Begoña I. Antón‐Domínguez, Octavio Arquero, María Lovera, Antonio Trapero, Carlos Agustí‐Brisach, Carlos Trapero
Verticillium wilt of pistachio (Pistacia vera), caused by Verticillium dahliae, is one of the most important diseases in this crop. The most effective and economical control measure is the use of resistant rootstocks. The main objective of this work was to evaluate the resistance of five rootstocks commonly used in pistachio against the disease under field conditions. Pistachio plants (cv. Kerman) grafted on the rootstocks Pistacia atlantica, Pistacia integerrima, Pistacia terebinthus and cv. Platinum and UCBI hybrids, were planted in a field with high inoculum density of V. dahliae in the soil. Plants grafted on P. terebinthus, followed by P. integerrima, showed significantly higher disease severity values than the rest of the rootstocks almost 53 months after planting; also, plants grafted on P. atlantica were more resistant than those grafted on P. integerrima. These results highlighted the intraspecific variability in resistance to the disease. In addition, the disease was monitored in pistachios grafted onto P. terebinthus or UCBI in an established commercial field with three different zones of V. dahliae inoculum density in the soil (none, low or high). In the high‐density zone, the percentage of diseased plants was significantly lower for plants grafted on UCBI than for those grafted on P. terebinthus. The results indicate the importance of rootstock species and specific genotype or seed population used, concentration of V. dahliae inoculum in the soil, and previous history of crops on the plot, on the development of the disease under natural conditions.
由大丽轮枝菌（Verticillium dahliae）引起的开心果（Pistacia vera）轮枝菌枯萎病是该作物最重要的病害之一。最有效、最经济的防治措施是使用抗性砧木。这项工作的主要目的是评估开心果常用的五种砧木在田间条件下对该病害的抗性。嫁接在Pistacia atlantica、Pistacia integerrima、Pistacia terebinthus 和 cv..在土壤中大丽花病毒接种体密度较高的田地里种植了 Platinum 和 UCBI 杂交品种。在种植近 53 个月后，嫁接在 P. terebinthus 上的植株的病害严重程度明显高于其他砧木，其次是 P. integerrima；此外，嫁接在 P. atlantica 上的植株比嫁接在 P. integerrima 上的植株更具抗性。这些结果凸显了抗病性的种内差异性。此外，在土壤中大丽花病毒接种体密度分为三个不同区域（无、低或高）的成熟商业田地中，对嫁接到 P. terebinthus 或 UCBI 上的开心果进行了病害监测。在高密度区，嫁接在 UCBI 上的植株的病株比例明显低于嫁接在 P. terebinthus 上的植株。这些结果表明，在自然条件下，砧木种类、所使用的特定基因型或种子群、土壤中大丽花病毒接种体的浓度以及地块上以前的作物种植史对病害的发展具有重要影响。
{"title":"Resistance of pistachio grafted on different Pistacia rootstocks against Verticillium wilt under field conditions","authors":"Begoña I. Antón‐Domínguez, Octavio Arquero, María Lovera, Antonio Trapero, Carlos Agustí‐Brisach, Carlos Trapero","doi":"10.1111/ppa.13978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13978","url":null,"abstract":"Verticillium wilt of pistachio (<jats:italic>Pistacia vera</jats:italic>), caused by <jats:italic>Verticillium dahliae</jats:italic>, is one of the most important diseases in this crop. The most effective and economical control measure is the use of resistant rootstocks. The main objective of this work was to evaluate the resistance of five rootstocks commonly used in pistachio against the disease under field conditions. Pistachio plants (cv. Kerman) grafted on the rootstocks <jats:italic>Pistacia atlantica</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Pistacia integerrima</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Pistacia terebinthus</jats:italic> and cv. Platinum and UCBI hybrids, were planted in a field with high inoculum density of <jats:italic>V</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>dahliae</jats:italic> in the soil. Plants grafted on <jats:italic>P</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>terebinthus</jats:italic>, followed by <jats:italic>P</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>integerrima</jats:italic>, showed significantly higher disease severity values than the rest of the rootstocks almost 53 months after planting; also, plants grafted on <jats:italic>P</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>atlantica</jats:italic> were more resistant than those grafted on <jats:italic>P</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>integerrima</jats:italic>. These results highlighted the intraspecific variability in resistance to the disease. In addition, the disease was monitored in pistachios grafted onto <jats:italic>P</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>terebinthus</jats:italic> or UCBI in an established commercial field with three different zones of <jats:italic>V</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>dahliae</jats:italic> inoculum density in the soil (none, low or high). In the high‐density zone, the percentage of diseased plants was significantly lower for plants grafted on UCBI than for those grafted on <jats:italic>P</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>terebinthus</jats:italic>. The results indicate the importance of rootstock species and specific genotype or seed population used, concentration of <jats:italic>V</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>dahliae</jats:italic> inoculum in the soil, and previous history of crops on the plot, on the development of the disease under natural conditions.","PeriodicalId":20075,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology","volume":"103 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141940498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ana L. Pereira, Paula Scotti‐Campos, Paula S. Coelho
Wild rocket downy mildew (DM), caused by oomycete Hyaloperonospora sp., is a widely spread disease reducing crop production and quality. New productive wild rocket varieties resistant to DM are crucial to control disease and ensure high quality leaves. A histological characterization of Hyaloperonospora sp. infection was performed in 11 wild rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia) accessions with contrasting DM responses (R, resistant; PR, partially resistant; S, susceptible). Samples of infected cotyledons, first and second leaves of 14‐day‐old seedlings were collected at 3, 6, 9, 21 and 24 h post‐inoculation (hpi) and 7 days post‐inoculation (dpi) and stained for appressoria and haustoria observation and tissue necrosis evaluation. Occurrence of appressoria on host surfaces was higher in leaves compared with cotyledons but unrelated with DM resistance response. Haustoria growth in mycelium was delayed in R accessions from 3 hpi, and signs of cell hypersensitivity reaction were observed at 9 hpi. At 24 hpi, necrotic spots limited pathogen growth in resistant accessions, whilst mycelium invaded larger mesophyll areas and produced more haustoria in susceptible ones. At 7 dpi, sporulation was heavy in S, restricted to droplet deposition sites in PR, and did not occur in R hosts. A rapid response of R accessions resulted in slower mycelium growth and longer infection periods. These traits have important agronomic value and should be considered in germplasm selection for breeding programmes aimed at crop protection. A better understanding of the host response to DM infection will allow selection of more suitable wild rocket accessions in future breeding programmes.
{"title":"Histological characterization of downy mildew infection in wild rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia)","authors":"Ana L. Pereira, Paula Scotti‐Campos, Paula S. Coelho","doi":"10.1111/ppa.13979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13979","url":null,"abstract":"Wild rocket downy mildew (DM), caused by oomycete <jats:italic>Hyaloperonospora</jats:italic> sp., is a widely spread disease reducing crop production and quality. New productive wild rocket varieties resistant to DM are crucial to control disease and ensure high quality leaves. A histological characterization of <jats:italic>Hyaloperonospora</jats:italic> sp. infection was performed in 11 wild rocket (<jats:italic>Diplotaxis tenuifolia</jats:italic>) accessions with contrasting DM responses (R, resistant; PR, partially resistant; S, susceptible). Samples of infected cotyledons, first and second leaves of 14‐day‐old seedlings were collected at 3, 6, 9, 21 and 24 h post‐inoculation (hpi) and 7 days post‐inoculation (dpi) and stained for appressoria and haustoria observation and tissue necrosis evaluation. Occurrence of appressoria on host surfaces was higher in leaves compared with cotyledons but unrelated with DM resistance response. Haustoria growth in mycelium was delayed in R accessions from 3 hpi, and signs of cell hypersensitivity reaction were observed at 9 hpi. At 24 hpi, necrotic spots limited pathogen growth in resistant accessions, whilst mycelium invaded larger mesophyll areas and produced more haustoria in susceptible ones. At 7 dpi, sporulation was heavy in S, restricted to droplet deposition sites in PR, and did not occur in R hosts. A rapid response of R accessions resulted in slower mycelium growth and longer infection periods. These traits have important agronomic value and should be considered in germplasm selection for breeding programmes aimed at crop protection. A better understanding of the host response to DM infection will allow selection of more suitable wild rocket accessions in future breeding programmes.","PeriodicalId":20075,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141881136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Camila M. Zanella, Ruth MacCormack, John Caulfield, Anna Gordon, Huw Jones, Amelia Hubbard, Lesley A. Boyd
Many factors are known to influence infection by cereal rusts, including environmental variables such at light, humidity and temperature, the topography of the leaf surface, as well as plant volatiles. However, few studies have aimed to link these factors. Previously, the quantity of light received by wheat seedlings prior to inoculation with Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) urediniospores was shown to influence yellow rust infection efficiency. In this study we show that germination and the ability of germlings (germinated urediniospores) to enter stomata is enhanced on wheat seedlings subjected to high quantities of light pre‐inoculation with Pst urediniospores, while on seedlings exposed to a long dark period germination and infection were compromised. Using headspace collections and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis thereof, we link this effect of high light quantity to quantitative changes in the profile of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). We show that the VOCs within headspace collections from wheat seedlings exposed to high quantities of light were able to support greater levels of Pst urediniospore germination than the headspace collections from wheat seedlings exposed to a period of dark. In vitro analysis of individual VOCs identified compounds that enhanced Pst urediniospore germination. These VOCs included the sesquiterpene caryophyllene, the monoterpene α‐pinene, the fatty acid α‐linolenic acid, the organic alcohols 1‐hexanol, 3‐hexen‐1‐ol and 5‐hexen‐1‐ol, the aldehyde cis‐3‐hexenal and the ester hexyl acetate.
{"title":"Yellow rust infection of wheat: How the quantity of light received by wheat seedlings before inoculation affects infection efficiency","authors":"Camila M. Zanella, Ruth MacCormack, John Caulfield, Anna Gordon, Huw Jones, Amelia Hubbard, Lesley A. Boyd","doi":"10.1111/ppa.13977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13977","url":null,"abstract":"Many factors are known to influence infection by cereal rusts, including environmental variables such at light, humidity and temperature, the topography of the leaf surface, as well as plant volatiles. However, few studies have aimed to link these factors. Previously, the quantity of light received by wheat seedlings prior to inoculation with <jats:italic>Puccinia striiformis</jats:italic> f. sp. <jats:italic>tritici</jats:italic> (Pst) urediniospores was shown to influence yellow rust infection efficiency. In this study we show that germination and the ability of germlings (germinated urediniospores) to enter stomata is enhanced on wheat seedlings subjected to high quantities of light pre‐inoculation with Pst urediniospores, while on seedlings exposed to a long dark period germination and infection were compromised. Using headspace collections and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis thereof, we link this effect of high light quantity to quantitative changes in the profile of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). We show that the VOCs within headspace collections from wheat seedlings exposed to high quantities of light were able to support greater levels of Pst urediniospore germination than the headspace collections from wheat seedlings exposed to a period of dark. In vitro analysis of individual VOCs identified compounds that enhanced Pst urediniospore germination. These VOCs included the sesquiterpene caryophyllene, the monoterpene α‐pinene, the fatty acid α‐linolenic acid, the organic alcohols 1‐hexanol, 3‐hexen‐1‐ol and 5‐hexen‐1‐ol, the aldehyde <jats:italic>cis</jats:italic>‐3‐hexenal and the ester hexyl acetate.","PeriodicalId":20075,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141881139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Angélica Maria Nogueira, Cíntia Sabino de Oliveira, Vinicius Henrique Bello, Gabriel Madoglio Favara, Eduardo Vicentin, Julio Massaharu Marubayashi, Caroline da Cruz Martines, Luis Fernando Maranho Watanabe, Tarsiane Mara Carneiro Barbosa, Daniel de Lima Alvarez, Regiane Cristina de Oliveira, Francisco Murilo Zerbini, Jorge Alberto Marques Rezende, Renate Krause‐Sakate
Begomoviruses cause losses in several crops around the world. Whiteflies of the Bemisia tabaci cryptic species MEAM1 and MED are efficient vectors of begomoviruses. MEAM1 has been the predominant species in Brazil since the mid‐1990s. MED was detected in Brazil in 2014, and since then, high insect infestations have been reported, mainly in greenhouse production of solanaceous crops. In this study, we compared the transmission efficiency of the begomoviruses tomato severe rugose virus (ToSRV) and tomato rugose mosaic virus (ToRMV) to tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV) to common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) by a population of MEAM1 and four populations of MED. B. tabaci MEAM1 efficiently transmitted ToSRV and ToRMV to tomato and BGMV to common bean. B. tabaci MED populations did not transmit ToSRV and ToRMV to tomato. Only one population of B. tabaci MED transmitted BGMV with an efficiency of 3%. PCR analysis indicated that B. tabaci MED can acquire ToSRV, ToRMV and BGMV after a 24 h acquisition access period. Furthermore, some greenhouse tomato plantings from São Paulo state were surveyed for the presence of viruses and whiteflies, and B. tabaci MED were predominant, whereas begomoviruses were absent. Our results demonstrate that populations of MED from São Paulo state are inefficient vectors of begomoviruses, being able to acquire the virus but not transmit it to plants. Understanding this interaction is important and suggests that the spread of B. tabaci MED could change the epidemiological scenario of begomoviruses in areas where this insect predominates.
乞猴病毒给世界各地的几种作物造成了损失。烟粉虱隐蔽种 MEAM1 和 MED 是乞蛾病毒的有效传播媒介。自 20 世纪 90 年代中期以来，MEAM1 一直是巴西的主要种类。MED 于 2014 年在巴西被检测到，自那时起，主要在茄科作物的温室生产中报告了大量虫害。在这项研究中，我们比较了番茄严重皱缩病毒（ToSRV）和番茄皱缩镶嵌病毒（ToRMV）对番茄（Solanum lycopersicum）的传播效率，以及豆类金色镶嵌病毒（BGMV）对普通豆类（Phaseolus vulgaris）的传播效率。B. tabaci MEAM1 能将 ToSRV 和 ToRMV 有效地传播给番茄，将 BGMV 有效地传播给蚕豆。B. tabaci MED 种群没有将 ToSRV 和 ToRMV 传播给番茄。只有一个 B. tabaci MED 种群传播 BGMV 的效率为 3%。PCR 分析表明，B. tabaci MED 可在 24 小时的获得期后获得 ToSRV、ToRMV 和 BGMV。此外，我们还对圣保罗州的一些温室番茄种植地进行了病毒和粉虱存在情况的调查，结果表明，烟粉虱 MED 占主导地位，而乞蛾病毒则不存在。我们的研究结果表明，圣保罗州的烟粉虱种群是乞蛾病毒的低效传播媒介，它们能够获得病毒，但不能将病毒传播给植物。了解这种相互作用非常重要，这表明烟粉虱 MED 的传播可能会改变乞猴病毒在这种昆虫盛行地区的流行情况。
{"title":"Populations of Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean in São Paulo state are inefficient vectors of Brazilian begomoviruses","authors":"Angélica Maria Nogueira, Cíntia Sabino de Oliveira, Vinicius Henrique Bello, Gabriel Madoglio Favara, Eduardo Vicentin, Julio Massaharu Marubayashi, Caroline da Cruz Martines, Luis Fernando Maranho Watanabe, Tarsiane Mara Carneiro Barbosa, Daniel de Lima Alvarez, Regiane Cristina de Oliveira, Francisco Murilo Zerbini, Jorge Alberto Marques Rezende, Renate Krause‐Sakate","doi":"10.1111/ppa.13970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13970","url":null,"abstract":"Begomoviruses cause losses in several crops around the world. Whiteflies of the <jats:italic>Bemisia tabaci</jats:italic> cryptic species MEAM1 and MED are efficient vectors of begomoviruses. MEAM1 has been the predominant species in Brazil since the mid‐1990s. MED was detected in Brazil in 2014, and since then, high insect infestations have been reported, mainly in greenhouse production of solanaceous crops. In this study, we compared the transmission efficiency of the begomoviruses tomato severe rugose virus (ToSRV) and tomato rugose mosaic virus (ToRMV) to tomato (<jats:italic>Solanum lycopersicum</jats:italic>) and bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV) to common bean (<jats:italic>Phaseolus vulgaris</jats:italic>) by a population of MEAM1 and four populations of MED. <jats:italic>B</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>tabaci</jats:italic> MEAM1 efficiently transmitted ToSRV and ToRMV to tomato and BGMV to common bean. <jats:italic>B</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>tabaci</jats:italic> MED populations did not transmit ToSRV and ToRMV to tomato. Only one population of <jats:italic>B</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>tabaci</jats:italic> MED transmitted BGMV with an efficiency of 3%. PCR analysis indicated that <jats:italic>B</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>tabaci</jats:italic> MED can acquire ToSRV, ToRMV and BGMV after a 24 h acquisition access period. Furthermore, some greenhouse tomato plantings from São Paulo state were surveyed for the presence of viruses and whiteflies, and <jats:italic>B</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>tabaci</jats:italic> MED were predominant, whereas begomoviruses were absent. Our results demonstrate that populations of MED from São Paulo state are inefficient vectors of begomoviruses, being able to acquire the virus but not transmit it to plants. Understanding this interaction is important and suggests that the spread of <jats:italic>B</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>tabaci</jats:italic> MED could change the epidemiological scenario of begomoviruses in areas where this insect predominates.","PeriodicalId":20075,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141871079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lucas Etienne, Frédéric Fabre, Davide Martinetti, Elise Frank, Lucie Michel, Valérie Bonnardot, Lucia Guérin‐Dubrana, Chloé E. L. Delmas
Grapevine trunk diseases cause yield losses and vine mortality in vineyards worldwide. However, there have been few quantitative studies evaluating grapevine dieback on a large spatial and temporal scale. Here, we consolidated and standardized databases from the 13 main wine regions of France, compiling records of leaf symptoms associated with esca and Eutypa dieback from 2082 plots and 36 cultivars over a 20‐year period. This large dataset was used (a) for quantitative analysis of the prevalence (number of plots with at least one symptomatic plant) and incidence (percentage of symptomatic plants) of esca and Eutypa dieback; and (b) to decipher the effects of cultivar, year and plot age on both the prevalence and incidence of esca leaf symptoms by temporal Bayesian modelling. Esca was present on a mean of 74 ± 2% plots annually, with an incidence of 3.1 ± 0.1%. Eutypa dieback occurred in 41 ± 3% of the plots, with an incidence of 1.4 ± 0.1%. Our modelling approach revealed that the cultivar had a significant impact on the prevalence of esca, but not on its incidence when prevalence is greater than zero. Esca prevalence remained stable, whereas esca incidence was higher than the mean value in six of the years after 2012. We also found a significant non‐linear effect of plot age, with 10‐ to 30‐year‐old plots significantly more susceptible, depending on the cultivar. This study clearly illustrates the importance of considering extensive and continuous monitoring to improve our understanding of the impact and evolution of crop diseases.
{"title":"Exploring the role of cultivar, year and plot age in the incidence of esca and Eutypa dieback: Insights from 20 years of regional surveys in France","authors":"Lucas Etienne, Frédéric Fabre, Davide Martinetti, Elise Frank, Lucie Michel, Valérie Bonnardot, Lucia Guérin‐Dubrana, Chloé E. L. Delmas","doi":"10.1111/ppa.13975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13975","url":null,"abstract":"Grapevine trunk diseases cause yield losses and vine mortality in vineyards worldwide. However, there have been few quantitative studies evaluating grapevine dieback on a large spatial and temporal scale. Here, we consolidated and standardized databases from the 13 main wine regions of France, compiling records of leaf symptoms associated with esca and Eutypa dieback from 2082 plots and 36 cultivars over a 20‐year period. This large dataset was used (a) for quantitative analysis of the prevalence (number of plots with at least one symptomatic plant) and incidence (percentage of symptomatic plants) of esca and Eutypa dieback; and (b) to decipher the effects of cultivar, year and plot age on both the prevalence and incidence of esca leaf symptoms by temporal Bayesian modelling. Esca was present on a mean of 74 ± 2% plots annually, with an incidence of 3.1 ± 0.1%. Eutypa dieback occurred in 41 ± 3% of the plots, with an incidence of 1.4 ± 0.1%. Our modelling approach revealed that the cultivar had a significant impact on the prevalence of esca, but not on its incidence when prevalence is greater than zero. Esca prevalence remained stable, whereas esca incidence was higher than the mean value in six of the years after 2012. We also found a significant non‐linear effect of plot age, with 10‐ to 30‐year‐old plots significantly more susceptible, depending on the cultivar. This study clearly illustrates the importance of considering extensive and continuous monitoring to improve our understanding of the impact and evolution of crop diseases.","PeriodicalId":20075,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141871102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vikram Poria, Prakriti Jhilta, K. P. Adhuna, Vishal S. Somvanshi, Anuj Rana, Surender Singh
Tomato is the most important horticultural crop, and India is its second largest producer; however, the plant‐pathogenic nematode Meloidogyne incognita is a serious pest of tomato, causing detrimental losses in its production. This study is focused on the use of multistress‐tolerant Pseudomonas aeruginosa SSVP3 to control this devastating nematode and attempts to decipher the roles of its metabolites and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during this interaction. The supernatant of P. aeruginosa SSVP3 caused 58% mortality in M. incognita J2 juveniles. The major nematicidal metabolites, identified using liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry, were pyocyanin, pyoluteorin, pyochelin, benthocyanin and phenazines. The VOCs secreted by P. aeruginosa SSVP3, which were identified via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS‐SPME‐GC–MS) in a mixture, caused 98% mortality in M. incognita J2 juveniles. In a pot experiment, seedling root treatment with P. aeruginosa SSVP3 activated the induced systemic response in tomato plants to M. incognita by increasing the activity of defence and antioxidant enzymes as well as the proline and phenolic contents. The malondialdehyde content in P. aeruginosa SSVP3‐treated plants decreased as compared to those in the other treatment groups. The number of galls formed and the number of endoparasitic stages of M. incognita in the untreated nematode control plants were much greater (19 and 35) than those in the P. aeruginosa SSVP3‐treated (0.33 and 1) and chemically treated groups (0.67 and 1.33). These results indicate that P. aeruginosa and its secreted metabolites and VOCs have a high potential for controlling nematodes.
番茄是最重要的园艺作物，印度是其第二大生产国；然而，植物病原线虫 Meloidogyne incognita 是番茄的一种严重害虫，给番茄生产造成了严重损失。本研究的重点是利用耐多种胁迫的铜绿假单胞菌 SSVP3 来控制这种毁灭性的线虫，并试图破译其代谢产物和挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）在这种相互作用中的作用。铜绿微囊藻 SSVP3 的上清液能使 M. incognita J2 幼虫的死亡率达到 58%。利用液相色谱-质谱法鉴定出的主要杀线虫代谢物是焦花青素、焦绿原酸、焦花青素、本花青素和酚嗪类化合物。通过气相色谱-质谱联用仪（HS-SPME-GC-MS）鉴定出的铜绿微囊藻 SSVP3 分泌的挥发性有机化合物混合物能使 M. incognita J2 幼虫的死亡率达到 98%。在盆栽实验中，用铜绿微囊藻 SSVP3 对幼苗根部进行处理，通过提高防御酶和抗氧化酶的活性以及脯氨酸和酚的含量，激活了番茄植株对 M. incognita 的诱导系统反应。与其他处理组相比，铜绿微囊藻 SSVP3 处理植株的丙二醛含量有所下降。未经处理的线虫对照植株形成的虫瘿数量和 M. incognita 的内寄生阶段数量（19 和 35）远高于铜绿微囊藻 SSVP3 处理组（0.33 和 1）和化学处理组（0.67 和 1.33）。这些结果表明，铜绿微囊藻及其分泌的代谢物和挥发性有机化合物在控制线虫方面具有很大的潜力。
{"title":"Multistress‐tolerant Pseudomonas aeruginosa SSVP3 uses multiple strategies to control Meloidogyne incognita in tomato","authors":"Vikram Poria, Prakriti Jhilta, K. P. Adhuna, Vishal S. Somvanshi, Anuj Rana, Surender Singh","doi":"10.1111/ppa.13974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13974","url":null,"abstract":"Tomato is the most important horticultural crop, and India is its second largest producer; however, the plant‐pathogenic nematode <jats:italic>Meloidogyne incognita</jats:italic> is a serious pest of tomato, causing detrimental losses in its production. This study is focused on the use of multistress‐tolerant <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</jats:italic> SSVP3 to control this devastating nematode and attempts to decipher the roles of its metabolites and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during this interaction. The supernatant of <jats:italic>P</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aeruginosa</jats:italic> SSVP3 caused 58% mortality in <jats:italic>M</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>incognita</jats:italic> J2 juveniles. The major nematicidal metabolites, identified using liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry, were pyocyanin, pyoluteorin, pyochelin, benthocyanin and phenazines. The VOCs secreted by <jats:italic>P</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aeruginosa</jats:italic> SSVP3, which were identified via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS‐SPME‐GC–MS) in a mixture, caused 98% mortality in <jats:italic>M</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>incognita</jats:italic> J2 juveniles. In a pot experiment, seedling root treatment with <jats:italic>P</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aeruginosa</jats:italic> SSVP3 activated the induced systemic response in tomato plants to <jats:italic>M</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>incognita</jats:italic> by increasing the activity of defence and antioxidant enzymes as well as the proline and phenolic contents. The malondialdehyde content in <jats:italic>P</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aeruginosa</jats:italic> SSVP3‐treated plants decreased as compared to those in the other treatment groups. The number of galls formed and the number of endoparasitic stages of <jats:italic>M</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>incognita</jats:italic> in the untreated nematode control plants were much greater (19 and 35) than those in the <jats:italic>P</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aeruginosa</jats:italic> SSVP3‐treated (0.33 and 1) and chemically treated groups (0.67 and 1.33). These results indicate that <jats:italic>P</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aeruginosa</jats:italic> and its secreted metabolites and VOCs have a high potential for controlling nematodes.","PeriodicalId":20075,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology","volume":"77 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141745585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anne K. J. Giesbers, Elise Vogel, Anna Skelton, Zafeiro Zisi, Mandy Wildhagen, Yue Lin Loh, Lucas Ghijselings, Johanne Groothuismink, Marcel Westenberg, Jelle Matthijnssens, Annelien Roenhorst, Christine Vos, Adrian Fox, Marleen Botermans
Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) is regulated as a quarantine pest in many countries worldwide. To assess whether ToBRFV is present in cultivations, plants or seed lots, testing is required. The interpretation of test results, however, can be challenging. Reverse transcription‐quantitative (real‐time) PCR results, even though considered “positive”, may not always signify plant infection or indicate the presence of infectious virus, but could be due to the presence of viral residues in the environment. Here, case studies from the Netherlands, Belgium, and the United Kingdom address questions regarding the detection of ToBRFV in various settings, and the infectiousness of ToBRFV‐positive samples. These exploratory analyses demonstrate widespread detection of ToBRFV in diverse samples and environments. ToBRFV was detected inside and around greenhouses with no prior history of ToBRFV infection, and on different materials and surfaces, including those that were untouched by individuals, plants or objects. This suggested the dispersal of viral residues through aerosols. ToBRFV or its residues were more often detected in regions with nearby tomato production, yet were also found in a wider environment extending beyond infected crops. ToBRFV originating from environmental contamination may or may not be infectious, adding complexity to decision‐making in response to positive test results. Contextual information, such as the origin of the sample and the likelihood of residues from prior cultivations and/or the broader environment, is important for interpreting test results. A nuanced approach is crucial to correctly interpret ToBRFV test results, necessitating further research to support risk assessment.
{"title":"Detection of tomato brown rugose fruit virus in environmental residues: The importance of contextualizing test results","authors":"Anne K. J. Giesbers, Elise Vogel, Anna Skelton, Zafeiro Zisi, Mandy Wildhagen, Yue Lin Loh, Lucas Ghijselings, Johanne Groothuismink, Marcel Westenberg, Jelle Matthijnssens, Annelien Roenhorst, Christine Vos, Adrian Fox, Marleen Botermans","doi":"10.1111/ppa.13968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13968","url":null,"abstract":"Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) is regulated as a quarantine pest in many countries worldwide. To assess whether ToBRFV is present in cultivations, plants or seed lots, testing is required. The interpretation of test results, however, can be challenging. Reverse transcription‐quantitative (real‐time) PCR results, even though considered “positive”, may not always signify plant infection or indicate the presence of infectious virus, but could be due to the presence of viral residues in the environment. Here, case studies from the Netherlands, Belgium, and the United Kingdom address questions regarding the detection of ToBRFV in various settings, and the infectiousness of ToBRFV‐positive samples. These exploratory analyses demonstrate widespread detection of ToBRFV in diverse samples and environments. ToBRFV was detected inside and around greenhouses with no prior history of ToBRFV infection, and on different materials and surfaces, including those that were untouched by individuals, plants or objects. This suggested the dispersal of viral residues through aerosols. ToBRFV or its residues were more often detected in regions with nearby tomato production, yet were also found in a wider environment extending beyond infected crops. ToBRFV originating from environmental contamination may or may not be infectious, adding complexity to decision‐making in response to positive test results. Contextual information, such as the origin of the sample and the likelihood of residues from prior cultivations and/or the broader environment, is important for interpreting test results. A nuanced approach is crucial to correctly interpret ToBRFV test results, necessitating further research to support risk assessment.","PeriodicalId":20075,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology","volume":"872 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141720169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ihsanul Khaliq, Thomas Brand, Margery Daughtrey, Ping Kong, Chuanxue Hong
Boxwood blight is a highly invasive disease, but studies on host–pathogen–environment interactions are rare because the initial research emphasis has been on developing resistant cultivars and chemical control of the disease. We used generalized additive models to investigate weather variables driving boxwood blight epidemics in field trials conducted between 2006 and 2020. Briefly, three or four replicate rows with 10 boxwood plants per row were planted in 0.75 m2 plots. Plants were artificially inoculated in 2006, while those in subsequent years were naturally infected with inoculum left over from previous trials. Disease severity was assessed by estimating the percentage of leaves blighted, including fallen leaves. There was a significant positive main effect of mean rainfall per rainy day, daily minimum temperatures and daily minimum relative humidity on disease severity observed over individual field trial periods. There was a significant negative interaction effect of mean rainfall per rainy day and daily maximum wind speed, and daily minimum relative humidity and daily minimum temperature on disease severity. Higher disease severity was associated with higher mean rainfall per rainy day and lower daily maximum wind speed. Likewise, an increase in daily minimum relative humidity at lower daily minimum temperatures was associated with a greater increase in disease severity than at higher temperatures, suggesting that higher temperatures resulted in lower humidity that led, in turn, to less disease severity. The implications of our findings for forecasting models and conservation of boxwood are discussed.
{"title":"Investigating weather variables driving boxwood blight epidemics: Insights from field trials with Buxus sempervirens ‘Suffruticosa’ in northern Germany between 2006 and 2020","authors":"Ihsanul Khaliq, Thomas Brand, Margery Daughtrey, Ping Kong, Chuanxue Hong","doi":"10.1111/ppa.13969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13969","url":null,"abstract":"Boxwood blight is a highly invasive disease, but studies on host–pathogen–environment interactions are rare because the initial research emphasis has been on developing resistant cultivars and chemical control of the disease. We used generalized additive models to investigate weather variables driving boxwood blight epidemics in field trials conducted between 2006 and 2020. Briefly, three or four replicate rows with 10 boxwood plants per row were planted in 0.75 m<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> plots. Plants were artificially inoculated in 2006, while those in subsequent years were naturally infected with inoculum left over from previous trials. Disease severity was assessed by estimating the percentage of leaves blighted, including fallen leaves. There was a significant positive main effect of mean rainfall per rainy day, daily minimum temperatures and daily minimum relative humidity on disease severity observed over individual field trial periods. There was a significant negative interaction effect of mean rainfall per rainy day and daily maximum wind speed, and daily minimum relative humidity and daily minimum temperature on disease severity. Higher disease severity was associated with higher mean rainfall per rainy day and lower daily maximum wind speed. Likewise, an increase in daily minimum relative humidity at lower daily minimum temperatures was associated with a greater increase in disease severity than at higher temperatures, suggesting that higher temperatures resulted in lower humidity that led, in turn, to less disease severity. The implications of our findings for forecasting models and conservation of boxwood are discussed.","PeriodicalId":20075,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141614072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lisa A. Kelly, Aftab Ahmad, Buddhika A. Dahanayaka, John D. W. Dearnaley, Niloofar Vaghefi, Levente Kiss
Powdery mildew, caused by Erysiphe diffusa, is an emerging pathogen in Australian soybean crops. Since its initial detection in 2012, the disease has been observed every season in soybean paddocks throughout Australia. It is not known how E. diffusa survives between soybean cropping seasons in the Australian environment. This study identified the native Glycine species, G. tabacina, as an alternate host for E. diffusa in Australia. G. tabacina specimens naturally infected with powdery mildew were collected and the pathogen was identified based on morphological characters and nrDNA ITS and MCM7 sequences. Cross‐inoculation experiments demonstrated that the E. diffusa isolates infecting G. tabacina in the field were pathogenic to soybean. This study is the first to report E. diffusa on G. tabacina in Australia. As a perennial native often found in the vicinity of the annual soybean crops, G. tabacina can easily serve as an alternate host for E. diffusa and could be an example of a host range expansion in this powdery mildew species. Weed control in soybean crops, with special attention to the removal of the native Glycine species, may be an option for powdery mildew management for Australian soybean growers.
由白粉病引起的白粉病是澳大利亚大豆作物中新出现的一种病原体。自 2012 年首次发现以来，澳大利亚各地的大豆田每季都能观察到这种病害。目前尚不清楚在澳大利亚的环境中，E. diffusa 是如何在大豆种植季节之间存活下来的。本研究发现，澳大利亚本地的甘氨酸物种 G. tabacina 是扩散性大豆埃希氏菌的替代宿主。收集了自然感染白粉病的 G. tabacina 标本，并根据形态特征、nrDNA ITS 和 MCM7 序列鉴定了病原体。交叉接种实验表明，田间感染 G. tabacina 的 E. diffusa 分离物对大豆具有致病性。本研究首次报告了澳大利亚 G. tabacina 上的 E. diffusa。作为一种多年生原生植物，G. tabacina 经常出现在一年生大豆作物附近，很容易成为 E. diffusa 的替代宿主，也可能是这种白粉病菌宿主范围扩大的一个例子。对澳大利亚大豆种植者来说，控制大豆作物中的杂草，特别是清除本地的甘蓝类杂草，可能是管理白粉病的一种选择。
{"title":"Glycine tabacina, native to Australia, is an alternate host of Erysiphe diffusa causing powdery mildew on soybean","authors":"Lisa A. Kelly, Aftab Ahmad, Buddhika A. Dahanayaka, John D. W. Dearnaley, Niloofar Vaghefi, Levente Kiss","doi":"10.1111/ppa.13971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13971","url":null,"abstract":"Powdery mildew, caused by <jats:italic>Erysiphe diffusa</jats:italic>, is an emerging pathogen in Australian soybean crops. Since its initial detection in 2012, the disease has been observed every season in soybean paddocks throughout Australia. It is not known how <jats:italic>E</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>diffusa</jats:italic> survives between soybean cropping seasons in the Australian environment. This study identified the native <jats:italic>Glycine</jats:italic> species, <jats:italic>G. tabacina</jats:italic>, as an alternate host for <jats:italic>E</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>diffusa</jats:italic> in Australia. <jats:italic>G. tabacina</jats:italic> specimens naturally infected with powdery mildew were collected and the pathogen was identified based on morphological characters and nrDNA ITS and <jats:italic>MCM7</jats:italic> sequences. Cross‐inoculation experiments demonstrated that the <jats:italic>E</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>diffusa</jats:italic> isolates infecting <jats:italic>G. tabacina</jats:italic> in the field were pathogenic to soybean. This study is the first to report <jats:italic>E</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>diffusa</jats:italic> on <jats:italic>G. tabacina</jats:italic> in Australia. As a perennial native often found in the vicinity of the annual soybean crops, <jats:italic>G. tabacina</jats:italic> can easily serve as an alternate host for <jats:italic>E</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>diffusa</jats:italic> and could be an example of a host range expansion in this powdery mildew species. Weed control in soybean crops, with special attention to the removal of the native <jats:italic>Glycine</jats:italic> species, may be an option for powdery mildew management for Australian soybean growers.","PeriodicalId":20075,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141614842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Blackleg, caused by Leptosphaeria maculans, is a major oilseed rape disease present in many traditional growing regions worldwide and is also becoming increasingly important in Tunisia. Cultivation of oilseed rape varieties harbouring major blackleg resistance genes (R‐genes) in an integrated approach represents the most effective means of controlling this fungal threat; knowledge of the pathogen population structure is a prerequisite for its efficient use. Leptosphaeria spp. isolates (145) were collected and characterized during 2018–2020 from oilseed rape stubble originating from seven northern Tunisian regions. As in most other growing areas, L. maculans and L. biglobosa occurred together on diseased plants. Most isolates (78.6%, n = 114) were L. maculans. For those, a combination of differential set phenotyping and PCR‐based avirulence gene analyses was used to perform race typing. Overall, 30 races were identified, carrying at least two and up to eight of the 11 avirulence genes tested. The most predominant race (14.9%) carried AvrLm7, AvrLepR1 and AvrLepR2 and was detected each year and in six out of the seven regions sampled, indicating the effectiveness of major R‐genes Rlm7 and LepR1 in Tunisia. Rlm2 was overcome by all Tunisian L. maculans isolates, but most were avirulent on Rlm6 and LepR2 (>50%), suggesting that using these R‐genes would provide protection in Tunisia. Both mating types were identified, with MAT1‐2 being twice as frequent as MAT1‐1. These results endorse the need for regular race surveillance of the local pathogen population at temporal and regional scales to develop appropriate blackleg management strategies.
{"title":"Frequency of avirulence genes and race structure in a Leptosphaeria maculans population in Tunisia","authors":"Essia Maghrebi, Birger Koopmann, Julius Sander, Hanene Chaabane, Bochra Amina Bahri","doi":"10.1111/ppa.13958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13958","url":null,"abstract":"Blackleg, caused by <jats:italic>Leptosphaeria maculans</jats:italic>, is a major oilseed rape disease present in many traditional growing regions worldwide and is also becoming increasingly important in Tunisia. Cultivation of oilseed rape varieties harbouring major blackleg resistance genes (R‐genes) in an integrated approach represents the most effective means of controlling this fungal threat; knowledge of the pathogen population structure is a prerequisite for its efficient use. <jats:italic>Leptosphaeria</jats:italic> spp. isolates (145) were collected and characterized during 2018–2020 from oilseed rape stubble originating from seven northern Tunisian regions. As in most other growing areas, <jats:italic>L</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>maculans</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>L</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>biglobosa</jats:italic> occurred together on diseased plants. Most isolates (78.6%, <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 114) were <jats:italic>L</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>maculans</jats:italic>. For those, a combination of differential set phenotyping and PCR‐based avirulence gene analyses was used to perform race typing. Overall, 30 races were identified, carrying at least two and up to eight of the 11 avirulence genes tested. The most predominant race (14.9%) carried <jats:italic>AvrLm7</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>AvrLepR1</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>AvrLepR2</jats:italic> and was detected each year and in six out of the seven regions sampled, indicating the effectiveness of major R‐genes <jats:italic>Rlm7</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>LepR1</jats:italic> in Tunisia. <jats:italic>Rlm2</jats:italic> was overcome by all Tunisian <jats:italic>L</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>maculans</jats:italic> isolates, but most were avirulent on <jats:italic>Rlm6</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>LepR2</jats:italic> (>50%), suggesting that using these R‐genes would provide protection in Tunisia. Both mating types were identified, with MAT1‐2 being twice as frequent as MAT1‐1. These results endorse the need for regular race surveillance of the local pathogen population at temporal and regional scales to develop appropriate blackleg management strategies.","PeriodicalId":20075,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141571537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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