Pub Date : 2024-11-01Epub Date: 2022-03-14DOI: 10.1080/08869634.2022.2045114
Andrew J Gross, John W Hudson, Catalina Matias, Brady J Jones
Objective: Chronic migraine encephalalgia (CME) with concomitant temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is a serious illness with limited effective treatment options. This study explores the effectiveness of onabotulinumtoxinA (BtxA) as an adjunct therapeutic to TMJ arthroscopy in the relief of CME.
Methods: A retrospective cohort study of patients receiving TMJ arthroscopy, with or without BtxA injections for CME, was conducted. Variables assessed include pain using a visual analog scale (VAS), maximal incisal opening (MIO), muscle soreness, and headache frequency and duration.
Results: Sixty patients (44 BtxA, 16 Control), consisting of 56 (93.3%) females, met inclusion criteria. A significant reduction in pain is reported with patients receiving BtxA (p < 0.0001) on VAS as compared to Control group. BtxA treatment also significantly reduced headache frequency and duration (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: These results support the use of adjunctive BtxA treatment with arthroscopy for the treatment of CME in the context of TMD.
{"title":"Effects of onabotulinumtoxin A in patients concurrently diagnosed with chronic migraine encephalalgia and temporomandibular disorders: A retrospective case series.","authors":"Andrew J Gross, John W Hudson, Catalina Matias, Brady J Jones","doi":"10.1080/08869634.2022.2045114","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08869634.2022.2045114","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Chronic migraine encephalalgia (CME) with concomitant temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is a serious illness with limited effective treatment options. This study explores the effectiveness of onabotulinumtoxinA (BtxA) as an adjunct therapeutic to TMJ arthroscopy in the relief of CME.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective cohort study of patients receiving TMJ arthroscopy, with or without BtxA injections for CME, was conducted. Variables assessed include pain using a visual analog scale (VAS), maximal incisal opening (MIO), muscle soreness, and headache frequency and duration.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sixty patients (44 BtxA, 16 Control), consisting of 56 (93.3%) females, met inclusion criteria. A significant reduction in pain is reported with patients receiving BtxA (<i>p</i> < 0.0001) on VAS as compared to Control group. BtxA treatment also significantly reduced headache frequency and duration (<i>p</i> < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results support the use of adjunctive BtxA treatment with arthroscopy for the treatment of CME in the context of TMD.</p>","PeriodicalId":20069,"journal":{"name":"Physical review letters","volume":"35 1","pages":"688-698"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84331983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Quantum multicriticality not only has fundamental research significance but also can promote the development of emerging quantum technologies, owing to its rich phase transition mechanisms and quantum resources. While theoretical studies have predicted the multicritical phenomena in the light-matter systems, the experimental demonstration remains elusive for the challenges of achieving the system's ground or steady states in strong coupling regimes. Here, by implementing the quantum adiabatic algorithm and the dissipative-system variational quantum algorithm on nuclear magnetic resonance quantum simulator, we successfully demonstrate the tricritical phenomena both in the closed and open systems described by the two-axis Rabi model. The experimental results clearly show that, beyond the decoherence effect, dissipation leads to the emergence of a novel multicritical phenomenon: it splits the first-order phase transition line of the closed Rabi model, and doubles the tricritical point. Our work provides a feasible technique for engineering the open quantum systems and opens a new avenue for exploring nonequilibrium many-body physics.
{"title":"Experimental Quantum Simulation of Multicriticality in Closed and Open Rabi Model.","authors":"Ze Wu, Changsheng Hu, Tianyun Wang, Yuquan Chen, Yuchen Li, Liqiang Zhao, Xin-You Lü, Xinhua Peng","doi":"10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.173602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.173602","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Quantum multicriticality not only has fundamental research significance but also can promote the development of emerging quantum technologies, owing to its rich phase transition mechanisms and quantum resources. While theoretical studies have predicted the multicritical phenomena in the light-matter systems, the experimental demonstration remains elusive for the challenges of achieving the system's ground or steady states in strong coupling regimes. Here, by implementing the quantum adiabatic algorithm and the dissipative-system variational quantum algorithm on nuclear magnetic resonance quantum simulator, we successfully demonstrate the tricritical phenomena both in the closed and open systems described by the two-axis Rabi model. The experimental results clearly show that, beyond the decoherence effect, dissipation leads to the emergence of a novel multicritical phenomenon: it splits the first-order phase transition line of the closed Rabi model, and doubles the tricritical point. Our work provides a feasible technique for engineering the open quantum systems and opens a new avenue for exploring nonequilibrium many-body physics.</p>","PeriodicalId":20069,"journal":{"name":"Physical review letters","volume":"133 17","pages":"173602"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142626069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-25DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.175102
Y Lee, P Aleynikov, P C de Vries, H-T Kim, J Lee, M Hoppe, J-K Park, G J Choi, J Gwak, Y-S Na
Dreicer generation is one of the main mechanisms of runaway electron generation in weakly ionized plasmas. It is often described as a diffusive flow from the Maxwellian core into high energies under the effect of the electric field. In this Letter we demonstrate a critical role of the binary nature of inelastic collisions in weakly ionized plasma during tokamak startup, where some electrons experience virtually no collisions during acceleration to the critical energy. We show that using the Fokker-Planck collisional operator can underestimate the Dreicer generation rate by several orders of magnitude.
{"title":"Binary Nature of Collisions Facilitates Runaway Electron Generation in Weakly Ionized Plasmas.","authors":"Y Lee, P Aleynikov, P C de Vries, H-T Kim, J Lee, M Hoppe, J-K Park, G J Choi, J Gwak, Y-S Na","doi":"10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.175102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.175102","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dreicer generation is one of the main mechanisms of runaway electron generation in weakly ionized plasmas. It is often described as a diffusive flow from the Maxwellian core into high energies under the effect of the electric field. In this Letter we demonstrate a critical role of the binary nature of inelastic collisions in weakly ionized plasma during tokamak startup, where some electrons experience virtually no collisions during acceleration to the critical energy. We show that using the Fokker-Planck collisional operator can underestimate the Dreicer generation rate by several orders of magnitude.</p>","PeriodicalId":20069,"journal":{"name":"Physical review letters","volume":"133 17","pages":"175102"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142625783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-25DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.173002
XiaoLong Zhu, Shaofeng Zhang, Yong Gao, Dalong Guo, Jiawei Xu, Ruitian Zhang, Dongmei Zhao, Kaizhao Lin, Xubin Zhu, Dadi Xing, Shucheng Cui, Stylianos Passalidis, Alain Dubois, X Ma
Recent experimental studies have questioned the validity of spin statistics assumptions, particularly in charge exchange processes occurring in atomic MeV collisions. Here, we study spin-resolved single electron capture processes in collisions between C^{3+} ions and helium within an energy range of 1.25-400 keV/u. Using high resolution reaction microscope and multielectronic theoretical approaches, we directly measure and calculate the true population information of the C^{2+}(1s^{2}2s2p ^{1,3}P) states at the time of electron capture, overcoming the previous experimental and theoretical difficulties. At the level of integral and scattering angle differential cross sections, our results demonstrate the breakdown of pure spin statistics arguments, especially at high impact energies where they are traditionally expected to be valid. These novel findings and conclusions raise intriguing questions both in the understanding of the electronic dynamics during such fast collisional processes and in exploring quantum manipulation of atomic and molecular reactivity.
{"title":"Direct Evidence of Breakdown of Spin Statistics in Ion-Atom Charge Exchange Collisions.","authors":"XiaoLong Zhu, Shaofeng Zhang, Yong Gao, Dalong Guo, Jiawei Xu, Ruitian Zhang, Dongmei Zhao, Kaizhao Lin, Xubin Zhu, Dadi Xing, Shucheng Cui, Stylianos Passalidis, Alain Dubois, X Ma","doi":"10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.173002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.173002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent experimental studies have questioned the validity of spin statistics assumptions, particularly in charge exchange processes occurring in atomic MeV collisions. Here, we study spin-resolved single electron capture processes in collisions between C^{3+} ions and helium within an energy range of 1.25-400 keV/u. Using high resolution reaction microscope and multielectronic theoretical approaches, we directly measure and calculate the true population information of the C^{2+}(1s^{2}2s2p ^{1,3}P) states at the time of electron capture, overcoming the previous experimental and theoretical difficulties. At the level of integral and scattering angle differential cross sections, our results demonstrate the breakdown of pure spin statistics arguments, especially at high impact energies where they are traditionally expected to be valid. These novel findings and conclusions raise intriguing questions both in the understanding of the electronic dynamics during such fast collisional processes and in exploring quantum manipulation of atomic and molecular reactivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":20069,"journal":{"name":"Physical review letters","volume":"133 17","pages":"173002"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142625883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Traditional electronic devices rely on the electron's intrinsic degrees of freedom (d.o.f.) to process information. However, additional d.o.f., like the valley, can emerge in the low-energy states of certain systems. Here, we show that the quantum dots constructed from two-dimensional second-order topological insulators posses a new kind of d.o.f., namely corner freedom, related to the topological corner states that reside at different corners of the systems. Since the corner states are well separated in real space, they can be individually and intuitively manipulated, giving rise to the concept of cornertronics. Via symmetry analysis and material search, we identify the TiSiCO-family monolayers as the first prototype of cornertronics materials, where the corner states can be controlled by both electric and optical fields due to novel corner-layer coupling effect and corner-contrasted linear dichroism. Furthermore, we find that the band gap of the TiSiCO nanodisk lies in the terahertz region and is robust to size reduction. These results indicate that the TiSiCO nanodisks can be used to design terahertz devices with ultrasmall size and electric-field tunable band gap. Besides, the TiSiCO nanodisks are simultaneously sensitive to both the strength and polarization of the terahertz waves. Our findings not only pave the way for cornertronics, but also open a new direction for research in two-dimensional second-order topological insulators, quantum dots, and terahertz electronics.
{"title":"Cornertronics in Two-Dimensional Second-Order Topological Insulators.","authors":"Yilin Han, Chaoxi Cui, Xiao-Ping Li, Ting-Ting Zhang, Zeying Zhang, Zhi-Ming Yu, Yugui Yao","doi":"10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.176602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.176602","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Traditional electronic devices rely on the electron's intrinsic degrees of freedom (d.o.f.) to process information. However, additional d.o.f., like the valley, can emerge in the low-energy states of certain systems. Here, we show that the quantum dots constructed from two-dimensional second-order topological insulators posses a new kind of d.o.f., namely corner freedom, related to the topological corner states that reside at different corners of the systems. Since the corner states are well separated in real space, they can be individually and intuitively manipulated, giving rise to the concept of cornertronics. Via symmetry analysis and material search, we identify the TiSiCO-family monolayers as the first prototype of cornertronics materials, where the corner states can be controlled by both electric and optical fields due to novel corner-layer coupling effect and corner-contrasted linear dichroism. Furthermore, we find that the band gap of the TiSiCO nanodisk lies in the terahertz region and is robust to size reduction. These results indicate that the TiSiCO nanodisks can be used to design terahertz devices with ultrasmall size and electric-field tunable band gap. Besides, the TiSiCO nanodisks are simultaneously sensitive to both the strength and polarization of the terahertz waves. Our findings not only pave the way for cornertronics, but also open a new direction for research in two-dimensional second-order topological insulators, quantum dots, and terahertz electronics.</p>","PeriodicalId":20069,"journal":{"name":"Physical review letters","volume":"133 17","pages":"176602"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142625908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-25DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.170801
Sisi Zhou
The Heisenberg limit [(HL), with estimation error scales as 1/n] and the standard quantum limit (SQL, ∝1/sqrt[n]) are two fundamental limits in estimating an unknown parameter in n copies of quantum channels and are achievable with full quantum controls, e.g., quantum error correction (QEC). It is unknown though, whether these limits are still achievable in restricted quantum devices when QEC is unavailable, e.g., with only unitary controls or bounded system sizes. In this Letter, we discover various new limits for estimating qubit channels under restrictive controls. The HL is shown to be unachievable in various cases, indicating the necessity of QEC in achieving the HL. Furthermore, a necessary and sufficient condition to achieve the SQL is determined, where a single-qubit unitary control protocol is identified to achieve the SQL for certain types of noisy channels, and for other cases a constant floor on the estimation error is proven. A practical example of the unitary protocol is provided.
{"title":"Limits of Noisy Quantum Metrology with Restricted Quantum Controls.","authors":"Sisi Zhou","doi":"10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.170801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.170801","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Heisenberg limit [(HL), with estimation error scales as 1/n] and the standard quantum limit (SQL, ∝1/sqrt[n]) are two fundamental limits in estimating an unknown parameter in n copies of quantum channels and are achievable with full quantum controls, e.g., quantum error correction (QEC). It is unknown though, whether these limits are still achievable in restricted quantum devices when QEC is unavailable, e.g., with only unitary controls or bounded system sizes. In this Letter, we discover various new limits for estimating qubit channels under restrictive controls. The HL is shown to be unachievable in various cases, indicating the necessity of QEC in achieving the HL. Furthermore, a necessary and sufficient condition to achieve the SQL is determined, where a single-qubit unitary control protocol is identified to achieve the SQL for certain types of noisy channels, and for other cases a constant floor on the estimation error is proven. A practical example of the unitary protocol is provided.</p>","PeriodicalId":20069,"journal":{"name":"Physical review letters","volume":"133 17","pages":"170801"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142626147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-25DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.171901
Yong-Kang Huang, Yao Ji, Yue-Long Shen, Chao Wang, Yu-Ming Wang, Xue-Chen Zhao
We determine for the first time the renormalization-group equation for the three-particle B-meson soft function dictating the nonperturbative strong interaction dynamics of the long-distance penguin contributions to the double radiative B-meson decays. The distinctive feature of the ultraviolet renormalization of this fundamental soft function consists in the pattern of mixing positive into negative support for an arbitrary initial condition. The exact solution to this integrodifferential evolution equation is then derived with the Laplace transform technique, allowing for the model-independent extraction of the asymptotic behavior at large and small partonic momenta.
{"title":"Renormalization-Group Evolution for the Three-Particle B-Meson Soft Function.","authors":"Yong-Kang Huang, Yao Ji, Yue-Long Shen, Chao Wang, Yu-Ming Wang, Xue-Chen Zhao","doi":"10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.171901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.171901","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We determine for the first time the renormalization-group equation for the three-particle B-meson soft function dictating the nonperturbative strong interaction dynamics of the long-distance penguin contributions to the double radiative B-meson decays. The distinctive feature of the ultraviolet renormalization of this fundamental soft function consists in the pattern of mixing positive into negative support for an arbitrary initial condition. The exact solution to this integrodifferential evolution equation is then derived with the Laplace transform technique, allowing for the model-independent extraction of the asymptotic behavior at large and small partonic momenta.</p>","PeriodicalId":20069,"journal":{"name":"Physical review letters","volume":"133 17","pages":"171901"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142626156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-25DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.173402
Keisuke Fujii, Tilman Enss
The hydrodynamic attractor is a concept that describes universal equilibration behavior in which systems lose microscopic details before hydrodynamics becomes applicable. We propose a setup to observe hydrodynamic attractors in ultracold atomic gases, taking advantage of the fact that driving the two-body s-wave scattering length causes phenomena equivalent to isotropic fluid expansions. We specifically consider two-component fermions with contact interactions in three dimensions and discuss their dynamics under a power-law drive of the scattering length in a uniform system. By explicit computation, we derive a hydrodynamic relaxation model. We analytically solve their dynamics and find the hydrodynamic attractor solution. Our proposed method using the scattering length drive is applicable to a wide range of ultracold atomic systems, and our results establish these as a new platform for exploring hydrodynamic attractors.
流体力学吸引子是一个描述普遍平衡行为的概念,在这种行为中,系统在流体力学变得适用之前就会失去微观细节。我们提出了一种在超冷原子气体中观察流体力学吸引子的装置,利用了驱动二体 s 波散射长度会导致等同于各向同性流体膨胀的现象这一事实。我们特别考虑了三维空间中具有接触相互作用的双分量费米子,并讨论了它们在均匀系统中散射长度幂律驱动下的动力学。通过显式计算,我们得出了流体力学弛豫模型。我们对它们的动力学进行了分析求解,并找到了流体力学吸引子解。我们提出的利用散射长度驱动的方法适用于广泛的超冷原子系统,我们的研究结果使这些系统成为探索流体力学吸引子的新平台。
{"title":"Hydrodynamic Attractor in Ultracold Atoms.","authors":"Keisuke Fujii, Tilman Enss","doi":"10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.173402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.173402","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The hydrodynamic attractor is a concept that describes universal equilibration behavior in which systems lose microscopic details before hydrodynamics becomes applicable. We propose a setup to observe hydrodynamic attractors in ultracold atomic gases, taking advantage of the fact that driving the two-body s-wave scattering length causes phenomena equivalent to isotropic fluid expansions. We specifically consider two-component fermions with contact interactions in three dimensions and discuss their dynamics under a power-law drive of the scattering length in a uniform system. By explicit computation, we derive a hydrodynamic relaxation model. We analytically solve their dynamics and find the hydrodynamic attractor solution. Our proposed method using the scattering length drive is applicable to a wide range of ultracold atomic systems, and our results establish these as a new platform for exploring hydrodynamic attractors.</p>","PeriodicalId":20069,"journal":{"name":"Physical review letters","volume":"133 17","pages":"173402"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142626101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-25DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.176001
Haruki Watanabe, Hosho Katsura, Jong Yeon Lee
The Hohenberg-Mermin-Wagner theorem states that there is no spontaneous breaking of continuous internal symmetries in spatial dimensions d≤2 at finite temperature. At zero temperature, the quantum-to-classical mapping further implies the absence of such symmetry breaking in one dimension, which is also known as Coleman's theorem in the context of relativistic quantum field theories. One route to violate this "folklore" is requiring an order parameter to commute with a Hamiltonian, as in the classic example of the Heisenberg ferromagnet and its variations. However, a systematic understanding has been lacking. In this Letter, we propose a family of one-dimensional models that display spontaneous breaking of a U(1) symmetry at zero temperature, where the order parameter does not commute with the Hamiltonian. While our models can be deformed continuously within the same phase, there exist symmetry-preserving perturbations that render the observed symmetry breaking fragile. We argue that a more general condition for this behavior is that the Hamiltonian is frustration-free.
{"title":"Critical Spontaneous Breaking of U(1) Symmetry at Zero Temperature in One Dimension.","authors":"Haruki Watanabe, Hosho Katsura, Jong Yeon Lee","doi":"10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.176001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.176001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Hohenberg-Mermin-Wagner theorem states that there is no spontaneous breaking of continuous internal symmetries in spatial dimensions d≤2 at finite temperature. At zero temperature, the quantum-to-classical mapping further implies the absence of such symmetry breaking in one dimension, which is also known as Coleman's theorem in the context of relativistic quantum field theories. One route to violate this \"folklore\" is requiring an order parameter to commute with a Hamiltonian, as in the classic example of the Heisenberg ferromagnet and its variations. However, a systematic understanding has been lacking. In this Letter, we propose a family of one-dimensional models that display spontaneous breaking of a U(1) symmetry at zero temperature, where the order parameter does not commute with the Hamiltonian. While our models can be deformed continuously within the same phase, there exist symmetry-preserving perturbations that render the observed symmetry breaking fragile. We argue that a more general condition for this behavior is that the Hamiltonian is frustration-free.</p>","PeriodicalId":20069,"journal":{"name":"Physical review letters","volume":"133 17","pages":"176001"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142625882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-25DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.176301
Antton Goïcoechea, Cécile Brütt, Arthur Le Ber, Flavien Bureau, William Lambert, Claire Prada, Arnaud Derode, Alexandre Aubry
Multiple scattering of waves presents challenges for imaging complex media but offers potential for their characterization. Its onset is actually governed by the scattering mean free path ℓ_{s} that provides crucial information on the medium microarchitecture. Here, we introduce a reflection matrix method designed to estimate this parameter from the time decay of the single scattering rate. Our method is first validated by an ultrasound experiment on a tissue-mimicking phantom before being applied in vivo to a human liver. This Letter opens important perspectives for quantitative imaging of heterogeneous media with waves, whether it be for nondestructive testing, biomedical, or geophysical applications.
{"title":"Reflection Measurement of the Scattering Mean Free Path at the Onset of Multiple Scattering.","authors":"Antton Goïcoechea, Cécile Brütt, Arthur Le Ber, Flavien Bureau, William Lambert, Claire Prada, Arnaud Derode, Alexandre Aubry","doi":"10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.176301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.176301","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multiple scattering of waves presents challenges for imaging complex media but offers potential for their characterization. Its onset is actually governed by the scattering mean free path ℓ_{s} that provides crucial information on the medium microarchitecture. Here, we introduce a reflection matrix method designed to estimate this parameter from the time decay of the single scattering rate. Our method is first validated by an ultrasound experiment on a tissue-mimicking phantom before being applied in vivo to a human liver. This Letter opens important perspectives for quantitative imaging of heterogeneous media with waves, whether it be for nondestructive testing, biomedical, or geophysical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":20069,"journal":{"name":"Physical review letters","volume":"133 17","pages":"176301"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142626155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}