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Analyses of the essential C82 subunit uncovered some differences in RNA polymerase III transcription between Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania major. 对重要的 C82 亚基的分析发现,布氏锥虫和大利什曼原虫的 RNA 聚合酶 III 转录存在一些差异。
IF 2.1 3区 医学 Q2 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-11 DOI: 10.1017/S0031182024000921
Andrés Cano-Santiago, Luis E Florencio-Martínez, Daniel E Vélez-Ramírez, Adrián J Romero-Chaveste, Rebeca G Manning-Cela, Tomás Nepomuceno-Mejía, Santiago Martínez-Calvillo

The 17-subunit RNA polymerase III (RNAP III) synthesizes essential untranslated RNAs such as tRNAs and 5S rRNA. In yeast and vertebrates, subunit C82 forms a stable subcomplex with C34 and C31 that is necessary for promoter-specific transcription initiation. Little is known about RNAP III transcription in trypanosomatid parasites. To narrow this knowledge gap, we characterized the C82 subunit in Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania major. Bioinformatic analyses showed that the 4 distinctive extended winged-helix (eWH) domains and the coiled-coil motif are present in C82 in these microorganisms. Nevertheless, C82 in trypanosomatids presents certain unique traits, including an exclusive loop within the eWH1 domain. We found that C82 localizes to the nucleus and binds to RNAP III-dependent genes in the insect stages of both parasites. Knock-down of C82 by RNA interference significantly reduced the levels of tRNAs and 5S rRNA and led to the death of procyclic forms of T. brucei. Tandem affinity purifications with both parasites allowed the identification of several C82-interacting partners, including C34 and some genus-specific putative regulators of transcription. However, the orthologue of C31 was not found in trypanosomatids. Interestingly, our data suggest a strong association of C82 with TFIIIC subunits in T. brucei, but not in L. major.

由 17 个亚基组成的 RNA 聚合酶 III(RNAP III)可合成 tRNA 和 5S rRNA 等重要的非翻译 RNA。在酵母和脊椎动物中,亚基 C82 与 C34 和 C31 形成稳定的亚复合物,是启动子特异性转录启动所必需的。人们对锥虫寄生虫中的 RNAP III 转录知之甚少。为了缩小这一知识差距,我们对布氏锥虫和大利什曼原虫中的 C82 亚基进行了鉴定。生物信息学分析表明,这些微生物中的 C82 存在 4 个独特的扩展翼螺旋(eWH)结构域和盘绕线圈基序。然而,锥虫中的 C82 具有某些独特的特征,包括 eWH1 结构域内的一个专属环。我们发现,在这两种寄生虫的昆虫阶段,C82 都会定位到细胞核,并与 RNAP III 依赖性基因结合。通过 RNA 干扰敲除 C82 能显著降低 tRNA 和 5S rRNA 的水平,并导致原环状布鲁氏菌死亡。通过对两种寄生虫进行串联亲和纯化,确定了几个与 C82 相互作用的伙伴,包括 C34 和一些种属特异的假定转录调节因子。然而,在锥虫中没有发现 C31 的同源物。有趣的是,我们的数据表明,在布氏锥虫中,C82 与 TFIIIC 亚基有很强的联系,而在大锥虫中则没有。
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引用次数: 0
Paleoparasitological analysis of a 15th-16th c. CE latrine from the merchant quarter of Bruges, Belgium: Evidence for local and exotic parasite infections. 比利时布鲁日商业区一座公元15 -16世纪厕所的古寄生虫学分析:当地和外来寄生虫感染的证据。
IF 2.1 3区 医学 Q2 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-12-06 DOI: 10.1017/S0031182024001100
Marissa L Ledger, Maxime Poulain, Koen Deforce

Paleoparasitological studies have made important contributions to our understanding of the past epidemiology of parasites, infection in past populations and lifestyle in the past. In some cases, these ancient parasites can also provide evidence for long distance travel or migration of people in the past. Three sediment samples from a 15th–16th c. CE latrine from the Spanish nation house in Bruges, Belgium were analysed for preserved helminth eggs using microscopy. Bruges was a major trading centre in medieval Europe, thus it was home to a large merchant population with extensive trading networks. Paleoparasitological analysis revealed a preserved parasite egg from Schistosoma mansoni, which causes intestinal schistosomiasis. Roundworm, whipworm, liver fluke and Taenia tapeworm eggs were also found in the latrine which is consistent with parasites previously found in the local population in the medieval period. These new data provide direct evidence for the movement of S. mansoni outside of its endemic area. Today the vast majority of S. mansoni infections occur in Sub-Saharan Africa, with additional endemic areas in the Arabian peninsula and South America. The introduction of S. mansoni into South America is proposed to have occurred relatively recently in human history, as the result of forced movement of people from Africa to the Americas with the Atlantic slave trade. Thus, this infection may have occurred in a merchant who acquired the parasite during trade voyages to Africa or in an individual living in Africa who migrated to Bruges.

古寄生虫学研究对我们了解过去寄生虫的流行病学、过去人群的感染和过去的生活方式做出了重要贡献。在某些情况下,这些古老的寄生虫也可以为过去人们的长途旅行或迁徙提供证据。来自比利时布鲁日西班牙民族住宅的15 - 16世纪厕所的三个沉积物样本使用显微镜分析了保存的蠕虫卵。布鲁日是中世纪欧洲的主要贸易中心,因此它是拥有广泛贸易网络的大量商人的家园。古寄生虫学分析发现一个保存完好的曼氏血吸虫虫卵,这是一种引起肠道血吸虫病的寄生虫。在该厕所内还发现了蛔虫、鞭虫、肝吸虫和带绦虫卵,这与中世纪时在当地人群中发现的寄生虫一致。这些新的数据为曼索尼血吸虫在其流行区外的移动提供了直接证据。今天,绝大多数曼索尼沙门氏菌感染发生在撒哈拉以南非洲,阿拉伯半岛和南美洲也有其他流行地区。mansoni被认为是在人类历史上相对较近的时期引入南美洲的,这是大西洋奴隶贸易迫使人们从非洲迁移到美洲的结果。因此,这种感染可能发生在前往非洲的贸易航行中感染寄生虫的商人身上,也可能发生在移民到布鲁日的生活在非洲的个人身上。
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引用次数: 0
Haemoparasite infection risk in multi-host avian system: an integrated analysis. 多宿主禽类系统中的血寄生虫感染风险:综合分析。
IF 2.1 3区 医学 Q2 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.1017/S0031182024000994
Edyta Podmokła, Anna Dubiec, Bartosz Pluciński, Bartłomiej Zając, Lars Gustafsson

Avian blood parasites play a crucial role in wildlife health and ecosystem dynamics, exhibiting heterogeneous spatial distribution influenced by various factors. Although factors underlying heterogeneity in infection with blood parasites have been explored in many avian hosts, their importance in the context of host species and the parasite taxon remains poorly understood, particularly in cohabiting host species. Using next-generation sequencing for parasite screening, we investigate the association between Haemoproteus, Plasmodium and Trypanosoma infections in relation to individual parameters, host densities and landscape features in 3 cavity-nesting passerines: great tit (Parus major), blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) and collared flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis) in a highly fragmented forest habitat. Overall, Haemoproteus infections predominated, followed by Plasmodium and Trypanosoma, with great tits most and collared flycatchers least parasitized. There were no common patterns across host species in the probability of infection with locally transmitted parasites from each genus. Specifically, in all cases, the effect of particular parameters, if present, was observed only in 1 host species. Body condition influenced Haemoproteus and Plasmodium infections differently in tits. Host density, whether own species or all pooled, explained Haemoproteus infections in great tits and collared flycatchers, and Plasmodium in great tits. Landscape metrics, such as moisture index and distance to coast edge and pastures, affected infection probability in specific host–parasite combinations. Relative risk maps revealed infection risk gradients, but spatial variation repeatability over time was low. Our study highlights the complex dynamics of avian blood parasites in multi-host systems, shedding light on host–parasite interactions in natural ecosystems.

鸟类血液寄生虫在野生动物健康和生态系统动态中发挥着至关重要的作用,受各种因素的影响,其空间分布具有异质性。尽管已经在许多鸟类宿主中探索了血液寄生虫感染异质性的基本因素,但对这些因素在宿主物种和寄生虫类群背景下的重要性仍然知之甚少,特别是在同居宿主物种中。我们利用下一代测序技术进行寄生虫筛选,研究了在高度破碎化的森林栖息地中,血吸虫、疟原虫和锥虫感染与个体参数、宿主密度和景观特征之间的关系,这些宿主包括大山雀(Parus major)、蓝山雀(Cyanistes caeruleus)和领蝇(Ficedula albicollis)。总体而言,血吸虫感染占主导地位,其次是疟原虫和锥虫,其中大山雀的寄生虫感染率最高,领蝇鸟的寄生虫感染率最低。不同宿主物种感染各属本地传播寄生虫的概率没有共同的模式。具体来说,在所有情况下,特定参数的影响(如果存在的话)仅在 1 个宿主物种中观察到。身体状况对山雀血吸虫和疟原虫感染的影响不同。宿主密度(无论是宿主种类还是所有宿主)可解释大山雀和领蝇鹃的血包虫感染,也可解释大山雀的疟原虫感染。湿度指数、与海岸边缘和牧场的距离等景观指标会影响特定寄主-寄生虫组合的感染概率。相对风险图显示了感染风险梯度,但空间变化随时间的重复性较低。我们的研究强调了禽类血液寄生虫在多宿主系统中的复杂动态,揭示了自然生态系统中宿主与寄生虫之间的相互作用。
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引用次数: 0
First record of Perkinsus beihaiensis in cultured mussels Mytilus coruscus in the East China Sea. 首次在中国东海的养殖贻贝中发现北海鲈。
IF 2.1 3区 医学 Q2 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-21 DOI: 10.1017/S0031182024000702
Jia Y Zhai, Peng Z Qi, Xiao A Yang, Zhong J Ren, Zi H Zhang, Jia X Gao, Deng H Zhu, Pei P Fu

During the investigation of parasitic pathogens of Mytilus coruscus, infection of a Perkinsus-like protozoan parasite was detected by alternative Ray's Fluid Thioglycolate Medium (ARFTM). The diameter of hypnospores or prezoosporangia was 8–27 (15.6 ± 4.0, n = 111) μm. The prevalence of the Perkinsus-like species in M. coruscus was 25 and 12.5% using ARFTM and PCR, respectively. The ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 fragments amplified by PCR assay had 100% homology to that of P. beihaiensis, suggesting that the protozoan parasite was P. beihaisensis and M. coruscus was its new host in East China Sea (ECS). Histological analysis showed the presence of trophozoites of P. beihaiensis in gill, mantle and visceral mass, and the schizonts only found in visceral mass. Perkinsus beihaiensis infection led to inflammatory reaction of hemocyte and the destruction of digestive tubules in visceral mass, which had negative effect on health of the farmed M. coruscus and it deserves more attention.

在对珊瑚贻贝的寄生病原体进行调查期间,通过替代雷氏硫代乙酸盐培养基(ARFTM)检测到一种类似珀金斯氏原生动物的寄生虫感染。下孢子或前孢子囊的直径为 8-27 (15.6 ± 4.0, n = 111) μm。使用 ARFTM 和 PCR 法测定珊瑚虫中 Perkinsus 类物种的流行率分别为 25% 和 12.5%。PCR检测扩增出的ITS1-5.8S-ITS2片段与北海鲈同源性为100%,表明该原生动物为北海鲈,而珊瑚虫是其在中国东海(ECS)的新宿主。组织学分析表明,北海鲈的滋养体存在于鳃、甲壳和内脏团块中,裂殖体仅存在于内脏团块中。北海鲈感染导致血细胞炎症反应和内脏肿块消化管的破坏,对养殖的姬鲷健康产生不利影响,值得进一步关注。
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引用次数: 0
Henneguya patriciai n. sp. (Cnidaria: Myxosporea) parasitizing Leporinus friderici (Bloch 1794) from Tartarugalzinho river, eastern Amazon. Henneguya patriciai n. sp. (Cnidaria: Myxosporea) 寄生于亚马逊东部 Tartarugalzinho 河的 Leporinus friderici (Bloch 1794)。
IF 2.1 3区 医学 Q2 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-11 DOI: 10.1017/S0031182024000684
Abthyllane Amaral de Carvalho, Lilia Suzane de Oliveira Nascimento, Luize Cristine Pantoja Dos Reis, Roger Leomar da Silva Ferreira, Saturo Cardoso Morais, Elane Guerreiro Geise, Marcela Nunes Videira, Edilson Rodrigues Matos

The Amazon basin has the largest number of fish in the world, and among the most common fishes of the Neotropical region, the threespot (Leporinus friderici) is cited, which in relation to its microparasitic fauna, has described only 1 species of the genus Henneguya, Henneguya friderici. The Myxozoa class is considered an obligate parasite, being morphologically characterized by spores formed by valves connected by a suture line. This study describes a new species of Henneguya sp. in the Amazon region for L. friderici. This parasite was found in the host's pyloric caeca and caudal kidney, with mature spores with a total spore length of 38.4 ± 2.5 (35.9–40.9) μm; the spore body 14.4 ± 1.1 (13.3–15.5) μm and 7.3 ± 0.6 (6.7–7.9) μm wide. Regarding its 2 polar capsules, they had a length of 5.1 ± 0.4 (4.7–5.5) μm and a width of 2.0 ± 0.1 (1.9–2.1) μm in the same pear-shaped, and each polar capsule contained 9–11 turns. Morphological and phylogenetic analyses denote that this is a new species of the genus Henneguya.

亚马逊河流域拥有世界上最多的鱼类,在新热带地区最常见的鱼类中,以三节鱼(Leporinus friderici)为例,就其微寄生动物群而言,仅描述了 Henneguya 属的一个物种 Henneguya friderici。粘孢子虫类被认为是一种强制性寄生虫,其形态特征是由缝合线连接的瓣膜形成的孢子。本研究描述了亚马逊地区一种新的 Henneguya sp.在宿主的幽门盲肠和尾肾中发现了这种寄生虫,其成熟孢子的总长度为 38.4 ± 2.5 (35.9-40.9) μm;孢子体长 14.4 ± 1.1 (13.3-15.5) μm,宽 7.3 ± 0.6 (6.7-7.9) μm。至于其 2 个极囊,它们的长度为 5.1 ± 0.4 (4.7-5.5) μm,宽度为 2.0 ± 0.1 (1.9-2.1) μm,呈相同的梨形,每个极囊包含 9-11 圈。形态学和系统发生学分析表明这是 Henneguya 属的一个新种。
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引用次数: 0
Environmental influences on the distribution and ecology of the fluke intermediate host Galba truncatula: a systematic review. 环境对吸虫中间宿主截尾螺分布和生态的影响:系统综述。
IF 2.1 3区 医学 Q2 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-12-03 DOI: 10.1017/S0031182024000957
Christopher David Smith, Eric René Morgan, Rhys Aled Jones

Galba truncatula is one of the most distributed intermediate hosts of Fasciola hepatica across Europe, North Africa and South America. Therefore, understanding the environmental preferences of this species is vital for developing control strategies for fascioliasis and other trematodes such as Calicophoron daubneyi. This systematic literature review evaluates the current understanding of the snail's environmental preferences to identify factors which might aid control and areas where further research is needed. Searches were conducted using Google Scholar and PubMed and included papers published up to August 2023. After filtration, 198 papers with data from 64 countries were evaluated, and data regarding habitat type and habitat pH were noted, along with any other information pertaining to the snail's environmental preferences. The results show that G. truncatula can survive in a diverse range of climates and habitats, generally favours shallow slow-moving water or moist bare mud surfaces, temperatures between 10 and 25°C and was found in habitats with a water pH ranging from 5.0 to 9.4. However, there is limited understanding of the impact of several factors, such as the true optimum pH and temperature preferences within the respective tolerance limits or the reason for the snail's apparent aversion to peatland. Further research is needed to clarify the impact of biotic and abiotic factors on the snail to create robust risk assessments of fluke infection and assess opportunities for environmental control strategies, and for predicting how the snail and fluke transmission may be impacted by climate change.

截断加尔巴是肝片形吸虫在欧洲、北非和南美洲分布最广的中间宿主之一。因此,了解该物种的环境偏好对于制定片形吸虫病和其他吸虫(如Calicophoron daubneyi)的控制策略至关重要。这篇系统的文献综述评估了目前对蜗牛环境偏好的理解,以确定可能有助于控制的因素和需要进一步研究的领域。使用b谷歌Scholar和PubMed进行检索,包括截至2023年8月发表的论文。过滤后,评估了来自64个国家的198篇论文的数据,并记录了有关栖息地类型和栖息地pH值的数据,以及与蜗牛环境偏好有关的任何其他信息。结果表明,短尾草可在不同的气候和生境中生存,一般喜生于缓慢流动的浅水或潮湿的裸泥表面,温度在10 ~ 25℃之间,生长在pH值为5.0 ~ 9.4的生境中。然而,人们对几个因素的影响了解有限,例如在各自的容忍范围内真正的最佳pH值和温度偏好,或者蜗牛明显厌恶泥炭地的原因。需要进一步的研究来阐明生物和非生物因素对蜗牛的影响,以建立可靠的吸虫感染风险评估,评估环境控制策略的机会,并预测蜗牛和吸虫的传播如何受到气候变化的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Dissimilar local risk factors among patients diagnosed with cystic echinococcosis upon voluntary screening in highly endemic regions of Kyrgyz Republic. 在吉尔吉斯共和国高流行地区经自愿筛查诊断为囊性包虫病的患者中存在不同的当地危险因素。
IF 2.1 3区 医学 Q2 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-12-03 DOI: 10.1017/S0031182024000763
Kursanbek M Raimkulov, Vera S Toigombaeva, Omurbek T Kuttubaev, Zhyldyz S Smailbekova, Asel D Adambekova, Maria N Ruzina, Lyudmila V Akhmadishina, Alexander N Lukashev

Echinococcosis is a parasitic invasion caused by a cestode of the genus Echinococcus. Kyrgyzstan is a country in Central Asia known for an extremely high incidence of echinococcosis. A total of 10 093 subjects were screened in the Osh, Naryn and Batken regions of Kyrgyzstan in 2015–2017 by ultrasound and questioned for potential risk factors. Cystic echinococcosis (CE) prevalence (combined newly diagnosed and post-surgery cases) ranged between 0.2 and 25.2% across the study regions. Typical factors, such as dog or livestock ownership, weakly affected CE risk (odds ratio [OR] = 1.18–1.83). Use of water from a well and owning a cat had a greater effect on CE risk (OR = 2.02–2.28). The risk factors of CE were highly dissimilar among the study regions, with patterns not always compatible with classical biohelminthosis transmission routes (no risk from livestock in certain areas, significant risk from using well water, owning cats). Therefore, the CE epidemic in Kyrgyzstan is not holistic in terms of potential mechanisms and risk factors, and certain areas can greatly benefit from preventive measures that will have limited efficiency elsewhere.

棘球绦虫病是由棘球绦虫属的一种寄生虫引起的一种寄生虫入侵。吉尔吉斯斯坦是中亚的一个国家,以棘球蚴病的极高发病率而闻名。2015-2017年,在吉尔吉斯斯坦的奥什、纳林和巴肯地区,通过超声筛查了10093名受试者,并询问了潜在的危险因素。囊性包虫病(CE)患病率(合并新诊断和术后病例)在整个研究地区的范围在0.2至25.2%之间。典型因素,如养狗或养牲畜,对CE风险影响较弱(优势比[or] = 1.18-1.83)。使用井水和养猫对CE风险的影响更大(OR = 2.02-2.28)。在研究区域之间,CE的危险因素差异很大,其模式并不总是与传统的生物蠕虫传播途径相一致(某些地区没有来自牲畜的风险,使用井水和养猫的风险很大)。因此,就潜在机制和风险因素而言,吉尔吉斯斯坦的大肠杆菌疫情不是全面的,某些地区可以从其他地方效率有限的预防措施中大大受益。
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引用次数: 0
Prevalence and genotypic characterization of zoonotic intestinal protozoan parasites in transboundary migratory Mongolian Gazelles (Procapra gutturosa): the first survey. 跨界迁徙蒙古瞪羚(Procapra gutturosa)人畜共患肠道原生动物寄生虫的流行及基因型特征:首次调查。
IF 2.1 3区 医学 Q2 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-12-12 DOI: 10.1017/S0031182024000854
Sichao Gao, Bin Hu, Gaojian Li, Xing An, Yanan Xing, Shuyi Han, Yan Chun, Lingling Han, Du Xi, Wenchao Li, Hongxuan He

The migration of Mongolian gazelles (Procapra gutturosa) poses a potential risk of outbreak for zoonotic intestinal protozoan parasite infections. This study aims to investigate the infection status of zoonotic intestinal protozoan parasites in these migratory Mongolian gazelles. We collected 120 fecal samples from Mongolian gazelles during their migration from Mongolia to China in December 2023. These samples were analysed using amplification and sequencing of partial SSU rRNA genes to detect the 4 presence of zoonotic intestinal protozoan parasites and characterize their genotypes. Our analysis revealed the presence of several zoonotic intestinal protozoan parasites in the sampled Mongolian gazelles. Cryptosporidium spp. was detected in 14.17% (17/120) of the samples, followed by Cystoisospora belli in 13.33% (16/120), Blastocystis sp. in 16.67% (20/120) and Cyclospora cayetanensis in 30.00% (36/120). Moreover, we identified novel host-adapted genotypes of Cryptosporidium spp. and C. belli, as well as the presence of ST2 and ST13 Blastocystis sp. subtypes, while distinct genotypes were found in Blastocystis sp. and C. cayetanensis. This study revealed the status of 4 prevalent zoonotic intestinal protozoan parasite infections in Mongolian gazelles and provided crucial insights into their characteristics. The prevalence of these parasites in the population highlights the potential risk of cross-border transmission of infectious diseases associated with long-distance migration. Furthermore, the identification of novel genotypes contributes to our understanding of the genetic diversity and adaptation of these parasites. These findings can inform the development of protective measures to mitigate the impact of these infections on the health and survival of Mongolian gazelles.

蒙古瞪羚(原羚)的迁徙具有暴发人畜共患肠道原生动物寄生虫感染的潜在风险。本研究旨在了解迁徙蒙古瞪羚体内人畜共患肠道原虫寄生虫的感染情况。我们采集了2023年12月蒙古瞪羚从蒙古到中国迁徙期间的120份粪便样本。利用部分SSU rRNA基因的扩增和测序对这些样本进行分析,以检测4种人畜共患肠道原虫寄生虫的存在并确定其基因型。我们的分析显示蒙古瞪羚样本中存在几种人畜共患肠道原生动物寄生虫。其中隐孢子虫占14.17%(17/120),其次为贝利囊异孢子虫占13.33%(16/120),囊胚孢子虫占16.67%(20/120),卡耶坦环孢子虫占30.00%(36/120)。此外,我们还发现了新的宿主适应基因型隐孢子虫和C. belli,以及ST2和ST13囊虫亚型,而囊虫和C. cayetanensis中发现了不同的基因型。本研究揭示了蒙古瞪羚4种流行的人畜共患肠道原生动物寄生虫感染现状,为其特点提供了重要的见解。这些寄生虫在人群中的流行突出了与长途迁徙有关的传染病跨界传播的潜在风险。此外,新基因型的鉴定有助于我们了解这些寄生虫的遗传多样性和适应性。这些发现可以为制定保护措施提供信息,以减轻这些感染对蒙古瞪羚健康和生存的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Current status of schistosomiasis in school-aged children in Mwanga district, Tanzania: impact of two decades of annual Mass Drug Administration programme. 坦桑尼亚姆旺加地区学龄儿童血吸虫病现状:二十年年度大规模药物管理计划的影响。
IF 2.1 3区 医学 Q2 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1017/S0031182024001045
Jeremia J Pyuza, Brice Meulah, Pytsje T Hoekstra, Noel Mdende, Elizabeth Mvilli, Lisette van Lieshout, Stan T Hilt, Paul L A M Corstjens, Maria Yazdanbakhsh, Sia E Msuya, Govert J van Dam

Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease with significant health implications, particularly among children. A cross-sectional study was conducted among school-aged children (SAC) in Mwanga district, Tanzania, a region known to be co-endemic for S. haematobium and S. mansoni infection and where annual mass drug administration (MDA) has been conducted for 20 years. In total, 576 SAC from 5 schools provided a urine sample for the detection of Schistosoma circulating anodic antigen using the upconverting particle-based lateral flow (UCP-LF CAA) test. Additionally, the potential of the point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen (POC-CCA) and microhaematuria dipstick test as field-applicable diagnostic alternatives for schistosomiasis were assessed and the prevalence outcome compared to UCP-LF CAA. Risk factors associated with schistosomiasis was assessed based on UCP-LF CAA. The UCP-LF CAA test revealed an overall schistosomiasis prevalence of 20.3%, compared to 65.3% based on a combination of POC-CCA and microhaematuria dipstick. No agreement was observed between the combined POC tests and UCP-LF CAA. Factors associated with schistosomiasis included age (5–10 years), involvement in fishing, farming, swimming activities and attending 2 of the 5 primary schools. Our findings suggest a significant progress in infection control in Mwanga district due to annual MDA, although not enough to interrupt transmission. Accurate diagnostics play a crucial role in monitoring intervention measures to effectively combat schistosomiasis.

血吸虫病是一种被忽视的热带疾病,对健康有重大影响,尤其是在儿童中。坦桑尼亚姆旺加地区是血吸虫和曼氏血吸虫感染的共同流行区,20 年来每年都在该地区进行大规模药物管理(MDA)。共有来自 5 所学校的 576 名 SAC 提供了尿样,利用上转换粒子侧流(UCP-LF CAA)检测法检测血吸虫循环阳离子抗原。此外,还评估了护理点循环阴性抗原(POC-CCA)和微血尿量尺测试作为血吸虫病现场适用诊断替代方法的潜力,并将其流行率结果与 UCP-LF CAA 进行了比较。根据 UCP-LF CAA 评估了与血吸虫病相关的风险因素。UCP-LF CAA检测显示血吸虫病的总体流行率为20.3%,而基于POC-CCA和微量血尿量表组合的血吸虫病流行率为65.3%。综合 POC 检测与 UCP-LF CAA 之间未发现一致之处。与血吸虫病相关的因素包括年龄(5-10 岁)、从事渔业、养殖业、游泳活动以及就读于 5 所小学中的 2 所。我们的研究结果表明,由于每年都开展 MDA,姆旺加地区的感染控制工作取得了重大进展,但还不足以阻断传播。准确的诊断在监测有效防治血吸虫病的干预措施方面发挥着至关重要的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Nest secondary plants and their associations with haemosporidian blood parasites in blue tit females. 蓝山雀雌鸟巢中的次生植物及其与血孢子虫血液寄生虫的关系。
IF 2.1 3区 医学 Q2 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1017/S0031182024000775
Jorge García-Campa, Sonia González-Braojos, Judith Morales

Avian nests often contain aromatic plant fragments, which has led to propose among others that they repel ectoparasites or vectors of blood parasites (‘nest protection hypothesis’). To date, the relationship between secondary plant provisioning and the parent's blood parasites remains unexplored. We investigated whether the presence of secondary plants in nests during different reproductive stages (before incubation, during incubation and nestling period) was associated with the presence of nest-dwelling ectoparasites and females’ blood-parasite infections in blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) during chick rearing. In this species, females are highly exposed to parasites, particularly at the beginning of the breeding season, since they build the nest and incubate alone. They also brood the nestlings while the male assists with provisioning. We found that females that provided fewer plants before incubation were more likely to be infected by Plasmodium. Specifically, Females that did not provide Achillea herbs before incubation were more likely to be infected by both Plasmodium and Haemoproteus, reinforcing the ‘nest protection’ hypothesis. Thus, secondary plants may create an early environment that masks the odour of hosts or repels vectors. Surprisingly, the presence of Lavandula during the nestling period was positively related to Leucocytozoon infection. Given its fastest development among haemosporidians, we speculate that Lavandula herbs are provided by females to reduce mother-to-offspring transmission or as a self-medication strategy. Finally, the number of plant fragments provided before incubation was negatively associated with the number of (Protocalliphora azurea) larvae, whereas there were no associations with the presence of mites (Dermanyssus gallinoides).

鸟类的巢通常含有芳香植物碎片,因此有人提出,这些碎片可以驱除体外寄生虫或血液寄生虫的传播媒介("巢保护假说")。迄今为止,次生植物供给与亲鸟血液寄生虫之间的关系仍未得到研究。我们研究了蓝山雀(Cyanistes caeruleus)在不同繁殖阶段(孵化前、孵化期间和雏鸟期)巢内次生植物的存在是否与雏鸟哺育期间巢居外寄生虫的存在和雌鸟血液寄生虫感染有关。在该物种中,雌鸟很容易受到寄生虫的感染,尤其是在繁殖季节开始时,因为雌鸟独自筑巢和孵化。雌鸟还负责雏鸟的育雏,而雄鸟则协助雏鸟的喂养。我们发现,孵化前提供较少植物的雌鸟更容易感染疟原虫。具体来说,在孵化前没有提供Achillea草药的雌鸟更有可能同时被疟原虫和血吸虫感染,这加强了 "巢保护 "假说。因此,次生植物可能会在早期创造一种环境,掩盖宿主的气味或驱赶病媒。令人惊讶的是,雏鸟期间薰衣草的存在与白喉虫感染呈正相关。鉴于薰衣草在血吸虫中发展最快,我们推测雌鸟提供薰衣草草药是为了减少母婴传播或作为一种自我治疗策略。最后,孵化前提供的植物碎片数量与(Protocalliphora azurea)幼虫的数量呈负相关,而与螨虫(Dermanyssus gallinoides)的存在没有关系。
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引用次数: 0
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