nutrition (Alderman et al. , 2005). Despite of the involvement of international organizations still under nutrition has a main contribution to the high mortality rate of the children in the most part of the world (Caulfield et al ., 2004). Poverty plays a main part in the high prevalence of childhood under nutrition. The child is said to be under-weight when its weight is lower than the weight of the reference rage for that age. The weight for height deficiency is known as wasting, while height for age deficiency as stunting. Wasting may be due to acute food shortage while prolonged food deprivation can cause stunting (Cosminsky et al ., 1993; de Onis et al. , 2000; Fernandez et al. , 2002; and Zere & McIntyre, 2003). The factors responsible for the predisposition of children to mal nutrition vary and ranges from political instability to the economical status of the area (de Onis et al ., 2000). Therefore protocols developed for the preventive measures of mal-nutrition should be multifaceted.
世界卫生组织确定的特别关注的问题还包括儿童营养不良(Beagle hole等人，1993年)。发展目标也是联合国为将营养不良问题减半而制定的计划(Alderman et al.， 2005)。尽管有国际组织的参与，但营养不良仍然是世界大部分地区儿童死亡率高的主要原因(Caulfield等人，2004年)。贫困是造成儿童营养不良现象普遍存在的主要原因。当孩子的体重低于该年龄的参考值时，就被称为体重不足。身高不足的体重被称为消瘦，而身高不足的年龄被称为发育迟缓。消瘦可能是由于严重的食物短缺，而长期的食物剥夺可能导致发育迟缓(Cosminsky et al .， 1993;de Onis et al.， 2000;Fernandez et al.， 2002;Zere & McIntyre, 2003)。造成儿童营养不良的因素各不相同，从政治不稳定到该地区的经济状况(de Onis等人，2000年)。因此，制定预防营养不良措施的方案应该是多方面的。
{"title":"A review of the prevalence and factors responsible for mal-nutrition in Pakistan","authors":"Hafsa Hina, Saima Khanum, Muhammad Hanif","doi":"10.22200/PJPR.2015133-37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22200/PJPR.2015133-37","url":null,"abstract":"Problems occupying special attention identified by the World Health Organization also include Childhood malnutrition (Beagle hole et al ., 1993). Development goals are also program by the United Nations to halve the problem of under nutrition (Alderman et al. , 2005). Despite of the involvement of international organizations still under nutrition has a main contribution to the high mortality rate of the children in the most part of the world (Caulfield et al ., 2004). Poverty plays a main part in the high prevalence of childhood under nutrition. The child is said to be under-weight when its weight is lower than the weight of the reference rage for that age. The weight for height deficiency is known as wasting, while height for age deficiency as stunting. Wasting may be due to acute food shortage while prolonged food deprivation can cause stunting (Cosminsky et al ., 1993; de Onis et al. , 2000; Fernandez et al. , 2002; and Zere & McIntyre, 2003). The factors responsible for the predisposition of children to mal nutrition vary and ranges from political instability to the economical status of the area (de Onis et al ., 2000). Therefore protocols developed for the preventive measures of mal-nutrition should be multifaceted.","PeriodicalId":19952,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73822884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Conocarpus erectus is a low branching evergreen shrub or tree with a typical height of up to 40 feet. This plant contains phenols such as flavonoids and tannins as its major constituents. The extract of C. erectus from different parts (leaves, stems, fruits, and flowers) showed high antioxidant, hepatoprotective and anticancer activity due to the presence of phenolic compounds. It has been shown that tannins have high antimicrobial activity than other phenolic compounds. This review is an attempt to cover the pharmacognostic characteristics, traditional uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of the plant
{"title":"A review of phytochemical and biological studies on Conocarpus erectus (Combretaceae).","authors":"Maryam Bashir, M. Uzair, Bashir Ahmad Ch","doi":"10.22200/PJPR.201511-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22200/PJPR.201511-8","url":null,"abstract":"Conocarpus erectus is a low branching evergreen shrub or tree with a typical height of up to 40 feet. This plant contains phenols such as flavonoids and tannins as its major constituents. The extract of C. erectus from different parts (leaves, stems, fruits, and flowers) showed high antioxidant, hepatoprotective and anticancer activity due to the presence of phenolic compounds. It has been shown that tannins have high antimicrobial activity than other phenolic compounds. This review is an attempt to cover the pharmacognostic characteristics, traditional uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of the plant","PeriodicalId":19952,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75066407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. S. Sarwar, Muhammad Hanif, Aamir Jalil, Malik Suleman Haider, Fahad Naeem, A. Nawaz, V. Chaurasiya
Conventional dosage forms provide a sharp increase in plasma drug levels that falls below the therapeutic range after short interval of time until the re-administration of drug. There is a need of such dosage forms which provide not only sustained drug delivery but also reduce the plasma drug levels fluctuations. Microspheres used in drug delivery systems due to their ability to sustain the drug release, their biodegradability and compatibility and targeted drug delivery. In this review different types of microspheres their methods for the preparation with different hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymers, drug loading capacities will be discussed. Different characterizations like SEM, FTIR, XRD, DSC, rheological properties and invitro drug release are successfully described.
{"title":"Microspheres for the Drug Delivery Applications","authors":"H. S. Sarwar, Muhammad Hanif, Aamir Jalil, Malik Suleman Haider, Fahad Naeem, A. Nawaz, V. Chaurasiya","doi":"10.22200/PJPR.201519-18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22200/PJPR.201519-18","url":null,"abstract":"Conventional dosage forms provide a sharp increase in plasma drug levels that falls below the therapeutic range after short interval of time until the re-administration of drug. There is a need of such dosage forms which provide not only sustained drug delivery but also reduce the plasma drug levels fluctuations. Microspheres used in drug delivery systems due to their ability to sustain the drug release, their biodegradability and compatibility and targeted drug delivery. In this review different types of microspheres their methods for the preparation with different hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymers, drug loading capacities will be discussed. Different characterizations like SEM, FTIR, XRD, DSC, rheological properties and invitro drug release are successfully described.","PeriodicalId":19952,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81234610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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