Valérie Tremblay, Maxime Delisle‐Houde, François Demers, Charles D'Amours, Martin Filion, Russell J. Tweddell
Bacterial canker caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) is a worldwide bacterial disease affecting tomato plants. Very few control methods exist and their efficacy is limited. In recent years, plant extracts were studied for their potential as a safe and eco‐friendly alternative to the use of chemical pesticides to control plant diseases. Recent work performed by our group revealed the antibacterial activity of an ethanolic sugar maple autumn‐shed leaf (SMASL) extract against bacterial plant pathogens. To further investigate the antibacterial and prophylactic potential of SMASL against bacterial canker, assays were performed (a) to determine the polyphenol content and the in vitro antibacterial activity of sugar maple leaf extracts against Cmm, (b) to evaluate the potential of SMASL extracts as a seed treatment against Cmm and (c) as a foliar application to control bacterial canker development in greenhouse‐ and field‐grown tomato plants. Variations in polyphenol content and antibacterial activity of sugar maple leaf extracts were studied monthly for a period of 2 years. Although polyphenol contents varied significantly, minimum inhibitory concentrations were constant between 1.56 and 3.13 mg/mL and minimum bactericidal concentrations between 12.5 and 25 mg/mL. SMASL extract at 25 mg/mL completely eliminated the pathogen from tomato seeds without negatively impacting on germination. SMASL extract foliar spray applications using concentrations of 6.25 and 12.5 mg/mL significantly repressed disease development under greenhouse and field conditions, showing better efficacy than copper octanoate. The antibacterial activity of SMASL extracts against Cmm shows great potential to control Cmm and bacterial canker in tomato.
{"title":"Sugar maple leaf extracts: A new tool to control bacterial canker of tomato caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis","authors":"Valérie Tremblay, Maxime Delisle‐Houde, François Demers, Charles D'Amours, Martin Filion, Russell J. Tweddell","doi":"10.1111/ppa.13959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13959","url":null,"abstract":"Bacterial canker caused by <jats:italic>Clavibacter michiganensis</jats:italic> subsp. <jats:italic>michiganensis</jats:italic> (Cmm) is a worldwide bacterial disease affecting tomato plants. Very few control methods exist and their efficacy is limited. In recent years, plant extracts were studied for their potential as a safe and eco‐friendly alternative to the use of chemical pesticides to control plant diseases. Recent work performed by our group revealed the antibacterial activity of an ethanolic sugar maple autumn‐shed leaf (SMASL) extract against bacterial plant pathogens. To further investigate the antibacterial and prophylactic potential of SMASL against bacterial canker, assays were performed (a) to determine the polyphenol content and the in vitro antibacterial activity of sugar maple leaf extracts against Cmm, (b) to evaluate the potential of SMASL extracts as a seed treatment against Cmm and (c) as a foliar application to control bacterial canker development in greenhouse‐ and field‐grown tomato plants. Variations in polyphenol content and antibacterial activity of sugar maple leaf extracts were studied monthly for a period of 2 years. Although polyphenol contents varied significantly, minimum inhibitory concentrations were constant between 1.56 and 3.13 mg/mL and minimum bactericidal concentrations between 12.5 and 25 mg/mL. SMASL extract at 25 mg/mL completely eliminated the pathogen from tomato seeds without negatively impacting on germination. SMASL extract foliar spray applications using concentrations of 6.25 and 12.5 mg/mL significantly repressed disease development under greenhouse and field conditions, showing better efficacy than copper octanoate. The antibacterial activity of SMASL extracts against Cmm shows great potential to control Cmm and bacterial canker in tomato.","PeriodicalId":20075,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141504689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joaquín Guillermo Ramírez‐Gil, Carlos Mauricio Rivera‐Lozano, Aníbal L. Tapiero
Bud rot (BR), caused by Phytophthora palmivora, limits growth and development of oil palms in the American continent, particularly in Colombia. Due to the absence of systematic epidemiological analyses and determination of risk factors associated with BR, this study aimed to employ deterministic mathematical models and frequentist and Bayesian statistical methods to quantify the genetic response and edaphoclimatic variables as risk indicators of BR. From 2011 to 2014, the severity of BR in oil palm crops was recorded monthly in two locations: Tumaco (hot spot) and Villavicencio (cold spot), determining the edaphoclimatic variables at each site. Using the area under the disease progress stairs curve, temporal models were applied to determine the rate of disease development (R0) to quantify risk at locality and genotype levels. Subsequently, the observed intensity and severity levels of BR were adjusted to models such as survival curves, Cox proportional hazard risk and transition probabilities, or Markov states, with the aim of quantifying and characterizing risk factors associated with genotype and edaphoclimatic variables at each location. The risk in Tumaco was three times higher than in Villavicencio, and the R0 values were differential by genotype, with Tenera more susceptible than Hybrids. Moreover, the risk of BR increased when periods of 2–3 months occurred with successive instances of precipitation and relative humidity greater than 150 mm/month and 90%, respectively, and when manganese and zinc levels were below optimal. This approach allowed us to characterize epidemiological factors that cause plant diseases, allowing quantification of the risk of BR.
{"title":"Risk quantification as an epidemiological analysis strategy: Analysis and application to bud rot in oil palm","authors":"Joaquín Guillermo Ramírez‐Gil, Carlos Mauricio Rivera‐Lozano, Aníbal L. Tapiero","doi":"10.1111/ppa.13949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13949","url":null,"abstract":"Bud rot (BR), caused by <jats:italic>Phytophthora palmivora</jats:italic>, limits growth and development of oil palms in the American continent, particularly in Colombia. Due to the absence of systematic epidemiological analyses and determination of risk factors associated with BR, this study aimed to employ deterministic mathematical models and frequentist and Bayesian statistical methods to quantify the genetic response and edaphoclimatic variables as risk indicators of BR. From 2011 to 2014, the severity of BR in oil palm crops was recorded monthly in two locations: Tumaco (hot spot) and Villavicencio (cold spot), determining the edaphoclimatic variables at each site. Using the area under the disease progress stairs curve, temporal models were applied to determine the rate of disease development (<jats:italic>R</jats:italic><jats:sub>0</jats:sub>) to quantify risk at locality and genotype levels. Subsequently, the observed intensity and severity levels of BR were adjusted to models such as survival curves, Cox proportional hazard risk and transition probabilities, or Markov states, with the aim of quantifying and characterizing risk factors associated with genotype and edaphoclimatic variables at each location. The risk in Tumaco was three times higher than in Villavicencio, and the <jats:italic>R</jats:italic><jats:sub>0</jats:sub> values were differential by genotype, with Tenera more susceptible than Hybrids. Moreover, the risk of BR increased when periods of 2–3 months occurred with successive instances of precipitation and relative humidity greater than 150 mm/month and 90%, respectively, and when manganese and zinc levels were below optimal. This approach allowed us to characterize epidemiological factors that cause plant diseases, allowing quantification of the risk of BR.","PeriodicalId":20075,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141190846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michael Jeger, Robert Beresford, Anna Berlin, Clive Bock, Adrian Fox, Kaitlin M. Gold, Adrian C. Newton, Antonio Vicent, Xiangming Xu
Advances continue to be made by plant pathologists on topics in plant health, environmental protection and food security. Many advances have been made for individual crops, pathogens and diseases that in many cases have led to their successful management. A wider impact of research depends on recognition of the multifaceted challenges posed by plant diseases and the need to integrate studies in a systems level approach. The adoption of high‐throughput sequencing for diagnosis and detection is widespread but impact depends upon the agricultural and ecological context combined with improved surveillance. Deployment of host resistance in the field needs to be aligned with a greater appreciation of plant genetic diversity and the complementary contribution made by tolerance of disease. Epidemiological understanding of the spatiotemporal spread of plant diseases has improved through population dynamic and genetic analyses. Research emphasis on the plant microbiome has invigorated soil microbial studies, especially for disease complexes and declines, but the challenge is to move to interventions that benefit plant health. Analysis of the impacts of climate change has been made for single‐crop disease studies, but seldom have these been placed in the context of pathogen adaptation, new crops, wild plants, vectors and soil microbes. Advances in informatic analysis illustrate not only the global impacts of plant disease introductions, but also the challenges inherent in marshalling and integrating information. Advances have been made in applying artificial intelligence technologies across many areas of plant pathology but have yet to be integrated within any coordinated research agenda.
{"title":"Impact of novel methods and research approaches in plant pathology: Are individual advances sufficient to meet the wider challenges of disease management?","authors":"Michael Jeger, Robert Beresford, Anna Berlin, Clive Bock, Adrian Fox, Kaitlin M. Gold, Adrian C. Newton, Antonio Vicent, Xiangming Xu","doi":"10.1111/ppa.13927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13927","url":null,"abstract":"Advances continue to be made by plant pathologists on topics in plant health, environmental protection and food security. Many advances have been made for individual crops, pathogens and diseases that in many cases have led to their successful management. A wider impact of research depends on recognition of the multifaceted challenges posed by plant diseases and the need to integrate studies in a systems level approach. The adoption of high‐throughput sequencing for diagnosis and detection is widespread but impact depends upon the agricultural and ecological context combined with improved surveillance. Deployment of host resistance in the field needs to be aligned with a greater appreciation of plant genetic diversity and the complementary contribution made by tolerance of disease. Epidemiological understanding of the spatiotemporal spread of plant diseases has improved through population dynamic and genetic analyses. Research emphasis on the plant microbiome has invigorated soil microbial studies, especially for disease complexes and declines, but the challenge is to move to interventions that benefit plant health. Analysis of the impacts of climate change has been made for single‐crop disease studies, but seldom have these been placed in the context of pathogen adaptation, new crops, wild plants, vectors and soil microbes. Advances in informatic analysis illustrate not only the global impacts of plant disease introductions, but also the challenges inherent in marshalling and integrating information. Advances have been made in applying artificial intelligence technologies across many areas of plant pathology but have yet to be integrated within any coordinated research agenda.","PeriodicalId":20075,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141190333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sarah L. Bailey, Césarée Morier‐Gxoyiya, Swathy Puthanvila Surendrababu, Diane G. O. Saunders
Ever since the first crops were domesticated over 10,000 years ago, pests and pathogens have wreaked havoc on crop production. Despite diverse threats from longstanding and emerging diseases, plants continue to play a central role in meeting humanity's requirements for calories and nutrients. In this review, we discuss historical advances made by plant pathologists and breeders that have helped keep many plant diseases at bay. We focus predominantly on fungal diseases of five food crops—rice, wheat, maize, soybean and potato—that provide the bulk of calories consumed globally. We cover such historical triumphs in plant pathology as (i) advanced knowledge of fungal biology revolutionizing disease management strategies, (ii) integration of genetics by the ‘wheat wizard’ Rowland Biffen and others transforming the landscape of resistance breeding and (iii) the advent of modern fungicides—from a sinking ship in the 1660s—leading to dramatic yield enhancements. We also discuss (iv) the potential for emerging biocontrol agents to holistically promote plant health and yield. Today, the high homogeneity of crops in modern agricultural systems exacerbates yield losses due to disease by increasing pest/pathogen transmission rates and eroding natural spatial barriers to pest/pathogen dispersal. Meanwhile, climate change is altering the compositions of global pest and pathogen populations and expanding pest/pathogen territories with unpredictable consequences. As we look to the future, the strength of the plant pathology community remains central to developing innovative solutions to tackle these complex and expanding threats to plant health and secure a plentiful food supply.
{"title":"A history of strategies and a tapestry of triumphant tales in tackling plant fungal diseases","authors":"Sarah L. Bailey, Césarée Morier‐Gxoyiya, Swathy Puthanvila Surendrababu, Diane G. O. Saunders","doi":"10.1111/ppa.13950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13950","url":null,"abstract":"Ever since the first crops were domesticated over 10,000 years ago, pests and pathogens have wreaked havoc on crop production. Despite diverse threats from longstanding and emerging diseases, plants continue to play a central role in meeting humanity's requirements for calories and nutrients. In this review, we discuss historical advances made by plant pathologists and breeders that have helped keep many plant diseases at bay. We focus predominantly on fungal diseases of five food crops—rice, wheat, maize, soybean and potato—that provide the bulk of calories consumed globally. We cover such historical triumphs in plant pathology as (i) advanced knowledge of fungal biology revolutionizing disease management strategies, (ii) integration of genetics by the ‘wheat wizard’ Rowland Biffen and others transforming the landscape of resistance breeding and (iii) the advent of modern fungicides—from a sinking ship in the 1660s—leading to dramatic yield enhancements. We also discuss (iv) the potential for emerging biocontrol agents to holistically promote plant health and yield. Today, the high homogeneity of crops in modern agricultural systems exacerbates yield losses due to disease by increasing pest/pathogen transmission rates and eroding natural spatial barriers to pest/pathogen dispersal. Meanwhile, climate change is altering the compositions of global pest and pathogen populations and expanding pest/pathogen territories with unpredictable consequences. As we look to the future, the strength of the plant pathology community remains central to developing innovative solutions to tackle these complex and expanding threats to plant health and secure a plentiful food supply.","PeriodicalId":20075,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141190516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Herbert Dustin R. Aumentado, Alireza Armand, K. W. Thilini Chethana, Chayanard Phukhamsakda, Chada Norphanphoun, Kevin D. Hyde, E. B. Gareth Jones, Ruvishika S. Jayawardena
True mangroves and mangrove associates are salt‐tolerant trees and shrubs that serve a critical role in preserving the ecological balance of tropical and subtropical estuarine environments. However, they are not immune to the damage caused by fungal pathogens. In this study, leaves exhibiting leaf spot symptoms were gathered from mangrove estuary and forests in Prachuap Khiri Khan, Thailand. Through morphological and multilocus phylogenetic analyses (LSU, ITS, RPB2 and TUB2) along with genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition, we identified Allophoma acanthi sp. nov. from Acanthus ilicifolius. Additionally, A. minor was identified as the causative agent of leaf spots in true mangrove and mangrove associate species, namely, Acanthus ilicifolius, Combretum sp., Hibiscus tiliaceus, Intsia bijuga, Lumnitzera racemosa and Sonneratia alba. We also provide evidence to support the synonymization of A. thunbergiae with A. minor. All eight isolates of Allophoma species in this study demonstrated pathogenicity to their original hosts with varied virulence, confirming Koch's postulates. Our findings contribute to the understanding of fungal pathogens affecting true mangroves and mangrove associates.
真正的红树林和红树林伴生植物是耐盐的乔木和灌木，在维护热带和亚热带河口环境的生态平衡方面发挥着至关重要的作用。然而，它们也不能幸免于真菌病原体造成的损害。本研究从泰国巴蜀吉里汗（Prachuap Khiri Khan）的红树林河口和森林中采集了出现叶斑病症状的叶片。通过形态学和多焦点系统进化分析（LSU、ITS、RPB2 和 TUB2）以及系谱一致系统进化物种识别，我们从 Acanthus ilicifolius 中鉴定出 Allophoma acanthi sp.此外，我们还鉴定出了 A. minor 是真红树和红树伴生物种（即 Acanthus ilicifolius、Combretum sp.、Hibiscus tiliaceus、Intsia bijuga、Lumnitzera racemosa 和 Sonneratia alba）叶斑病的病原体。我们还提供了支持 A. thunbergiae 与 A. minor 同名的证据。本研究中所有 8 个 Allophoma 物种的分离物都对其原宿主具有致病性，且毒力各不相同，这证实了科赫假说。我们的研究结果有助于了解影响真红树林和红树林伴生物的真菌病原体。
{"title":"Novel species, morpho‐molecular identification and pathogenicity of Allophoma (Didymellacaeae) causing leaf spots of true mangroves and mangrove associates in Thailand","authors":"Herbert Dustin R. Aumentado, Alireza Armand, K. W. Thilini Chethana, Chayanard Phukhamsakda, Chada Norphanphoun, Kevin D. Hyde, E. B. Gareth Jones, Ruvishika S. Jayawardena","doi":"10.1111/ppa.13928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13928","url":null,"abstract":"True mangroves and mangrove associates are salt‐tolerant trees and shrubs that serve a critical role in preserving the ecological balance of tropical and subtropical estuarine environments. However, they are not immune to the damage caused by fungal pathogens. In this study, leaves exhibiting leaf spot symptoms were gathered from mangrove estuary and forests in Prachuap Khiri Khan, Thailand. Through morphological and multilocus phylogenetic analyses (LSU, ITS, <jats:italic>RPB2</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>TUB2</jats:italic>) along with genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition, we identified <jats:italic>Allophoma acanthi</jats:italic> sp. nov. from <jats:italic>Acanthus ilicifolius</jats:italic>. Additionally, <jats:italic>A</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>minor</jats:italic> was identified as the causative agent of leaf spots in true mangrove and mangrove associate species, namely, <jats:italic>Acanthus ilicifolius</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Combretum</jats:italic> sp., <jats:italic>Hibiscus tiliaceus</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Intsia bijuga</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Lumnitzera racemosa</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Sonneratia alba</jats:italic>. We also provide evidence to support the synonymization of <jats:italic>A</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>thunbergiae</jats:italic> with <jats:italic>A</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>minor</jats:italic>. All eight isolates of <jats:italic>Allophoma</jats:italic> species in this study demonstrated pathogenicity to their original hosts with varied virulence, confirming Koch's postulates. Our findings contribute to the understanding of fungal pathogens affecting true mangroves and mangrove associates.","PeriodicalId":20075,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology","volume":"102 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141190326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hymenoscyphus fraxineus causes ash dieback in Europe. It overwinters on ash leaf residue (rachis) within the forest litter. In late spring, the fungus produces apothecia on the rachises and releases ascospores to infect leaves. Previous studies reported that H. fraxineus was able to produce apothecia on the rachis for 5 years after the leaf infection under artificial conditions. However, ash litter is known to decompose rapidly in situ. We therefore monitored the decomposition kinetics of ash leaf debris and the persistence of the pathogen, as well as its ability to produce apothecia in the forest litter. For this, leaves shed in autumn in stands affected by ash dieback were placed in mesh bags and left in the forest litter for 6, 18 and 30 months. At each sampling period, litter mass loss and level of colonization of the rachises by H. fraxineus were measured, as was the pathogen's ability to produce apothecia on them. Despite high fragmentation, about 14% of the rachis dry weight remained in the mesh bags after 30 months, and the pathogen retained the ability to produce apothecia on these rachises. A simulation estimating the age composition of the colonized rachises present in the litter during the fruiting period was developed from these results. It shows that the persistence of H. fraxineus in old rachises of the litter represents a reservoir of inoculum that could compensate for poor colonization of autumn leaves and revive local outbreaks after years of unfavourable weather for the development of the pathogen.
{"title":"Hymenoscyphus fraxineus persistence in the ash litter","authors":"Simon Laubray, Marc Buée, Benoit Marçais","doi":"10.1111/ppa.13948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13948","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:italic>Hymenoscyphus fraxineus</jats:italic> causes ash dieback in Europe. It overwinters on ash leaf residue (rachis) within the forest litter. In late spring, the fungus produces apothecia on the rachises and releases ascospores to infect leaves. Previous studies reported that <jats:italic>H</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>fraxineus</jats:italic> was able to produce apothecia on the rachis for 5 years after the leaf infection under artificial conditions. However, ash litter is known to decompose rapidly in situ. We therefore monitored the decomposition kinetics of ash leaf debris and the persistence of the pathogen, as well as its ability to produce apothecia in the forest litter. For this, leaves shed in autumn in stands affected by ash dieback were placed in mesh bags and left in the forest litter for 6, 18 and 30 months. At each sampling period, litter mass loss and level of colonization of the rachises by <jats:italic>H</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>fraxineus</jats:italic> were measured, as was the pathogen's ability to produce apothecia on them. Despite high fragmentation, about 14% of the rachis dry weight remained in the mesh bags after 30 months, and the pathogen retained the ability to produce apothecia on these rachises. A simulation estimating the age composition of the colonized rachises present in the litter during the fruiting period was developed from these results. It shows that the persistence of <jats:italic>H</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>fraxineus</jats:italic> in old rachises of the litter represents a reservoir of inoculum that could compensate for poor colonization of autumn leaves and revive local outbreaks after years of unfavourable weather for the development of the pathogen.","PeriodicalId":20075,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141152687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anuradha U. Jayathissa, James R. Tucker, Ana Badea, W. G. Dilantha Fernando, Matthew G. Bakker
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating disease in barley, causing significant losses for the malting and brewing industries. We hypothesized that the variation observed in Fusarium‐related issues during malting may be partially attributable to differences among Fusarium graminearum strains. Field trials in 2019–2021 used barley cultivars with different FHB resistance: Newdale (intermediate) and AAC Goldman (moderately resistant). Barley plants were grown under disease‐conducive conditions, and plots were inoculated with conidial suspensions of each of seven different F. graminearum monoclonal isolates plus a noninoculated control. Disease severity (as a percentage of symptomatic spikelets) significantly differed among years (2020 > 2019 > 2021). F. graminearum density in barley varied significantly across years (2019 > 2021 > 2020). Pathogen strain identity and cultivar (Newdale > AAC Goldman) had significant effects on F. graminearum density in barley grain. The harvested barley was micromalted. The deoxynivalenol (DON) content in barley and malt significantly differed among years and cultivars, with the highest levels in 2019 and in Newdale. Pathogen strain identity significantly influenced DON content in barley and malt. F. graminearum density in malt showed significant variation among years (2021 > 2019 > 2020) and was influenced by the pathogen strain identity, while cultivar did not significantly affect F. graminearum density in malt. Gushing varied significantly across years but was not affected by cultivar or pathogen strain identity and was independent of F. graminearum density. Our finding that F. graminearum strain identity altered impact in barley grain and malt may explain the variability of FHB impacts.
{"title":"Impacts of pathogen strain and barley cultivar on Fusarium head blight in barley and during malting","authors":"Anuradha U. Jayathissa, James R. Tucker, Ana Badea, W. G. Dilantha Fernando, Matthew G. Bakker","doi":"10.1111/ppa.13918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13918","url":null,"abstract":"Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating disease in barley, causing significant losses for the malting and brewing industries. We hypothesized that the variation observed in <jats:italic>Fusarium</jats:italic>‐related issues during malting may be partially attributable to differences among <jats:italic>Fusarium graminearum</jats:italic> strains. Field trials in 2019–2021 used barley cultivars with different FHB resistance: Newdale (intermediate) and AAC Goldman (moderately resistant). Barley plants were grown under disease‐conducive conditions, and plots were inoculated with conidial suspensions of each of seven different <jats:italic>F. graminearum</jats:italic> monoclonal isolates plus a noninoculated control. Disease severity (as a percentage of symptomatic spikelets) significantly differed among years (2020 > 2019 > 2021). <jats:italic>F. graminearum</jats:italic> density in barley varied significantly across years (2019 > 2021 > 2020). Pathogen strain identity and cultivar (Newdale > AAC Goldman) had significant effects on <jats:italic>F. graminearum</jats:italic> density in barley grain. The harvested barley was micromalted. The deoxynivalenol (DON) content in barley and malt significantly differed among years and cultivars, with the highest levels in 2019 and in Newdale. Pathogen strain identity significantly influenced DON content in barley and malt. <jats:italic>F. graminearum</jats:italic> density in malt showed significant variation among years (2021 > 2019 > 2020) and was influenced by the pathogen strain identity, while cultivar did not significantly affect <jats:italic>F. graminearum</jats:italic> density in malt. Gushing varied significantly across years but was not affected by cultivar or pathogen strain identity and was independent of <jats:italic>F. graminearum</jats:italic> density. Our finding that <jats:italic>F. graminearum</jats:italic> strain identity altered impact in barley grain and malt may explain the variability of FHB impacts.","PeriodicalId":20075,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141059276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Peninsular Malaysia, Colletotrichum fioriniae, Colletotrichumfructicola, Colletotrichumscovillei, Colletotrichumsiamense and Colletotrichumtruncatum are the causative pathogens of chilli anthracnose. In the present study, the pathogenic variability and virulence levels of these five Colletotrichum spp. were evaluated. Isolates of C. fioriniae, C. fructicola, C. scovillei, C. siamense and C. truncatum were tested for pathogenicity using red and green Capsicum annuum and red and green Capsicumfrutescens. Pathogenicity tests were conducted using spore suspensions and mycelial plugs on wounded and nonwounded chilli fruits. All isolates tested on the wounded chilli fruits caused anthracnose symptoms with variable disease severity and virulence. In nonwounded chilli fruits, only isolates of C. scovillei (n = 7) and C. truncatum (n = 5) caused infection. C. fioriniae, C. fructicola, C. scovillei, C. siamense and C. truncatum showed variability in pathogenicity and virulence levels in red and green chilli fruits of Ca. annuum and Ca. frutescens. Pathogenicity tests on wounded and nonwounded chilli fruits can be used to identify pathotypes within anthracnose pathogen populations. This is important for strategizing the effective disease management of chilli anthracnose.
在马来西亚半岛，Colletotrichum fioriniae、Colletotrichum fructicola、Colletotrichum scovillei、Colletotrichum siamense 和 Colletotrichum truncatum 是辣椒炭疽病的致病菌。本研究评估了这五种 Colletotrichum 的致病变异性和毒力水平。利用红辣椒和绿辣椒以及红辣椒和绿辣椒对 C. fioriniae、C. fructicola、C. scovillei、C. siamense 和 C. truncatum 的分离株进行了致病性测试。使用孢子悬浮液和菌丝塞对受伤和未受伤的辣椒果实进行了致病性测试。在受伤的辣椒果实上测试的所有分离物都会引起炭疽病症状，病害严重程度和致病力各不相同。在无伤口的辣椒果实中，只有 C. scovillei（n = 7）和 C. truncatum（n = 5）的分离物引起感染。C.fioriniae、C.fructicola、C.scovillei、C.siamense 和 C. truncatum 在红辣椒和绿辣椒果实（Ca. annuum 和 Ca. frutescens）中的致病性和毒力水平存在差异。对受伤和未受伤辣椒果实的致病性测试可用于确定炭疽病病原体种群的病原型。这对于制定有效的辣椒炭疽病病害管理战略非常重要。
{"title":"Pathogenic variations in Colletotrichum spp. causing chilli anthracnose in Peninsular Malaysia","authors":"Nuraini Mohd Noor, Latiffah Zakaria","doi":"10.1111/ppa.13925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13925","url":null,"abstract":"In Peninsular Malaysia, <jats:italic>Colletotrichum fioriniae</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Colletotrichum</jats:italic> <jats:italic>fructicola</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Colletotrichum</jats:italic> <jats:italic>scovillei</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Colletotrichum</jats:italic> <jats:italic>siamense</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Colletotrichum</jats:italic> <jats:italic>truncatum</jats:italic> are the causative pathogens of chilli anthracnose. In the present study, the pathogenic variability and virulence levels of these five <jats:italic>Colletotrichum</jats:italic> spp. were evaluated. Isolates of <jats:italic>C</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>fioriniae</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>C</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>fructicola</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>C</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>scovillei</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>C</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>siamense</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>truncatum</jats:italic> were tested for pathogenicity using red and green <jats:italic>Capsicum annuum</jats:italic> and red and green <jats:italic>Capsicum</jats:italic> <jats:italic>frutescens</jats:italic>. Pathogenicity tests were conducted using spore suspensions and mycelial plugs on wounded and nonwounded chilli fruits. All isolates tested on the wounded chilli fruits caused anthracnose symptoms with variable disease severity and virulence. In nonwounded chilli fruits, only isolates of <jats:italic>C</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>scovillei</jats:italic> (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 7) and <jats:italic>C</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>truncatum</jats:italic> (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 5) caused infection. <jats:italic>C</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>fioriniae</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>C</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>fructicola</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>C</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>scovillei</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>C</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>siamense</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>truncatum</jats:italic> showed variability in pathogenicity and virulence levels in red and green chilli fruits of <jats:italic>Ca</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>annuum</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Ca</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>frutescens</jats:italic>. Pathogenicity tests on wounded and nonwounded chilli fruits can be used to identify pathotypes within anthracnose pathogen populations. This is important for strategizing the effective disease management of chilli anthracnose.","PeriodicalId":20075,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology","volume":"500 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140925351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are inorganic compounds listed as “generally recognized as safe” (GRAS) materials and have been used in plant production as well as for plant disease control. This study investigated the antibacterial efficacy of ZnO NPs with various surface areas against Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, assessed the effectiveness of ZnO NPs in controlling black rot disease in Chinese kale, and examined the influence of ZnO NPs application on soil bacterial communities. The results showed that ZnO NPs with high surface area effectively inhibited X. campestris pv. campestris by restraining growth and causing cell damage. Seed treatment and foliar spray application of high surface area ZnO NPs at 250 μg/mL significantly reduced the disease severity of black rot. Furthermore, in the greenhouse experiment, the soil bacterial communities in the treatment of plants applied with ZnO NPs did not differ from those in soil of nontreated plants. Therefore, ZnO NPs have the potential to serve as an alternative substance for plant disease management.
{"title":"Antibacterial activity of high surface area zinc oxide nanoparticles for controlling black rot disease of Chinese kale","authors":"Supisara Sripo‐ngam, Choosak Khaengraeng, Supot Kasem, Tiyakhon Chatnaparat","doi":"10.1111/ppa.13923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13923","url":null,"abstract":"Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are inorganic compounds listed as “generally recognized as safe” (GRAS) materials and have been used in plant production as well as for plant disease control. This study investigated the antibacterial efficacy of ZnO NPs with various surface areas against <jats:italic>Xanthomonas campestris</jats:italic> pv. <jats:italic>campestris</jats:italic>, assessed the effectiveness of ZnO NPs in controlling black rot disease in Chinese kale, and examined the influence of ZnO NPs application on soil bacterial communities. The results showed that ZnO NPs with high surface area effectively inhibited <jats:italic>X</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>campestris</jats:italic> pv. <jats:italic>campestris</jats:italic> by restraining growth and causing cell damage. Seed treatment and foliar spray application of high surface area ZnO NPs at 250 μg/mL significantly reduced the disease severity of black rot. Furthermore, in the greenhouse experiment, the soil bacterial communities in the treatment of plants applied with ZnO NPs did not differ from those in soil of nontreated plants. Therefore, ZnO NPs have the potential to serve as an alternative substance for plant disease management.","PeriodicalId":20075,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140925353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, the production and demand of berries in the world have gradually increased, but the infection of fungal pathogens has become one of the important factors restricting the production and sales of fresh berries. It has been found that Alternaria can cause a variety of plant diseases and fruit rot worldwide. This review introduces the effect of Alternaria infection on berry quality, including physical, chemical and physiological aspects, and discusses the possible infection mechanisms. In addition, Alternaria produces toxins during infections and seriously threatens the safety of berries and consumer health. Therefore, the prevention and control measures of Alternaria are systematically summarized. This review provides the basis for further optimization of postharvest preservation technology and fruit quality, to prolong the shelf life of berries. We can realistically expect to control plant diseases with increasing efficiency, which is conducive to improving the quality and safety of postharvest berry fruits.
{"title":"Alternaria in berry: Effects on its quality, pathogenic mechanisms and potential control strategies","authors":"Kaiping Cong, Jinfeng Cheng, Tingting Li, Caie Wu, Gongjian Fan, Xiaojing Li, Dandan Zhou","doi":"10.1111/ppa.13916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13916","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, the production and demand of berries in the world have gradually increased, but the infection of fungal pathogens has become one of the important factors restricting the production and sales of fresh berries. It has been found that <jats:italic>Alternaria</jats:italic> can cause a variety of plant diseases and fruit rot worldwide. This review introduces the effect of <jats:italic>Alternaria</jats:italic> infection on berry quality, including physical, chemical and physiological aspects, and discusses the possible infection mechanisms. In addition, <jats:italic>Alternaria</jats:italic> produces toxins during infections and seriously threatens the safety of berries and consumer health. Therefore, the prevention and control measures of <jats:italic>Alternaria</jats:italic> are systematically summarized. This review provides the basis for further optimization of postharvest preservation technology and fruit quality, to prolong the shelf life of berries. We can realistically expect to control plant diseases with increasing efficiency, which is conducive to improving the quality and safety of postharvest berry fruits.","PeriodicalId":20075,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140925258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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