Pub Date : 2016-07-15DOI: 10.22200/PJPR.20162121-126
A. Aleem, Muqeet Wahid
ABSTRACT: Stoppage of bleeding from damaged blood vessels is hemostasis, an essential factor to be checked before any surgical process. Hence blood test is a routine test for hospital prior to surgeries. The aim of this study is to assess the blood groups distribution and to check gender based relationship among blood groups, bleeding and clotting time. The study was conducted in the department of pharmacy, BZU. The available detail reports of 122 students of 1st year of Pharm.D were analyzed in aspects of age, sex, blood groups, bleeding time and clotting time. The blood group were determined with the standard antisera, Duke Method and Capillary tube method were used to find out bleeding time and clotting time respectively. Finally all the parameters were compared and analyzed statistically. In the present study it is found that B blood group is more prevalent in both the sexes than O, A and AB. Clotting time is found to be significantly higher in O and B blood groups in females and males respectively, whereas Bleeding time was found to be prolonged in maximum number of group AB in females and blood group O in males but the difference was statistically insignificant. In females, bleeding and clotting time are slightly on higher side than in males, may be because of hormonal differences. Various cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases are associated with the blood groups, so people can take preventive measures according to their blood groups.
{"title":"Correlation of blood groups, clotting time and bleeding time in male and female students; an observational study.","authors":"A. Aleem, Muqeet Wahid","doi":"10.22200/PJPR.20162121-126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22200/PJPR.20162121-126","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: Stoppage of bleeding from damaged blood vessels is hemostasis, an essential factor to be checked before any surgical process. Hence blood test is a routine test for hospital prior to surgeries. The aim of this study is to assess the blood groups distribution and to check gender based relationship among blood groups, bleeding and clotting time. The study was conducted in the department of pharmacy, BZU. The available detail reports of 122 students of 1st year of Pharm.D were analyzed in aspects of age, sex, blood groups, bleeding time and clotting time. The blood group were determined with the standard antisera, Duke Method and Capillary tube method were used to find out bleeding time and clotting time respectively. Finally all the parameters were compared and analyzed statistically. In the present study it is found that B blood group is more prevalent in both the sexes than O, A and AB. Clotting time is found to be significantly higher in O and B blood groups in females and males respectively, whereas Bleeding time was found to be prolonged in maximum number of group AB in females and blood group O in males but the difference was statistically insignificant. In females, bleeding and clotting time are slightly on higher side than in males, may be because of hormonal differences. Various cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases are associated with the blood groups, so people can take preventive measures according to their blood groups.","PeriodicalId":19952,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89986862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-15DOI: 10.22200/PJPR.20162146-147
M. Qadir, M. Yasmeen
For the betterment of mankind, scientists are trying to overcome all factors that hinder our economy and health. For this purpose they form genetically modified animals or organisms that have required characteristics, improved productivity, better health of animals and production of human required products. In genetic engineering, transgenesis is a process by which we improve genome of an organism. In whole world, people have different views about genetically modified animals. To know these views in our society, a research was conducted. For this purpose, 100 people of Multan, Pakistan were selected. Results showed that our society agrees with this fact that GM farm animals serve our economy but at the same time they don’t want to ignore their harmful effects.
{"title":"Opinion about health issues regarding Transgenic Farm animals","authors":"M. Qadir, M. Yasmeen","doi":"10.22200/PJPR.20162146-147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22200/PJPR.20162146-147","url":null,"abstract":"For the betterment of mankind, scientists are trying to overcome all factors that hinder our economy and health. For this purpose they form genetically modified animals or organisms that have required characteristics, improved productivity, better health of animals and production of human required products. In genetic engineering, transgenesis is a process by which we improve genome of an organism. In whole world, people have different views about genetically modified animals. To know these views in our society, a research was conducted. For this purpose, 100 people of Multan, Pakistan were selected. Results showed that our society agrees with this fact that GM farm animals serve our economy but at the same time they don’t want to ignore their harmful effects.","PeriodicalId":19952,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89528054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-15DOI: 10.22200/PJPR.20162153-159
Amna Jafar, M. Qadir
World Health Organization (WHO) reported that developed and developing, both countries are suffering from childhood obesity. Childhood obesity has increased nationally and internationally. This can be reduced by focusing on prevalence, cancer association with obesity, risk factors and preventive measures of worldwide childhood obesity. Vitamin D and calcium both are inversely associated with obesity in children. So, supplementation of both micro-nutrients is warranted in childhood obesity. Some natural products in the form of diet are also helpful in reduction of obesity namely; prebiotics, probiotics and fatty acids.
{"title":"Childhood Obesity: Etiology and Management","authors":"Amna Jafar, M. Qadir","doi":"10.22200/PJPR.20162153-159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22200/PJPR.20162153-159","url":null,"abstract":"World Health Organization (WHO) reported that developed and developing, both countries are suffering from childhood obesity. Childhood obesity has increased nationally and internationally. This can be reduced by focusing on prevalence, cancer association with obesity, risk factors and preventive measures of worldwide childhood obesity. Vitamin D and calcium both are inversely associated with obesity in children. So, supplementation of both micro-nutrients is warranted in childhood obesity. Some natural products in the form of diet are also helpful in reduction of obesity namely; prebiotics, probiotics and fatty acids.","PeriodicalId":19952,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76087606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-15DOI: 10.22200/PJPR.2016289-97
S. A. Kumar, M. Debnath, D. Vimala
The present study aimed to develop and validate the simultaneous estimation of phenylephrine HCl, chlorpheniramine maleate and dextromethorphan HBr in tablet dosage forms. A gradient reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with ultraviolet detection at 220 nm has been developed for the simulataneous determination of phenylephrine HCl, chlorpheniramine maleate and dextromethorphan HBr in pharmaceutical dosage forms (Syrup). Good chromatographic separation was achieved by using a stainless steel analytical column, the Hypersil BDS C8 column (4.6 X 250 mm; 5 μm). The system was operated at 25 ± 2°C using a mobile phase consisted of HPLC grade water (composed of TEA and 1-octane sulfonic acid sodium salt) (pH adjusted to 3.2 using orthophosphoric acid) and acetonitrile, mixed at gradient mode, manitained flow rate at 1.0 mL/minute. The slope, intercept, and correlation coefficient were found to be y = 34306x - 11042 (r2= 0.999) for phenylephrine HCl, y = 35874x - 13101 (r2= 0.999) for chlorpheniramine maleate and dextromethorphan HBr y = 25516x - 26579 (r2 = 0.999), respectively. The proposed method was validated for its specificity, linearity, accuracy, and precision. The method was found to be suitable for the quality control of phenylephrine HCl, chlorpheniramine maleate and dextromethorphan HBr simultaneously in a bulk drug samples as well as in a formulations.
{"title":"Simultaneous estimation of phenylephrine HCl, chlorpheniramine maleate and dextromethorphan HBr in a pharmaceutical (syrup) formulations by RP-HPLC using PDA detector","authors":"S. A. Kumar, M. Debnath, D. Vimala","doi":"10.22200/PJPR.2016289-97","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22200/PJPR.2016289-97","url":null,"abstract":"The present study aimed to develop and validate the simultaneous estimation of phenylephrine HCl, chlorpheniramine maleate and dextromethorphan HBr in tablet dosage forms. A gradient reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with ultraviolet detection at 220 nm has been developed for the simulataneous determination of phenylephrine HCl, chlorpheniramine maleate and dextromethorphan HBr in pharmaceutical dosage forms (Syrup). Good chromatographic separation was achieved by using a stainless steel analytical column, the Hypersil BDS C8 column (4.6 X 250 mm; 5 μm). The system was operated at 25 ± 2°C using a mobile phase consisted of HPLC grade water (composed of TEA and 1-octane sulfonic acid sodium salt) (pH adjusted to 3.2 using orthophosphoric acid) and acetonitrile, mixed at gradient mode, manitained flow rate at 1.0 mL/minute. The slope, intercept, and correlation coefficient were found to be y = 34306x - 11042 (r2= 0.999) for phenylephrine HCl, y = 35874x - 13101 (r2= 0.999) for chlorpheniramine maleate and dextromethorphan HBr y = 25516x - 26579 (r2 = 0.999), respectively. The proposed method was validated for its specificity, linearity, accuracy, and precision. The method was found to be suitable for the quality control of phenylephrine HCl, chlorpheniramine maleate and dextromethorphan HBr simultaneously in a bulk drug samples as well as in a formulations.","PeriodicalId":19952,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89985285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-15DOI: 10.22200/PJPR.20162103-120
Sanaul Mustafa, V. Devi
A novel moxifloxacin (MOX)-loaded poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres (MPs) suitable for oral administration was prepared by double emulsification solvent evaporation (w/o/w) method. To investigate the pharmacokinetic of MOX-MPs, a simple and rapid high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the quantification of MOX in plasma and lung tissue of rats treated with MOX-MPs. Gatifloxacin (0.2µg/ml) was used as an internal standard (IS). The chromatographic separation was achieved on a reversed phase C18 column using isocratic elution with (0.01% Triethanolamine in distilled water): Acetonitrile in the ratio 70:30 v/v pH 2 adjusted with ortho-phosphoric acid, at flow rate of 1 ml/min with a total run time of 6 min. The column effluent was monitored by UV detector at 290 nm. The assay was found to be linear and validated over the concentration range 0.025 to 3.2 µg/ml for MOX in plasma and 0.1 to 2.5 µg/g of lung tissue with correlation coefficient of r2 0.9998 and r2 0.9997 respectively. The system was found to construct sharp peaks for MOX and IS with retention times of 4.08 (±0.012) and 5.84 (±0.026) min for plasma, and 4.17 (±0.016) and 5.84 (±0.022) for lung tissue, respectively. The method exhibited accuracy, precision (inter-day relative standard deviation (RSD) and intra-day RSD values < 15.0 %. The method was applied for determining MOX concentration in plasma and lung after oral administration of 10mg/kg of free MOX and MOX MPs to rats. Results established selectivity and suitability of the method for pharmacokinetic studies of MOX from MOX-MPs
{"title":"Comparative evaluation of moxifloxacin MDR-TB drug; as microspheres with respect to pure drug in lung tissue","authors":"Sanaul Mustafa, V. Devi","doi":"10.22200/PJPR.20162103-120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22200/PJPR.20162103-120","url":null,"abstract":"A novel moxifloxacin (MOX)-loaded poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres (MPs) suitable for oral administration was prepared by double emulsification solvent evaporation (w/o/w) method. To investigate the pharmacokinetic of MOX-MPs, a simple and rapid high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the quantification of MOX in plasma and lung tissue of rats treated with MOX-MPs. Gatifloxacin (0.2µg/ml) was used as an internal standard (IS). The chromatographic separation was achieved on a reversed phase C18 column using isocratic elution with (0.01% Triethanolamine in distilled water): Acetonitrile in the ratio 70:30 v/v pH 2 adjusted with ortho-phosphoric acid, at flow rate of 1 ml/min with a total run time of 6 min. The column effluent was monitored by UV detector at 290 nm. The assay was found to be linear and validated over the concentration range 0.025 to 3.2 µg/ml for MOX in plasma and 0.1 to 2.5 µg/g of lung tissue with correlation coefficient of r2 0.9998 and r2 0.9997 respectively. The system was found to construct sharp peaks for MOX and IS with retention times of 4.08 (±0.012) and 5.84 (±0.026) min for plasma, and 4.17 (±0.016) and 5.84 (±0.022) for lung tissue, respectively. The method exhibited accuracy, precision (inter-day relative standard deviation (RSD) and intra-day RSD values < 15.0 %. The method was applied for determining MOX concentration in plasma and lung after oral administration of 10mg/kg of free MOX and MOX MPs to rats. Results established selectivity and suitability of the method for pharmacokinetic studies of MOX from MOX-MPs","PeriodicalId":19952,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84230158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-15DOI: 10.22200/PJPR.20162136-141
U. Dar, Farooq Saleem, Saad Touqeer
The present study was aimed to investigate the phytochemistry as well as the antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and irritant activities of fruit of Embelia robusta. Agar-well diffusion method was used for antimicrobial study whereas for antioxidant activity three tests namely, DPPH assay, β-Carotene assay and ascorbic acid content were performed. The results from antibacterial assay showed presence of antibacterial activity in all the three plant extracts (methanol, chloroform and n-hexane). Significant antioxidant activity was also found to be present and plant extracts showed no irritant effect. Alkaloids, glycosides, phenolics, tannins and flavonoids were also detected in the plant. The study shows that the plant possesses significant medicinal value.
{"title":"Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Embelia robusta: a common adulterant in black pepper","authors":"U. Dar, Farooq Saleem, Saad Touqeer","doi":"10.22200/PJPR.20162136-141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22200/PJPR.20162136-141","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was aimed to investigate the phytochemistry as well as the antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and irritant activities of fruit of Embelia robusta. Agar-well diffusion method was used for antimicrobial study whereas for antioxidant activity three tests namely, DPPH assay, β-Carotene assay and ascorbic acid content were performed. The results from antibacterial assay showed presence of antibacterial activity in all the three plant extracts (methanol, chloroform and n-hexane). Significant antioxidant activity was also found to be present and plant extracts showed no irritant effect. Alkaloids, glycosides, phenolics, tannins and flavonoids were also detected in the plant. The study shows that the plant possesses significant medicinal value.","PeriodicalId":19952,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73799265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-15DOI: 10.22200/PJPR.2016298-102
Y. Taher, A. Samud, J. Mezogi, A. Hamza
Matricaria chamomilla L. (Asteraceae) is a well-known plant in most ancient traditional medicine and highly used for the cure of numerous medical disorders, insomnia included. Using a sleep disturbed model, pentobarbital sodium and ether induce loss of righting reflex were applied for the evaluation of hypnotic and narcosis effects respectively. In the present study, the methanol extract of Matricaria chamomilla flower, at the i.p dose 300 mg/kg, showed considerable restful effect and significantly potentiate the hypnotic effect of pentobarbital sodium, both the latency to sleep and duration time, with a decrease value of 31.9% (P<0.001) and increase values of 53.3% (P<0.01) respectively. On the contrary, the Matricaria chamomilla flower methanol extract did not prolong the narcosis effect induced by ether. These findings indicate that Matricaria chamomilla methanol extract, at the dose used has a potential sedative-hypnotic effect as well as providing a scientific evidence for its traditional use as a sleep inducer.
{"title":"CNS depressant activity of Chamomile flower methanol extract in mice","authors":"Y. Taher, A. Samud, J. Mezogi, A. Hamza","doi":"10.22200/PJPR.2016298-102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22200/PJPR.2016298-102","url":null,"abstract":"Matricaria chamomilla L. (Asteraceae) is a well-known plant in most ancient traditional medicine and highly used for the cure of numerous medical disorders, insomnia included. Using a sleep disturbed model, pentobarbital sodium and ether induce loss of righting reflex were applied for the evaluation of hypnotic and narcosis effects respectively. In the present study, the methanol extract of Matricaria chamomilla flower, at the i.p dose 300 mg/kg, showed considerable restful effect and significantly potentiate the hypnotic effect of pentobarbital sodium, both the latency to sleep and duration time, with a decrease value of 31.9% (P<0.001) and increase values of 53.3% (P<0.01) respectively. On the contrary, the Matricaria chamomilla flower methanol extract did not prolong the narcosis effect induced by ether. These findings indicate that Matricaria chamomilla methanol extract, at the dose used has a potential sedative-hypnotic effect as well as providing a scientific evidence for its traditional use as a sleep inducer.","PeriodicalId":19952,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79350186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-15DOI: 10.22200/PJPR.20162148-152
M. Qadir, Farihah Malik
Pancreatic growth is a deadly infection because of which its initial guess is essential. Pancreatic disease causes the passing of numerous patients. We need to take some preventive measures for our security. As to stop smoking, which is the primary driver of PaC. The medications which are accessible as surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy are not that effective. Because of which we need to think about the genomics of PaC. Which qualities are included in tumor. Qualities which changed amid PaC are DPC4, p53, and p16 and CDKN2 (Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2A). despite the fact that the comprehension about those qualities we can follow out the genuine issue and that issue can be cured. We can treat this infection on the off chance that we know about biomarkers which go about as a medication focus to treat the ailment. The accessible biomarkers now days are miRNAs, CA 19-9 and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) which give the early forecast of growth conceivable. A few medication targets are found that will assist in ailment treatment. On the off chance that we repress these inhibitor farnesyltransferase, EGFR tyrosine kinases (epidermal development component receptor) ,ERK1/2 (Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase) the development of tumor can be diminished.
{"title":"Pancreatic cancer: From Molecular Biology to Management","authors":"M. Qadir, Farihah Malik","doi":"10.22200/PJPR.20162148-152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22200/PJPR.20162148-152","url":null,"abstract":"Pancreatic growth is a deadly infection because of which its initial guess is essential. Pancreatic disease causes the passing of numerous patients. We need to take some preventive measures for our security. As to stop smoking, which is the primary driver of PaC. The medications which are accessible as surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy are not that effective. Because of which we need to think about the genomics of PaC. Which qualities are included in tumor. Qualities which changed amid PaC are DPC4, p53, and p16 and CDKN2 (Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2A). despite the fact that the comprehension about those qualities we can follow out the genuine issue and that issue can be cured. We can treat this infection on the off chance that we know about biomarkers which go about as a medication focus to treat the ailment. The accessible biomarkers now days are miRNAs, CA 19-9 and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) which give the early forecast of growth conceivable. A few medication targets are found that will assist in ailment treatment. On the off chance that we repress these inhibitor farnesyltransferase, EGFR tyrosine kinases (epidermal development component receptor) ,ERK1/2 (Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase) the development of tumor can be diminished.","PeriodicalId":19952,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81150403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-15DOI: 10.22200/PJPR.20162160-167
M. Anees, M. I. Masood, M. Ilyas, Muhammad Ammad
ABSTRACT: Nanotechnology is showing a significant impact on the drug-delivery system over a past few years. This technology is playing a distinct role in remodeling the future of novel drug delivery system (NDDS). Nanoparticles (NPs) are one of the NDDS which exhibit vast applications in the field of clinical medicine and research. The encapsulation of therapeutic drugs in the form of nanoparticles shows advantageous effects, such as increasing drug efficacy, safety, bio-degradability, bioavailability and therapeutic index, over conventional dosage forms of these therapeutic drugs. The current review article mainly focuses on different types of nanoparticulate drug delivery systems including nanotubes, solid lipid nanoparticles, superparamagnetic nanoparticles, liposomes, quantum dots, dendrimers, ceramic nanoparticles and nanoerythrosomes as well as their applications in different field.
{"title":"NANOPARTICLES AS A NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM A REVIEW","authors":"M. Anees, M. I. Masood, M. Ilyas, Muhammad Ammad","doi":"10.22200/PJPR.20162160-167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22200/PJPR.20162160-167","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: Nanotechnology is showing a significant impact on the drug-delivery system over a past few years. This technology is playing a distinct role in remodeling the future of novel drug delivery system (NDDS). Nanoparticles (NPs) are one of the NDDS which exhibit vast applications in the field of clinical medicine and research. The encapsulation of therapeutic drugs in the form of nanoparticles shows advantageous effects, such as increasing drug efficacy, safety, bio-degradability, bioavailability and therapeutic index, over conventional dosage forms of these therapeutic drugs. The current review article mainly focuses on different types of nanoparticulate drug delivery systems including nanotubes, solid lipid nanoparticles, superparamagnetic nanoparticles, liposomes, quantum dots, dendrimers, ceramic nanoparticles and nanoerythrosomes as well as their applications in different field.","PeriodicalId":19952,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82972136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-15DOI: 10.22200/PJPR.2016277-88
T. H. Ogunwa, T. Adeyelu, R. Fasimoye, M. B. Oyewale, T. Ademoye, Oluwasogo Ilesanmi, Oluwafemi Busayo Awe, S. A. Ajiboye, Bunmi Oluwayemisi Oloye, Damilola Sholanke
ABSTRACT Clerodenrum volubile is an important locally used medicinal plant. It is one of the essential herbs nature has provided for mankind to be consumed as spices, vegetable and also used in the treatment of diseases. Qualitative phytoconstituent screening of the plant revealed the presence of steroids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and phenolic compound while chalcones, alkaloid and anthraquinone were absent. Quantitative phytochemical evaluation showed values of 8.29±1.26mg/g rutin equivalent for flavonoids, 3.53±0.05mg/g gallic acid equivalent for phenol, 3.97±0.03mg/g tannic acid equivalent for tannins and 13.67±1.27% for saponin per dry weight. As it is imperative to extend research work on therapeutic effects of the arsenal of plants nature has given to us in Africa so as to obtain a cure for various diseases attacking human’s health, antioxidant properties of the plant was evaluated. Antioxidant models used include iron chelating, DPPH radical, superoxide ion, hydrogen peroxide, ABTS radical, hydroxyl radical scavenging activities and ferric ion reducing properties. The obtained IC 50 values against DPPH radical were 141.342 and 120.349µg/mL for Clerodendrum volubile and trolox respectively. The chelating effect of the plant extract at 50% inhibition was close to that of ascorbic acid (standard) with 134.34 and 131.19µg/mL concentration respectively. Overall, the aqueous extract of the plant showed antioxidant potential which was close to the effects exerted by known standard antioxidants (ascorbic acid, trolox and EDTA). The plant could hence provide natural antioxidants which are needed to combat numerous free radical-mediated diseases and complications such as aging, cancer, atherosclerosis, which are linked with oxidative stress.
{"title":"PHYTOCHEMICAL EVALUATION AND IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT STATUS OF CLERODENDRUM VOLUBILE (AN INDIGENOUS MEDICINAL PLANT)","authors":"T. H. Ogunwa, T. Adeyelu, R. Fasimoye, M. B. Oyewale, T. Ademoye, Oluwasogo Ilesanmi, Oluwafemi Busayo Awe, S. A. Ajiboye, Bunmi Oluwayemisi Oloye, Damilola Sholanke","doi":"10.22200/PJPR.2016277-88","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22200/PJPR.2016277-88","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Clerodenrum volubile is an important locally used medicinal plant. It is one of the essential herbs nature has provided for mankind to be consumed as spices, vegetable and also used in the treatment of diseases. Qualitative phytoconstituent screening of the plant revealed the presence of steroids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and phenolic compound while chalcones, alkaloid and anthraquinone were absent. Quantitative phytochemical evaluation showed values of 8.29±1.26mg/g rutin equivalent for flavonoids, 3.53±0.05mg/g gallic acid equivalent for phenol, 3.97±0.03mg/g tannic acid equivalent for tannins and 13.67±1.27% for saponin per dry weight. As it is imperative to extend research work on therapeutic effects of the arsenal of plants nature has given to us in Africa so as to obtain a cure for various diseases attacking human’s health, antioxidant properties of the plant was evaluated. Antioxidant models used include iron chelating, DPPH radical, superoxide ion, hydrogen peroxide, ABTS radical, hydroxyl radical scavenging activities and ferric ion reducing properties. The obtained IC 50 values against DPPH radical were 141.342 and 120.349µg/mL for Clerodendrum volubile and trolox respectively. The chelating effect of the plant extract at 50% inhibition was close to that of ascorbic acid (standard) with 134.34 and 131.19µg/mL concentration respectively. Overall, the aqueous extract of the plant showed antioxidant potential which was close to the effects exerted by known standard antioxidants (ascorbic acid, trolox and EDTA). The plant could hence provide natural antioxidants which are needed to combat numerous free radical-mediated diseases and complications such as aging, cancer, atherosclerosis, which are linked with oxidative stress.","PeriodicalId":19952,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82310351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：