Pub Date : 2024-09-10DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08344-5
Shumaila Naz, Muhammed Nalcaci, Obaid Hayat, Seray Toz, Azhar Minhas, Shahid Waseem, Yusuf Ozbel
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) stands out as a significant vector-borne endemic in Pakistan. Despite the rising incidence of CL, the genetic diversity of Leishmania species in the country’s endemic regions remains insufficiently explored. This study aims to uncover the genetic diversity and molecular characteristics of Leishmania species in CL-endemic areas of Baluchistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), and Punjab in Pakistan. Clinical samples from 300 CL patients were put to microscopic examination, real-time ITS-1 PCR, and sequencing. Predominantly affecting males between 16 to 30 years of age, with lesions primarily on hands and faces, the majority presented with nodular and plaque types. Microscopic analysis revealed a positivity rate of 67.8%, while real-time PCR identified 60.98% positive cases, mainly L. tropica, followed by L. infantum and L. major. Leishmania major (p = 0.009) showed substantially greater variation in nucleotide sequences than L. tropica (p = 0.07) and L. infantum (p = 0.03). Nucleotide diversity analysis indicated higher diversity in L. major and L. infantum compared to L. tropica. This study enhances our understanding of CL epidemiology in Pakistan, stressing the crucial role of molecular techniques in accurate species identification. The foundational data provided here emphasizes the necessity for future research to investigate deeper into genetic diversity and its implications for CL control at both individual and community levels.
皮肤利什曼病(CL)是巴基斯坦重要的病媒流行病。尽管皮肤利什曼病的发病率不断上升,但该国流行地区利什曼病菌的遗传多样性仍未得到充分探索。本研究旨在揭示巴基斯坦俾路支省、开伯尔-普赫图赫瓦省(KPK)和旁遮普省 CL 流行地区利什曼原虫的遗传多样性和分子特征。对 300 名 CL 患者的临床样本进行了显微镜检查、实时 ITS-1 PCR 和测序。CL患者主要为16至30岁的男性,皮损主要发生在手部和面部,大多数表现为结节型和斑块型。显微镜分析显示阳性率为 67.8%,而实时 PCR 鉴定出的阳性病例占 60.98%,主要是热带利什曼原虫,其次是幼年利什曼原虫和大体利什曼原虫。与 L. tropica(p = 0.07)和 L. infantum(p = 0.03)相比,大利什曼原虫(p = 0.009)的核苷酸序列变异要大得多。核苷酸多样性分析表明,与 L. tropica 相比,L. major 和 L. infantum 的多样性更高。这项研究加深了我们对巴基斯坦 CL 流行病学的了解,强调了分子技术在准确鉴定物种方面的关键作用。本文提供的基础数据强调了未来研究的必要性,即深入研究遗传多样性及其对个体和群体层面的 CL 控制的影响。
{"title":"Genetic diversity and epidemiological insights into cutaneous leishmaniasis in Pakistan: a comprehensive study on clinical manifestations and molecular characterization of Leishmania species","authors":"Shumaila Naz, Muhammed Nalcaci, Obaid Hayat, Seray Toz, Azhar Minhas, Shahid Waseem, Yusuf Ozbel","doi":"10.1007/s00436-024-08344-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-024-08344-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) stands out as a significant vector-borne endemic in Pakistan. Despite the rising incidence of CL, the genetic diversity of <i>Leishmania</i> species in the country’s endemic regions remains insufficiently explored. This study aims to uncover the genetic diversity and molecular characteristics of <i>Leishmania</i> species in CL-endemic areas of Baluchistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), and Punjab in Pakistan. Clinical samples from 300 CL patients were put to microscopic examination, real-time ITS-1 PCR, and sequencing. Predominantly affecting males between 16 to 30 years of age, with lesions primarily on hands and faces, the majority presented with nodular and plaque types. Microscopic analysis revealed a positivity rate of 67.8%, while real-time PCR identified 60.98% positive cases, mainly <i>L. tropica</i>, followed by <i>L. infantum</i> and <i>L. major. Leishmania major</i> (<i>p</i> = 0.009) showed substantially greater variation in nucleotide sequences than <i>L. tropica</i> (<i>p</i> = 0.07) and <i>L. infantum</i> (<i>p</i> = 0.03)<i>.</i> Nucleotide diversity analysis indicated higher diversity in <i>L. major and L. infantum</i> compared to <i>L. tropica.</i> This study enhances our understanding of CL epidemiology in Pakistan, stressing the crucial role of molecular techniques in accurate species identification. The foundational data provided here emphasizes the necessity for future research to investigate deeper into genetic diversity and its implications for CL control at both individual and community levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":19968,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-10DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08342-7
Madalena Vieira-Pinto, Francesco Chiesa, Isabel Cristina Ribeiro Pires, Carmen Gonzalez Duarte, Selene Rubiola
Sarcocystis is a genus of protozoa with a worldwide distribution infecting a wide range of animals, including humans. Wild boars can harbor at least two species of Sarcocystis, that is, the zoonotic Sarcocystis suihominis, using humans as definitive hosts, and Sarcocystis miescheriana, for which wild and domestic canids serve as definitive hosts. In Portugal, hunting holds significant economic and social importance, and wild boars are among the most appreciated hunted species. As the consumption of wild boar meat can expose humans to several foodborne pathogens, the presence of trained hunters can make a difference in ensuring animal health surveillance and food safety. Herein, we report the detection of macroscopic cystic lesions associated with S. miescheriana in a wild boar hunted for human consumption, resulting in carcass condemnation. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the presence of S. miescheriana in wild boar tissues has never been associated with macroscopic pathological alterations before. Although S. miescheriana cannot infect humans, carcasses affected by grossly visible pathological changes must be declared unfit for consumption. Therefore, our finding points out the potential economic damage associated with carcass rejection due to the presence of gross lesions associated with generalized sarcocystosis. Nonetheless, further studies are required to investigate these alterations that currently appear to be occasional findings.
Sarcocystis 是一种原生动物属,分布于世界各地,可感染包括人类在内的多种动物。野猪至少可携带两种 Sarcocystis,即以人类为最终宿主的人畜共患 Sarcocystis suihominis,以及以野生和家养犬科动物为最终宿主的 Sarcocystis miescheriana。在葡萄牙,狩猎具有重要的经济和社会意义,野猪是最受欢迎的狩猎物种之一。由于食用野猪肉会使人类接触到多种食源性病原体,因此训练有素的猎人可以在确保动物健康监测和食品安全方面发挥重要作用。在本文中,我们报告了在为人类消费而猎捕的野猪身上发现与 S. miescheriana 相关的宏观囊性病变,并因此对其胴体进行了处理。据作者所知,野猪组织中出现的 S. miescheriana 以前从未与宏观病理变化相关联。虽然 S. miescheriana 不会感染人类,但受明显病理变化影响的胴体必须被宣布为不适合食用。因此,我们的研究结果指出,由于存在与全身性肉眼可见囊肿病相关的严重病变,胴体被拒绝食用可能会造成经济损失。尽管如此,还需要进一步研究这些目前看来只是偶尔发现的病变。
{"title":"Gross lesions associated with Sarcocystis miescheriana in a wild boar hunted for human consumption: the importance of trained hunters to ensure animal health surveillance and food safety","authors":"Madalena Vieira-Pinto, Francesco Chiesa, Isabel Cristina Ribeiro Pires, Carmen Gonzalez Duarte, Selene Rubiola","doi":"10.1007/s00436-024-08342-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-024-08342-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Sarcocystis</i> is a genus of protozoa with a worldwide distribution infecting a wide range of animals, including humans. Wild boars can harbor at least two species of <i>Sarcocystis</i>, that is, the zoonotic <i>Sarcocystis suihominis</i>, using humans as definitive hosts, and <i>Sarcocystis miescheriana</i>, for which wild and domestic canids serve as definitive hosts. In Portugal, hunting holds significant economic and social importance, and wild boars are among the most appreciated hunted species. As the consumption of wild boar meat can expose humans to several foodborne pathogens, the presence of trained hunters can make a difference in ensuring animal health surveillance and food safety. Herein, we report the detection of macroscopic cystic lesions associated with <i>S. miescheriana</i> in a wild boar hunted for human consumption, resulting in carcass condemnation. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the presence of <i>S. miescheriana</i> in wild boar tissues has never been associated with macroscopic pathological alterations before. Although <i>S. miescheriana</i> cannot infect humans, carcasses affected by grossly visible pathological changes must be declared unfit for consumption. Therefore, our finding points out the potential economic damage associated with carcass rejection due to the presence of gross lesions associated with generalized sarcocystosis. Nonetheless, further studies are required to investigate these alterations that currently appear to be occasional findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":19968,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-10DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08347-2
Mehmet Aykur, Ozlem Barut Selver, Hande Dagci, Melis Palamar
Vermamoeba vermiformis (V.vermiformis) is one of the most common free-living amoeba (FLA) and is frequently found in environments such as natural freshwater areas, surface waters, soil, and biofilms. V. vermiformis has been reported as a pathogen with pathogenic potential for humans and animals. The aim is to report a case of non-Acanthamoeba keratitis in which V. vermiformis was the etiological agent, identified by culture and molecular techniques. Our case was a 48-year-old male patient with a history of trauma to his eye 10 days ago. The patient complained of eye redness and purulent discharge. A slit-lamp examination of the eye revealed a central corneal ulcer with peripheral infiltration extending into the deep stroma. The corneal scraping sample taken from the patient was cultured on a non-nutritious agar plate (NNA). Amoebae were evaluated according to morphological evaluation criteria. It was investigated by PCR method and confirmed by DNA sequence analysis. Although no bacterial or fungal growth was detected in the routine microbiological evaluation of the corneal scraping sample that was cultured, amoeba growth was detected positively in the NNA culture. Meanwhile, Acanthamoeba was detected negative by real-time PCR. However, V. vermiformis was detected positive with the specific PCR assay. It was confirmed by DNA sequence analysis to be considered an etiological pathogenic agent. Thus, topical administration of chlorhexidine gluconate %0.02 (8 × 1) was initiated. Clinical regression was observed 72 h after chlorhexidine initiation, and complete resolution of keratitis with residual scarring was noticed in 5 weeks. In conclusion, corneal infections due to free-living amoebae can occur, especially in poor hygiene. Although Acanthamoeba is the most common keratitis due to amoeba, V. vermiformis is also assumed to associate keratitis in humans. Clinicians should also be aware of other amoebic agents, such as V. vermiformis, in keratitis patients.
蛭形阿米巴(V. vermiformis)是最常见的自由生活阿米巴(FLA)之一,经常出现在自然淡水区域、地表水、土壤和生物膜等环境中。据报道,蛭形阿米巴虫是一种对人类和动物具有潜在致病性的病原体。本文旨在报告一例非阿卡他米巴角膜炎病例,通过培养和分子技术鉴定,蛭形体是该病原体。我们的病例是一名 48 岁的男性患者,10 天前他的眼睛有外伤史。患者主诉眼睛发红并有脓性分泌物。眼部裂隙灯检查发现角膜中央溃疡,周边浸润延伸至深层基质。在无营养琼脂平板(NNA)上对患者的角膜刮取样本进行了培养。根据形态学评估标准对阿米巴进行评估。通过聚合酶链反应(PCR)方法对阿米巴进行检测,并通过 DNA 序列分析加以确认。虽然在对角膜刮片样本进行常规微生物学评估时未检测到细菌或真菌生长,但在 NNA 培养中检测到阿米巴生长呈阳性。同时,通过实时 PCR 检测,棘阿米巴呈阴性。然而,通过特异性聚合酶链式反应(PCR)测定,检测到荚膜蛭石呈阳性。经 DNA 序列分析证实,它是一种致病病原体。因此,开始局部使用葡萄糖酸氯己定 0.02%(8×1)。开始使用洗必泰 72 小时后,临床症状有所缓解,5 周后角膜炎完全消退,但仍有瘢痕残留。总之,游离阿米巴原虫可引起角膜感染,尤其是在卫生条件较差的情况下。虽然阿米巴原虫是最常见的角膜炎原虫,但蛭形阿米巴原虫也可能引起人类角膜炎。临床医生还应注意角膜炎患者中的其他阿米巴原虫,如蛭形病毒。
{"title":"Vermamoeba vermiformis as the etiological agent in a patient with suspected non-Acanthamoeba keratitis","authors":"Mehmet Aykur, Ozlem Barut Selver, Hande Dagci, Melis Palamar","doi":"10.1007/s00436-024-08347-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-024-08347-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Vermamoeba vermiformis</i> (<i>V.</i> <i>vermiformis</i>) is one of the most common free-living amoeba (FLA) and is frequently found in environments such as natural freshwater areas, surface waters, soil, and biofilms. <i>V. </i><i>vermiformis</i> has been reported as a pathogen with pathogenic potential for humans and animals<i>.</i> The aim is to report a case of non-<i>Acanthamoeba</i> keratitis in which <i>V. vermiformis</i> was the etiological agent, identified by culture and molecular techniques. Our case was a 48-year-old male patient with a history of trauma to his eye 10 days ago. The patient complained of eye redness and purulent discharge. A slit-lamp examination of the eye revealed a central corneal ulcer with peripheral infiltration extending into the deep stroma. The corneal scraping sample taken from the patient was cultured on a non-nutritious agar plate (NNA). Amoebae were evaluated according to morphological evaluation criteria. It was investigated by PCR method and confirmed by DNA sequence analysis. Although no bacterial or fungal growth was detected in the routine microbiological evaluation of the corneal scraping sample that was cultured, amoeba growth was detected positively in the NNA culture. Meanwhile, <i>Acanthamoeba</i> was detected negative by real-time PCR. However, <i>V. vermiformis</i> was detected positive with the specific PCR assay. It was confirmed by DNA sequence analysis to be considered an etiological pathogenic agent. Thus, topical administration of chlorhexidine gluconate %0.02 (8 × 1) was initiated. Clinical regression was observed 72 h after chlorhexidine initiation, and complete resolution of keratitis with residual scarring was noticed in 5 weeks. In conclusion, corneal infections due to free-living amoebae can occur, especially in poor hygiene. Although <i>Acanthamoeba</i> is the most common keratitis due to amoeba, <i>V. vermiformis</i> is also assumed to associate keratitis in humans. Clinicians should also be aware of other amoebic agents, such as <i>V. vermiformis</i>, in keratitis patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":19968,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-10DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08343-6
Pooja Bharti, Abid Hussain Bhat, Fayaz Hussain Mir, Shabir Ahmad Rather, Syed Tanveer, Zahoor Ahmad Wani
Globally, the poultry industry is seriously threatened by coccidiosis caused by various species of Eimeria. This protozoan parasite inhabits the epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal tract of poultry globally and can cause serious clinical disease. The present study was carried out on poultry farms located in various regions of Kashmir, India, to investigate the prevalence and phylogenetic relationships of Eimeria species affecting broiler chickens. Over a period of one year, fecal samples were collected from 60 poultry farms in Kashmir and morphological and molecular techniques were employed for Eimeria species identification. Results revealed a high prevalence of coccidiosis, with 58.3% (35/60) of farms positive for Eimeria. The most prevalent species were E. tenella (31/35, 88.6%) followed by E. acervulina (25/35, 71.4%), E. maxima (19/35, 54.3%), E. mitis (18/35, 51.4%), and E. necatrix (9/35, 25.7%). Seasonal variation in prevalence was also observed, with the highest rates in autumn (86.7%) and summer (66.7%). Additionally, younger birds (3–4 weeks) exhibited higher infection rates (85.7%) compared to older birds (57.9%) (5–6 weeks). Mixed infection was found in 94.2% (33/35) of positive farms. Phylogenetic analysis using ITS1 sequences confirmed species clustering and revealed evolutionary relationships among Eimeria species. E. tenella and E. necatrix formed a distinct clade, while E. acervulina formed another. The study underscores the importance of molecular techniques in accurate species identification and provides valuable insights into the epidemiology of coccidiosis in poultry in Kashmir. Effective control strategies, including vaccination and improved management practices, are necessary to mitigate the economic losses associated with this widespread poultry disease.
{"title":"Molecular phylogenetic analysis and seasonal dynamics of Eimeria species infecting broilers of Kashmir, India","authors":"Pooja Bharti, Abid Hussain Bhat, Fayaz Hussain Mir, Shabir Ahmad Rather, Syed Tanveer, Zahoor Ahmad Wani","doi":"10.1007/s00436-024-08343-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-024-08343-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Globally, the poultry industry is seriously threatened by coccidiosis caused by various species of <i>Eimeria</i>. This protozoan parasite inhabits the epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal tract of poultry globally and can cause serious clinical disease. The present study was carried out on poultry farms located in various regions of Kashmir, India, to investigate the prevalence and phylogenetic relationships of <i>Eimeria</i> species affecting broiler chickens. Over a period of one year, fecal samples were collected from 60 poultry farms in Kashmir and morphological and molecular techniques were employed for <i>Eimeria</i> species identification. Results revealed a high prevalence of coccidiosis, with 58.3% (35/60) of farms positive for <i>Eimeria</i>. The most prevalent species were <i>E. tenella</i> (31/35, 88.6%) followed by <i>E. acervulina</i> (25/35, 71.4%), <i>E. maxima</i> (19/35, 54.3%), <i>E. mitis</i> (18/35, 51.4%), and <i>E. necatrix</i> (9/35, 25.7%). Seasonal variation in prevalence was also observed, with the highest rates in autumn (86.7%) and summer (66.7%). Additionally, younger birds (3–4 weeks) exhibited higher infection rates (85.7%) compared to older birds (57.9%) (5–6 weeks). Mixed infection was found in 94.2% (33/35) of positive farms. Phylogenetic analysis using ITS1 sequences confirmed species clustering and revealed evolutionary relationships among <i>Eimeria</i> species. <i>E. tenella</i> and <i>E. necatrix</i> formed a distinct clade, while <i>E. acervulina</i> formed another. The study underscores the importance of molecular techniques in accurate species identification and provides valuable insights into the epidemiology of coccidiosis in poultry in Kashmir. Effective control strategies, including vaccination and improved management practices, are necessary to mitigate the economic losses associated with this widespread poultry disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":19968,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-09DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08329-4
Martin A. Winkler, Alfred A. Pan
Initial studies using bioinformatics analysis revealed DNA sequence similarities between Trypanosoma cruzi GenBank® M21331, coding for Antigen 36 (Ag 36), and tripartite motif (TRIM) genes. TRIM40 showed 9.7% identity to GenBank M21331, and four additional TRIM genes had identities greater than 5.0%. TRIM37 showed a continuous stretch of identity of 12 nucleotides, that is, at least 25% longer than any of the other TRIMs. When we extended our analysis on the relationships of GenBank M21331 to further innate immune genes, using the Needleman-Wunsch (NW) algorithm for alignment, identities to human IFN-α, IFN-β, and IFN-γ genes of 13.6%, 12.6%, and 17.9%, respectively, were found. To determine the minimum number of genes coding for proteins closely related to Ag 36, a BLAST-p search was conducted with it versus the T. cruzi genome. The BLAST-p search revealed that T. cruzi GenBank M21331 had 14 gene sequences homologous to microtubule-associated protein (MAP) genes with 100% amino acid sequence identity. To verify the similarities in non-human genes, a study comparing TRIM21 region sequences among mammalian species to the comparable human TRIM21 region showed that related sequences were also present in 11 mammalian species. The MAP genes homologous to Ag 36 form a family of at least 14 genes which mimic human immune genes in the IFN and TRIM families. This mimicry is of gene sequences and not their protein products or epitopes. These results appear to be the first description of molecular mimicry of immune genes in humans by a protozoan parasite.
利用生物信息学分析进行的初步研究发现,克氏锥虫 GenBank® M21331(编码抗原 36(Ag 36))和三方基序(TRIM)基因的 DNA 序列具有相似性。TRIM40 与 GenBank M21331 的相同度为 9.7%,另外四个 TRIM 基因的相同度大于 5.0%。TRIM37 显示出 12 个核苷酸的连续同一性,比其他 TRIM 至少长 25%。当我们使用Needleman-Wunsch(NW)算法进行比对时,发现与人类IFN-α、IFN-β和IFN-γ基因的同一性分别为13.6%、12.6%和17.9%。为了确定编码与 Ag 36 密切相关的蛋白质的基因的最低数量,对其与 T. cruzi 基因组进行了 BLAST-p 搜索。BLAST-p 搜索结果显示,T. cruzi GenBank M21331 有 14 个与微管相关蛋白(MAP)基因同源的基因序列,氨基酸序列相同度为 100%。为了验证非人类基因的相似性,一项将哺乳动物物种中的 TRIM21 区域序列与可比较的人类 TRIM21 区域序列进行比较的研究显示,11 种哺乳动物物种中也存在相关序列。与 Ag 36 同源的 MAP 基因组成了一个至少有 14 个基因的家族,这些基因模仿了 IFN 和 TRIM 家族中的人类免疫基因。这种拟态是基因序列的拟态,而不是其蛋白产物或表位的拟态。这些结果似乎是首次描述原生动物寄生虫对人类免疫基因的分子模仿。
{"title":"Molecular similarities between the genes for Trypanosoma cruzi microtubule-associated proteins, mammalian interferons, and TRIMs","authors":"Martin A. Winkler, Alfred A. Pan","doi":"10.1007/s00436-024-08329-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-024-08329-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Initial studies using bioinformatics analysis revealed DNA sequence similarities between <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i> GenBank® M21331, coding for Antigen 36 (Ag 36), and tripartite motif (<i>TRIM</i>) genes. <i>TRIM40</i> showed 9.7% identity to GenBank M21331, and four additional <i>TRIM</i> genes had identities greater than 5.0%. <i>TRIM37</i> showed a continuous stretch of identity of 12 nucleotides, that is, at least 25% longer than any of the other <i>TRIMs</i>. When we extended our analysis on the relationships of GenBank M21331 to further innate immune genes, using the Needleman-Wunsch (NW) algorithm for alignment, identities to human IFN-α, IFN-β, and IFN-γ genes of 13.6%, 12.6%, and 17.9%, respectively, were found. To determine the minimum number of genes coding for proteins closely related to Ag 36, a BLAST-p search was conducted with it versus the <i>T. cruzi</i> genome. The BLAST-p search revealed that <i>T. cruzi</i> GenBank M21331 had 14 gene sequences homologous to microtubule-associated protein (MAP) genes with 100% amino acid sequence identity. To verify the similarities in non-human genes, a study comparing <i>TRIM21</i> region sequences among mammalian species to the comparable human <i>TRIM21</i> region showed that related sequences were also present in 11 mammalian species. The MAP genes homologous to Ag 36 form a family of at least 14 genes which mimic human immune genes in the IFN and <i>TRIM</i> families. This mimicry is of gene sequences and not their protein products or epitopes. These results appear to be the first description of molecular mimicry of immune genes in humans by a protozoan parasite.</p>","PeriodicalId":19968,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Several miRNA-based studies on Theileria-transformed bovine cells have been conducted; however, the mechanism by which transformed cells exhibit uncontrolled proliferation is not yet fully understood. Therefore, it is necessary to screen more microRNAs that may play a role in the transformation process of host cells infected with Theileria annulata to better understand the transformation mechanisms of Theileria-infected cells. RNA sequencing was used to analyze miRNAs expression in the host bovine lymphocytes infected with T. annulata at different time points after buparvaquone (BW720) treatment and DMSO treatment (control groups). Differential miRNAs related to cell proliferation and apoptosis were identified through comparison with gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases, and a regulatory network of miRNA-mRNA was constructed. In total, 272 differentially expressed miRNAs were found at 36, 60 and 72 h. The miRNAs change of bta-miR-2285t, novel-miR-622, bta-miR-2478, and novel-miR-584 were significant. Analysis of 27 of these co-differential expressed miRNAs revealed that 15 miRNAs were down-regulated and 12 miRNAs were up-regulated. A further analysis of the changes in the expression of each of these 27 miRNAs in the three datasets suggested that bta-miR-2285t, bta-miR-345-5p, bta-miR-34a, bta-miR-150, and the novel-miR-1372 had significantly changed. Predicted target genes for these 27 miRNAs were analyzed by KEGG and the results demonstrated that EZR, RASSF, SOCS1 were mainly enriched in the signaling pathway microRNAs in cancer. MAPKAPK2, RELB, FLT3LG, and GADD45B were mainly enriched in the MAPK signaling pathway, and some genes were enriched in Axon guidance. This study has provided valuable information to further the understanding of the regulatory function of miRNAs in the host microenvironment and host-parasite interaction mechanisms.
{"title":"Expression profile of microRNAs in bovine lymphocytes infected with Theileria annulata and treated with buparvaquone.","authors":"Hong-Xi Zhao, Zhao-Yong Lv, Bao-Cai Zhao, Yue Ma, Xia Li, Gui-Quan Guan","doi":"10.1007/s00436-024-08341-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-024-08341-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Several miRNA-based studies on Theileria-transformed bovine cells have been conducted; however, the mechanism by which transformed cells exhibit uncontrolled proliferation is not yet fully understood. Therefore, it is necessary to screen more microRNAs that may play a role in the transformation process of host cells infected with Theileria annulata to better understand the transformation mechanisms of Theileria-infected cells. RNA sequencing was used to analyze miRNAs expression in the host bovine lymphocytes infected with T. annulata at different time points after buparvaquone (BW720) treatment and DMSO treatment (control groups). Differential miRNAs related to cell proliferation and apoptosis were identified through comparison with gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases, and a regulatory network of miRNA-mRNA was constructed. In total, 272 differentially expressed miRNAs were found at 36, 60 and 72 h. The miRNAs change of bta-miR-2285t, novel-miR-622, bta-miR-2478, and novel-miR-584 were significant. Analysis of 27 of these co-differential expressed miRNAs revealed that 15 miRNAs were down-regulated and 12 miRNAs were up-regulated. A further analysis of the changes in the expression of each of these 27 miRNAs in the three datasets suggested that bta-miR-2285t, bta-miR-345-5p, bta-miR-34a, bta-miR-150, and the novel-miR-1372 had significantly changed. Predicted target genes for these 27 miRNAs were analyzed by KEGG and the results demonstrated that EZR, RASSF, SOCS1 were mainly enriched in the signaling pathway microRNAs in cancer. MAPKAPK2, RELB, FLT3LG, and GADD45B were mainly enriched in the MAPK signaling pathway, and some genes were enriched in Axon guidance. This study has provided valuable information to further the understanding of the regulatory function of miRNAs in the host microenvironment and host-parasite interaction mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":19968,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142154824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08333-8
Augustus M Snyder, Eric J McElroy, Isaure de Buron, Fabio Casu, Jody M Beers
The spotted seatrout, Cynoscion nebulosus, is a popular game fish in the southeastern USA. It is estimated that nearly 90% of the adult population in South Carolina estuaries are infected in their skeletal muscle by the myxosporean, Kudoa inornata. However, little is known about this parasite's biology, including the distribution and densities of myxospores within tissues of infected fish, which we expect affect the physiology of their hosts. In order to correlate densities with physiological parameters in future studies, we quantified the myxospores density in muscle and characterized the variation among individual fish. Naïve juvenile seatrout was experimentally infected via presumed K. inornata actinospores exposure to raw seawater. A plug of muscle was extracted from two bilaterally symmetrical regions in the epaxial fillet from fresh and frozen carcasses. Variation in density data was calculated both within and among individuals. Within individuals, density counts were compared between left- and right-side biopsies. There was no significant difference between fresh and frozen plugs, and variation among individuals accounted for the greatest proportion of variation at 68.8%, while variation within individuals was substantial at 25.6%. Simulation and correlation tests confirmed that bilaterally symmetrical replicates varied significantly within individuals. When sampled from areas surrounding the initial biopsies, myxospore density estimates were more similar than between sides. Our findings have important implications for sampling design, particularly for studies investigating physiological parameters at the cellular or molecular level in association with parasite infection.
{"title":"Myxospore density of Kudoa inornata varies significantly within symmetrical white muscle tissue replicates of its fish host, the spotted seatrout, Cynoscion nebulosus.","authors":"Augustus M Snyder, Eric J McElroy, Isaure de Buron, Fabio Casu, Jody M Beers","doi":"10.1007/s00436-024-08333-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00436-024-08333-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The spotted seatrout, Cynoscion nebulosus, is a popular game fish in the southeastern USA. It is estimated that nearly 90% of the adult population in South Carolina estuaries are infected in their skeletal muscle by the myxosporean, Kudoa inornata. However, little is known about this parasite's biology, including the distribution and densities of myxospores within tissues of infected fish, which we expect affect the physiology of their hosts. In order to correlate densities with physiological parameters in future studies, we quantified the myxospores density in muscle and characterized the variation among individual fish. Naïve juvenile seatrout was experimentally infected via presumed K. inornata actinospores exposure to raw seawater. A plug of muscle was extracted from two bilaterally symmetrical regions in the epaxial fillet from fresh and frozen carcasses. Variation in density data was calculated both within and among individuals. Within individuals, density counts were compared between left- and right-side biopsies. There was no significant difference between fresh and frozen plugs, and variation among individuals accounted for the greatest proportion of variation at 68.8%, while variation within individuals was substantial at 25.6%. Simulation and correlation tests confirmed that bilaterally symmetrical replicates varied significantly within individuals. When sampled from areas surrounding the initial biopsies, myxospore density estimates were more similar than between sides. Our findings have important implications for sampling design, particularly for studies investigating physiological parameters at the cellular or molecular level in association with parasite infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":19968,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11377670/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142133447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Schistosomiasis remains a formidable challenge to global public health. This study aims to predict the spatial distribution of schistosomiasis seropositive rates in Hunan Province, pinpointing high-risk transmission areas and advocating for tailored control measures in low-endemic regions. Six machine learning models and their corresponding hybrid machine learning-Kriging models were employed to predict the seropositive rate. The optimal model was selected through internal and external validations to simulate the spatial distribution of seropositive rates. Our results showed that the hybrid machine learning-Kriging model demonstrated superior predictive performance compared to basic machine learning model and the Cubist-Kriging model emerged as the most optimal model for this study. The predictive map revealed elevated seropositive rates around Dongting Lake and its waterways with significant clustering, notably in the central and northern regions of Yiyang City and the northeastern areas of Changde City. The model identified gross domestic product, annual average wind speed and the nearest distance from the river as the top three predictors of seropositive rates, with annual average daytime surface temperature contributing the least. In conclusion, our research has revealed that integrating the Kriging method significantly enhances the predictive performance of machine learning models. We developed a Cubist-Kriging model with high predictive performance to forecast the spatial distribution of schistosomiasis seropositive rates. These findings provide valuable guidance for the precise prevention and control of schistosomiasis.
{"title":"Prediction on the spatial distribution of the seropositive rate of schistosomiasis in Hunan Province, China: a machine learning model integrated with the Kriging method.","authors":"Ning Xu, Yu Cai, Yixin Tong, Ling Tang, Yu Zhou, Yanfeng Gong, Junhui Huang, Jiamin Wang, Yue Chen, Qingwu Jiang, Mao Zheng, Yibiao Zhou","doi":"10.1007/s00436-024-08331-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-024-08331-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Schistosomiasis remains a formidable challenge to global public health. This study aims to predict the spatial distribution of schistosomiasis seropositive rates in Hunan Province, pinpointing high-risk transmission areas and advocating for tailored control measures in low-endemic regions. Six machine learning models and their corresponding hybrid machine learning-Kriging models were employed to predict the seropositive rate. The optimal model was selected through internal and external validations to simulate the spatial distribution of seropositive rates. Our results showed that the hybrid machine learning-Kriging model demonstrated superior predictive performance compared to basic machine learning model and the Cubist-Kriging model emerged as the most optimal model for this study. The predictive map revealed elevated seropositive rates around Dongting Lake and its waterways with significant clustering, notably in the central and northern regions of Yiyang City and the northeastern areas of Changde City. The model identified gross domestic product, annual average wind speed and the nearest distance from the river as the top three predictors of seropositive rates, with annual average daytime surface temperature contributing the least. In conclusion, our research has revealed that integrating the Kriging method significantly enhances the predictive performance of machine learning models. We developed a Cubist-Kriging model with high predictive performance to forecast the spatial distribution of schistosomiasis seropositive rates. These findings provide valuable guidance for the precise prevention and control of schistosomiasis.</p>","PeriodicalId":19968,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142126381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-04DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08338-3
Yu Tang, Heng Li, Qiaoling Song
Mosquito-borne diseases, such as malaria, dengue fever, and the Zika virus, pose significant global health challenges, affecting millions annually. Due to increasing insecticide resistance, there is a growing interest in natural alternatives for mosquito control. Lemongrass essential oil, derived from Cymbopogon citratus, has shown promising repellent and larvicidal properties against various mosquito species. In this study, we investigated the larvicidal effect of lemongrass oil and its major compounds on Anopheles sinensis, the primary malaria vector in China. GC-MS analysis identified the major compounds of lemongrass oil as ( +)-citronellal (35.60%), geraniol (21.84%), and citronellol (13.88%). Lemongrass oil showed larvicidal activity against An. sinensis larvae, with an LC50 value of 119.20 ± 3.81 mg/L. Among the major components, citronellol had the lowest LC50 value of 42.76 ± 3.18 mg/L. Moreover, citronellol demonstrated inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in An. sinensis larvae, assessed by homogenizing larvae at different time points following treatment. Molecular docking studies further elucidated the interaction between citronellol and AChE, revealing the formation of hydrogen bonds and Pi-Sigma bonds. Aromatic amino acid residues such as Tyr71, Trp83, Tyr370, and Tyr374 played a pivotal role in these interactions. These findings may contribute to understanding lemongrass oil's larvicidal activity against An. sinensis and the mechanisms underlying these effects.
{"title":"Lemongrass essential oil and its major component citronellol: evaluation of larvicidal activity and acetylcholinesterase inhibition against Anopheles sinensis.","authors":"Yu Tang, Heng Li, Qiaoling Song","doi":"10.1007/s00436-024-08338-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-024-08338-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mosquito-borne diseases, such as malaria, dengue fever, and the Zika virus, pose significant global health challenges, affecting millions annually. Due to increasing insecticide resistance, there is a growing interest in natural alternatives for mosquito control. Lemongrass essential oil, derived from Cymbopogon citratus, has shown promising repellent and larvicidal properties against various mosquito species. In this study, we investigated the larvicidal effect of lemongrass oil and its major compounds on Anopheles sinensis, the primary malaria vector in China. GC-MS analysis identified the major compounds of lemongrass oil as ( +)-citronellal (35.60%), geraniol (21.84%), and citronellol (13.88%). Lemongrass oil showed larvicidal activity against An. sinensis larvae, with an LC<sub>50</sub> value of 119.20 ± 3.81 mg/L. Among the major components, citronellol had the lowest LC<sub>50</sub> value of 42.76 ± 3.18 mg/L. Moreover, citronellol demonstrated inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in An. sinensis larvae, assessed by homogenizing larvae at different time points following treatment. Molecular docking studies further elucidated the interaction between citronellol and AChE, revealing the formation of hydrogen bonds and Pi-Sigma bonds. Aromatic amino acid residues such as Tyr71, Trp83, Tyr370, and Tyr374 played a pivotal role in these interactions. These findings may contribute to understanding lemongrass oil's larvicidal activity against An. sinensis and the mechanisms underlying these effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":19968,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142126380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-03DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08330-x
Amanda Martins Ungri, Bruna Fernanda Dos Santos Sabatke, Izadora Volpato Rossi, Gabriella Bassi das Neves, Júlia Marques, Brenda Guedes Ribeiro, Gabriela Kaiser Borges, Renato Simões Moreira, Marcel Ivan Ramírez, Luiz Claudio Miletti
Trypanosoma evansi is a unicellular protozoan responsible for causing a disease known as "surra," which is found in different regions of the world and primarily affects horses and camels. Few information is known about virulence factors released from the parasite within the animals. The organism can secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs), which transport a variety of molecules, including proteins. Before being considered exclusively as a means for eliminating unwanted substances, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as key players in intercellular communication, facilitating interactions between cells, host cells, and parasites, and even between parasites themselves. Thus, they may be used as potential biomarkers. This study aimed to assess the induction of EVs production by Ca+2, conduct a proteomic analysis of the EVs released by T. evansi, and identify epitopes that could serve as biomarkers. The findings indicated that Ca+2 is not an effective promoter of vesiculation in T. evansi. Furthermore, the proteomic analysis has identified multiple proteins that have been investigated as biomarkers or vaccine antigens, previously. A total of 442 proteins were identified, with 7 of them specifically recognizing 9 epitopes that are unique to T. evansi. At least one of these epitopes of TevSTIB805.9.11580 have been previously identified, which increases the possibility of further investigating its potential as a biomarker.
{"title":"Extracellular vesicles released by Trypanosoma evansi: induction analysis and proteomics.","authors":"Amanda Martins Ungri, Bruna Fernanda Dos Santos Sabatke, Izadora Volpato Rossi, Gabriella Bassi das Neves, Júlia Marques, Brenda Guedes Ribeiro, Gabriela Kaiser Borges, Renato Simões Moreira, Marcel Ivan Ramírez, Luiz Claudio Miletti","doi":"10.1007/s00436-024-08330-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-024-08330-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Trypanosoma evansi is a unicellular protozoan responsible for causing a disease known as \"surra,\" which is found in different regions of the world and primarily affects horses and camels. Few information is known about virulence factors released from the parasite within the animals. The organism can secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs), which transport a variety of molecules, including proteins. Before being considered exclusively as a means for eliminating unwanted substances, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as key players in intercellular communication, facilitating interactions between cells, host cells, and parasites, and even between parasites themselves. Thus, they may be used as potential biomarkers. This study aimed to assess the induction of EVs production by Ca<sup>+2</sup>, conduct a proteomic analysis of the EVs released by T. evansi, and identify epitopes that could serve as biomarkers. The findings indicated that Ca<sup>+2</sup> is not an effective promoter of vesiculation in T. evansi. Furthermore, the proteomic analysis has identified multiple proteins that have been investigated as biomarkers or vaccine antigens, previously. A total of 442 proteins were identified, with 7 of them specifically recognizing 9 epitopes that are unique to T. evansi. At least one of these epitopes of TevSTIB805.9.11580 have been previously identified, which increases the possibility of further investigating its potential as a biomarker.</p>","PeriodicalId":19968,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142120431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}