Pub Date : 2016-01-27DOI: 10.22200/PJPR.2016128-32
Zeeshan Masood, M. T. Ansari, Sharjeel Adnan, M. Asad, Muhammad Farooq, M. Ahmad
A rapid, simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of metronidazole in pharmaceutical pure and dosage forms. The method depends on alkaline hydrolysis of metronidazole releases the nitro group as nitrite ion and yielded nitrite ions can be used to give a colored complex that absorbs maximally at 505 nm. Beer’s law is obeyed in the concentration ranges 9-100 mg/ml with molar absorptivity of 1.14 ×10 3 L mole -1 cm -1 . The proposed method is precise, accurate and specific for the quantitative determination of drug in bulk and dosage forms. The results of analysis of commercial formulations and the recovery study of metronidazole suggested that there is no interference from any excipients, which are present in pharmaceutical formulations of metronidazole. Statistical comparison of the results was performed with regard to accuracy and precision using student’s t-test and F-ratio at 95% confidence level. There is no significant difference between the reported and proposed methods with regard to accuracy and precision.
建立了一种快速、简便、灵敏的分光光度法测定药物纯剂型和剂型中甲硝唑的含量。该方法依靠甲硝唑的碱性水解释放硝基为亚硝酸盐离子，生成的亚硝酸盐离子可用于获得在505 nm处最大吸收的有色配合物。在9 ~ 100 mg/ml浓度范围内符合比尔定律，摩尔吸收率为1.14 ×10 3 L摩尔-1 cm -1。所提出的方法对于原料药和剂型的定量测定是精确、准确和专一的。商业配方分析和甲硝唑回收率研究结果表明，甲硝唑制剂中不存在任何赋形剂的干扰。采用学生t检验和f比在95%置信水平上对结果的准确性和精密度进行统计比较。报告的方法和建议的方法在准确度和精密度方面没有显著差异。
{"title":"Development and application of spectrophotometric method for quantitative determination of Metronidazole in pure and tablet formulations","authors":"Zeeshan Masood, M. T. Ansari, Sharjeel Adnan, M. Asad, Muhammad Farooq, M. Ahmad","doi":"10.22200/PJPR.2016128-32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22200/PJPR.2016128-32","url":null,"abstract":"A rapid, simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of metronidazole in pharmaceutical pure and dosage forms. The method depends on alkaline hydrolysis of metronidazole releases the nitro group as nitrite ion and yielded nitrite ions can be used to give a colored complex that absorbs maximally at 505 nm. Beer’s law is obeyed in the concentration ranges 9-100 mg/ml with molar absorptivity of 1.14 ×10 3 L mole -1 cm -1 . The proposed method is precise, accurate and specific for the quantitative determination of drug in bulk and dosage forms. The results of analysis of commercial formulations and the recovery study of metronidazole suggested that there is no interference from any excipients, which are present in pharmaceutical formulations of metronidazole. Statistical comparison of the results was performed with regard to accuracy and precision using student’s t-test and F-ratio at 95% confidence level. There is no significant difference between the reported and proposed methods with regard to accuracy and precision.","PeriodicalId":19952,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89558672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-27DOI: 10.22200/PJPR.2016133-36
Maryum Khan, Muhammad Ajmal
Abstract Asthma is exaggerated response of immune system which is a leading cause of death in the third world. Main causes of asthma are allergy, smoking, drugs like NSAID (Aspirin) and family history. Objective of study was to check the prevalence of asthma in different age groups and its impact on socioeconomical behaviors of the peoples of southern Punjab, by developing a questionnaire. Incidence of asthmatic attack in the age group of 20 to 60 years was more than in age group of 20 years, furthermore the incidence was found to be more common in females as compare to males. The smokers were at more risk to develop the disease as compared to the nonsmokers.
{"title":"Prevalence of Asthma in Southern Punjab, Pakistan.","authors":"Maryum Khan, Muhammad Ajmal","doi":"10.22200/PJPR.2016133-36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22200/PJPR.2016133-36","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Asthma is exaggerated response of immune system which is a leading cause of death in the third world. Main causes of asthma are allergy, smoking, drugs like NSAID (Aspirin) and family history. Objective of study was to check the prevalence of asthma in different age groups and its impact on socioeconomical behaviors of the peoples of southern Punjab, by developing a questionnaire. Incidence of asthmatic attack in the age group of 20 to 60 years was more than in age group of 20 years, furthermore the incidence was found to be more common in females as compare to males. The smokers were at more risk to develop the disease as compared to the nonsmokers.","PeriodicalId":19952,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78303727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-27DOI: 10.22200/PJPR.2016167-76
M. Zaman, Junaid Qureshi, Hira Ejaz, R. M. Sarfraz, H. Khan, Fazal Rehman Sajid, M. A. U. Rehman
Oral route of drug administration is considered as the safest and easiest route of drug administration. Control release drug delivery system is the emerging trend in the pharmaceuticals and the oral route is most suitable for such kind of drug delivery system. Oral route is more convenient for It all age group including both pediatric and geriatrics. There are various systems which are adopted to deliver drug in a controlled manner to different target sites through oral route. It includes diffusion controlled drug delivery systems; dissolution controlled drug delivery systems, osmotically controlled drug delivery systems, ion-exchange controlled drug delivery systems, hydrodynamically balanced systems, multi-Particulate drug delivery systems and microencapsulated drug delivery system. The systems are formulated using different natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic polymers. The purpose of the review is to provide information about the orally controlled drug delivery system, polymers which are used to formulate these systems and characterizations of one of the most convenient dosage form which is the tablets.
{"title":"Oral controlled release drug delivery system and Characterization of oral tablets; A review","authors":"M. Zaman, Junaid Qureshi, Hira Ejaz, R. M. Sarfraz, H. Khan, Fazal Rehman Sajid, M. A. U. Rehman","doi":"10.22200/PJPR.2016167-76","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22200/PJPR.2016167-76","url":null,"abstract":"Oral route of drug administration is considered as the safest and easiest route of drug administration. Control release drug delivery system is the emerging trend in the pharmaceuticals and the oral route is most suitable for such kind of drug delivery system. Oral route is more convenient for It all age group including both pediatric and geriatrics. There are various systems which are adopted to deliver drug in a controlled manner to different target sites through oral route. It includes diffusion controlled drug delivery systems; dissolution controlled drug delivery systems, osmotically controlled drug delivery systems, ion-exchange controlled drug delivery systems, hydrodynamically balanced systems, multi-Particulate drug delivery systems and microencapsulated drug delivery system. The systems are formulated using different natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic polymers. The purpose of the review is to provide information about the orally controlled drug delivery system, polymers which are used to formulate these systems and characterizations of one of the most convenient dosage form which is the tablets.","PeriodicalId":19952,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89421565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-27DOI: 10.22200/PJPR.2016142-48
Muhammad Hanif, H. Javed, Umair Jallani, N. M. Ranjha
Chronic kidney disease(CKD) is the cause of irreversible detoriation of renal function which leads to end stage renal disease(ESRD).incidence of end stage renal disease has increased dramatically during last 30 years and screening for early stages of chronic kidney disease is often suggested as preventive measure.the main cause of end stage renal disease are diabetes, high blood pressure,hyperlipidemia and obesity.obesity and increased BMI are the cause of kidney stone and chronic kidney disease.this reports aim to determine the prevalance of end stage renal disease in diabetic obese individuals and other problems that are more likely to be encountered in the end stage renal disease are cardiovascular risks in dialysis patients.GFR and creatinine clearance are used as the major diagnostic tool to determined the kidney function. calcium level is also used as predictive factor to determine the vascular calcification.
{"title":"Prevalence of end stage renal disease in diabetic obese and hypertensive patients and cardiovascular risk in dialysis patients","authors":"Muhammad Hanif, H. Javed, Umair Jallani, N. M. Ranjha","doi":"10.22200/PJPR.2016142-48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22200/PJPR.2016142-48","url":null,"abstract":"Chronic kidney disease(CKD) is the cause of irreversible detoriation of renal function which leads to end stage renal disease(ESRD).incidence of end stage renal disease has increased dramatically during last 30 years and screening for early stages of chronic kidney disease is often suggested as preventive measure.the main cause of end stage renal disease are diabetes, high blood pressure,hyperlipidemia and obesity.obesity and increased BMI are the cause of kidney stone and chronic kidney disease.this reports aim to determine the prevalance of end stage renal disease in diabetic obese individuals and other problems that are more likely to be encountered in the end stage renal disease are cardiovascular risks in dialysis patients.GFR and creatinine clearance are used as the major diagnostic tool to determined the kidney function. calcium level is also used as predictive factor to determine the vascular calcification.","PeriodicalId":19952,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74978023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-27DOI: 10.22200/PJPR.2016149-54
Bashir Ahmad Chaudhary, Mehreen Jabeen, Umair Jillani, Muhammad Uzair
Phyla nodiflora (Verbenaceae) has been used in folk medicine for various ailments such as asthma, bronchitis, knee joint pain, gonorrhea, irritation of internal haemorrhoids, cardiopathy, hepatitis and fever. It is known to have various biological activities such as antimicrobial, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antimelanogenesis, hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects. Phyla nodiflora is a common ingredient of herbal tea used for the treatment of inflammation, menstrual disorders, and infactious disease. In the present study the plant has been completly reviewed for detection and isolation of secondary metabolites and biological activities which will facilitate the scientists to plan for future studies
{"title":"PHYLA NODIFLORA (VERBENACEAE): A REVIEW","authors":"Bashir Ahmad Chaudhary, Mehreen Jabeen, Umair Jillani, Muhammad Uzair","doi":"10.22200/PJPR.2016149-54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22200/PJPR.2016149-54","url":null,"abstract":"Phyla nodiflora (Verbenaceae) has been used in folk medicine for various ailments such as asthma, bronchitis, knee joint pain, gonorrhea, irritation of internal haemorrhoids, cardiopathy, hepatitis and fever. It is known to have various biological activities such as antimicrobial, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antimelanogenesis, hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects. Phyla nodiflora is a common ingredient of herbal tea used for the treatment of inflammation, menstrual disorders, and infactious disease. In the present study the plant has been completly reviewed for detection and isolation of secondary metabolites and biological activities which will facilitate the scientists to plan for future studies","PeriodicalId":19952,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79413898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-27DOI: 10.22200/PJPR.2016155-66
M. Munir, Muhammad Hanif, N. M. Ranjha
Dendrimers are the valuable additives in different routes of drug administration and are the most successful agents, because dendrimers provide greater biocompatibility, water solubility and bioavailability. In this review, synthesis structures, method of preparation have been discussed. Interaction mechanisms between dendrimer molecules and active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), like simple encapsulation and covalent conjugation and the recent applications of dendrimers have also been focused. Divergent method of poly amidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers is found to be more applicable as compare to convergent method and PAMAM are also considered as ideal carriers for drug delivery because of large variety of surface groups, high aqueous solubility, and their unique architecture.
{"title":"Dendrimers and their Applications: A Review Article","authors":"M. Munir, Muhammad Hanif, N. M. Ranjha","doi":"10.22200/PJPR.2016155-66","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22200/PJPR.2016155-66","url":null,"abstract":"Dendrimers are the valuable additives in different routes of drug administration and are the most successful agents, because dendrimers provide greater biocompatibility, water solubility and bioavailability. In this review, synthesis structures, method of preparation have been discussed. Interaction mechanisms between dendrimer molecules and active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), like simple encapsulation and covalent conjugation and the recent applications of dendrimers have also been focused. Divergent method of poly amidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers is found to be more applicable as compare to convergent method and PAMAM are also considered as ideal carriers for drug delivery because of large variety of surface groups, high aqueous solubility, and their unique architecture.","PeriodicalId":19952,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88753415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study four inorganic elements i.e. sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium were estimated in eleven locally available herbal preparations used as sex stimulants using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry and Flame Emission Spectroscopy. Samples names were Ginseng, Nan-bao, Choe, Safoof-e-Mughallis (Powder), Imsaki (Jawahar) capsules, Zarjam (capsules), Shahi (capsules), Mumsik sultani (Jawahar) capsules, Laboob-e-Kabeer, Laboob Bard (Jawahar wala), Laboob Khas (Jawahar wala). Results indicate the presence of variable amounts of metals in these samples. Order of concentration of metals in different samples has been found to be as Ca> Mg > K > Na. Shahi capsules exhibited highest amount of sodium (3100±1825 µg/g) and other three minerals were in higher quantities. Choe contained highest amount of calcium (54175±4898 µg/g) and magnesium (53223±3205 µg/g) while Mumsik showed highest quantity of potassium (12070±882 µg/g). Ginseng, Nan-bao and Zarjam contained moderate amounts of all minerals and Laboob Khas exhibited lowest amounts of calcium (922±338µg/g), magnesium (463±106 µg/g), potassium (2968±735 µg/g) and small quantity of sodium (476±246 µg/g). It is evident that these herbal preparations can replenish the deficiency of minerals but excessive use of such herbal preparations may cause health hazards.
{"title":"Evaluation of Inorganic Elements in Herbal preparation by FAAS and FES","authors":"M. T. Ansari, T. M. Ansari, Mubasher Ahmad","doi":"10.22200/PJPR.201611-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22200/PJPR.201611-7","url":null,"abstract":"In this study four inorganic elements i.e. sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium were estimated in eleven locally available herbal preparations used as sex stimulants using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry and Flame Emission Spectroscopy. Samples names were Ginseng, Nan-bao, Choe, Safoof-e-Mughallis (Powder), Imsaki (Jawahar) capsules, Zarjam (capsules), Shahi (capsules), Mumsik sultani (Jawahar) capsules, Laboob-e-Kabeer, Laboob Bard (Jawahar wala), Laboob Khas (Jawahar wala). Results indicate the presence of variable amounts of metals in these samples. Order of concentration of metals in different samples has been found to be as Ca> Mg > K > Na. Shahi capsules exhibited highest amount of sodium (3100±1825 µg/g) and other three minerals were in higher quantities. Choe contained highest amount of calcium (54175±4898 µg/g) and magnesium (53223±3205 µg/g) while Mumsik showed highest quantity of potassium (12070±882 µg/g). Ginseng, Nan-bao and Zarjam contained moderate amounts of all minerals and Laboob Khas exhibited lowest amounts of calcium (922±338µg/g), magnesium (463±106 µg/g), potassium (2968±735 µg/g) and small quantity of sodium (476±246 µg/g). It is evident that these herbal preparations can replenish the deficiency of minerals but excessive use of such herbal preparations may cause health hazards.","PeriodicalId":19952,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82671465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-27DOI: 10.22200/PJPR.2016115-22
Hira Rafi, Muhammad Farhan
Stress is a complicated condition that effects on person’s mental and physical health, and it is the precursor of other psychological disorders mainly depression. Serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) is well known to have hypofunction in unpredictable chronic mild stress whereas, unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) has produced the most steady and continuous results of anhedonia and learned helplessness particularly in rats. The stress-induced depressive like behavior can be reversed by many antidepressants such as SSRIs. Selective serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) is mostly prescribed antidepressant that can deplete neurochemical and behavioral deficits. The present study was designed to investigate whether repeated administration of dapoxetine at dose (1.0 mg/kg) could reverse the behavioral deficits induced by UCMS in rat model of depression. UCMS induced behavioral deficits. Locomotor activity in familiar environment (home cage), novel (open field) environment and anxiolytic behavior in light/dark activity box were greater in unstressed group than stressed group. The inhibition of serotonin reuptake at pre-synaptic receptors by repeated dapoxetine administration is mainly the mechanism involved and discussed. This particular study may assist in novel approach for understanding the interaction between stress and behavioral functions and extending the therapeutic use of dapoxetine.
{"title":"Dapoxetine: An Innovative Approach in the Therapeutic Management In Animal Model of Depression","authors":"Hira Rafi, Muhammad Farhan","doi":"10.22200/PJPR.2016115-22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22200/PJPR.2016115-22","url":null,"abstract":"Stress is a complicated condition that effects on person’s mental and physical health, and it is the precursor of other psychological disorders mainly depression. Serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) is well known to have hypofunction in unpredictable chronic mild stress whereas, unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) has produced the most steady and continuous results of anhedonia and learned helplessness particularly in rats. The stress-induced depressive like behavior can be reversed by many antidepressants such as SSRIs. Selective serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) is mostly prescribed antidepressant that can deplete neurochemical and behavioral deficits. The present study was designed to investigate whether repeated administration of dapoxetine at dose (1.0 mg/kg) could reverse the behavioral deficits induced by UCMS in rat model of depression. UCMS induced behavioral deficits. Locomotor activity in familiar environment (home cage), novel (open field) environment and anxiolytic behavior in light/dark activity box were greater in unstressed group than stressed group. The inhibition of serotonin reuptake at pre-synaptic receptors by repeated dapoxetine administration is mainly the mechanism involved and discussed. This particular study may assist in novel approach for understanding the interaction between stress and behavioral functions and extending the therapeutic use of dapoxetine.","PeriodicalId":19952,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86811181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-27DOI: 10.22200/PJPR.2016137-41
A. Yahya, Ata ul Razzaq Khan, W. Naeem, S. Bashir, B. Murtaza, Aqeel Aslam
Heart disease is widespread, and accounts for a quarter of all deaths in the US. Clopidogrel is used extensively for various cardiac conditions but has a high price. Cost-minimization analysis (CMA) differentiates alternative therapies based on price, given that all of the interventions have exactly the same health effects and must be bioequivalent when it comes to health benefits and adverse effects. Dissolution studies, using four marketed products, were conducted using a six stage, type II dissolution apparatus. Samples were analyzed at 240nm using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer. Concentration values of each sample, taken after 30 minutes were calculated from the calibration curve constructed with Clopidogrel Bisulfate RS. ANOVA was used to analyze any significant differences between the means of active dissolved. Plavix was found to have the highest percentage release of 97% but Ogrel had the least SEM of 3.9 with a percentage release of 95%. Lowplat and Pidogrel, although showed average percent releases of greater than 85%, their SEM and stand deviations were large showing widespread variations in unit contents. ANOVA gave a p>0.05, indicating a non-statistically significant difference between the means of active dissolved hence proving bioequivalence. CMA concluded that Ogrel may be used instead of the more expensive Plavix.
{"title":"COST-MINIMIZATION ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS PHARMACEUTICAL ALTERNATIVES OF CLOPIDOGREL BISULFATE","authors":"A. Yahya, Ata ul Razzaq Khan, W. Naeem, S. Bashir, B. Murtaza, Aqeel Aslam","doi":"10.22200/PJPR.2016137-41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22200/PJPR.2016137-41","url":null,"abstract":"Heart disease is widespread, and accounts for a quarter of all deaths in the US. Clopidogrel is used extensively for various cardiac conditions but has a high price. Cost-minimization analysis (CMA) differentiates alternative therapies based on price, given that all of the interventions have exactly the same health effects and must be bioequivalent when it comes to health benefits and adverse effects. Dissolution studies, using four marketed products, were conducted using a six stage, type II dissolution apparatus. Samples were analyzed at 240nm using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer. Concentration values of each sample, taken after 30 minutes were calculated from the calibration curve constructed with Clopidogrel Bisulfate RS. ANOVA was used to analyze any significant differences between the means of active dissolved. Plavix was found to have the highest percentage release of 97% but Ogrel had the least SEM of 3.9 with a percentage release of 95%. Lowplat and Pidogrel, although showed average percent releases of greater than 85%, their SEM and stand deviations were large showing widespread variations in unit contents. ANOVA gave a p>0.05, indicating a non-statistically significant difference between the means of active dissolved hence proving bioequivalence. CMA concluded that Ogrel may be used instead of the more expensive Plavix.","PeriodicalId":19952,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76471423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-27DOI: 10.22200/PJPR.2016123-27
T. Javed, S. Riaz, M. Uzair, G. Mustafa, A. Mohyuddin, Bashir Ahmad Ch
World’s population relies chiefly on traditional medicinal plants, using their extracts or active constituents. Terminalia arjuna of family Combretaceae reported to be effective as aphrodisiac, expectorant, tonic, styptic, antidysenteric, sweet, acrid, purgative, laxative, astringent, diuretic, astringent, cirrhosis, cardioprotective and cancer treatment. In present study, antibacterial, antifungal, brine shrimp lethality and phytotoxic effect of Terminalia arjuna was performed. Our results showed that methanolic extract of Terminalia arjuna leaves has moderate antifungal effect against Microsporm canis and fruit extract possess good antibacterial activity against Staphylococus aureus and Preudomonas aeroginosa . Moreover, Dichloromethane extract of Terminalia arjuna bark and fruit posses moderate phytotoxic activity.
{"title":"Biological activity of Terminalia arjuna on Human Pathogenic Microorganisms","authors":"T. Javed, S. Riaz, M. Uzair, G. Mustafa, A. Mohyuddin, Bashir Ahmad Ch","doi":"10.22200/PJPR.2016123-27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22200/PJPR.2016123-27","url":null,"abstract":"World’s population relies chiefly on traditional medicinal plants, using their extracts or active constituents. Terminalia arjuna of family Combretaceae reported to be effective as aphrodisiac, expectorant, tonic, styptic, antidysenteric, sweet, acrid, purgative, laxative, astringent, diuretic, astringent, cirrhosis, cardioprotective and cancer treatment. In present study, antibacterial, antifungal, brine shrimp lethality and phytotoxic effect of Terminalia arjuna was performed. Our results showed that methanolic extract of Terminalia arjuna leaves has moderate antifungal effect against Microsporm canis and fruit extract possess good antibacterial activity against Staphylococus aureus and Preudomonas aeroginosa . Moreover, Dichloromethane extract of Terminalia arjuna bark and fruit posses moderate phytotoxic activity.","PeriodicalId":19952,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77996034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：