Bacterial canker disease of stone fruits is a major concern in stone fruit‐growing countries worldwide. Pseudomonas spp. and Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni (Xap) are the primary pathogens involved in this disease. In spring, summer and autumn 2016, symptoms like those produced by Pseudomonas spp. and Xap were observed in almond, apricot, peach and nectarine orchards in central provinces of Iran (Qom, Isfahan, and Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari). Gram‐positive cocci bacterial isolates were obtained from symptomatic trees. Following hypersensitivity and pathogenicity tests, isolates were divided into pathogenic and nonpathogenic groups, demonstrating the pathogenicity of some isolates on saplings of almond, peach and apricot. Multilocus sequence analysis was performed using the partial sequence of 16S rRNA region and four housekeeping genes, namely tuf, gap, dnaJ and rpoB, to determine the taxonomic classification of isolates, and revealed that pathogenic isolates identified as Staphylococcus warneri, while nonpathogenic isolates identified as S. warneri, S. epidermidis, S. hominis and S. saprophyticus. The isolates were further characterized by phenotypic and biochemical tests as well as by antibiotics assays. The unusual nature of the identified microorganism in the present study lies in the fact that, unlike most plant‐pathogenic agents, S. warneri is recognized worldwide as a cause of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Taken together, the bacterial canker disease caused by S. warneri appears to be a newly emerging disease of apricot, peach and almond trees.
{"title":"Staphylococcus warneri, an unconventional plant pathogen involved in canker disease of almond and other Prunus species","authors":"Esmaeil Asadi, Heshmatollah Rahimian, Valiollah Babaeizad, Esmaeil Basavand","doi":"10.1111/ppa.13920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13920","url":null,"abstract":"Bacterial canker disease of stone fruits is a major concern in stone fruit‐growing countries worldwide. <jats:italic>Pseudomonas</jats:italic> spp. and <jats:italic>Xanthomonas arboricola</jats:italic> pv. <jats:italic>pruni</jats:italic> (Xap) are the primary pathogens involved in this disease. In spring, summer and autumn 2016, symptoms like those produced by <jats:italic>Pseudomonas</jats:italic> spp. and Xap were observed in almond, apricot, peach and nectarine orchards in central provinces of Iran (Qom, Isfahan, and Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari). Gram‐positive cocci bacterial isolates were obtained from symptomatic trees. Following hypersensitivity and pathogenicity tests, isolates were divided into pathogenic and nonpathogenic groups, demonstrating the pathogenicity of some isolates on saplings of almond, peach and apricot. Multilocus sequence analysis was performed using the partial sequence of 16S rRNA region and four housekeeping genes, namely <jats:italic>tuf</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>gap</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>dnaJ</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>rpoB</jats:italic>, to determine the taxonomic classification of isolates, and revealed that pathogenic isolates identified as <jats:italic>Staphylococcus warneri</jats:italic>, while nonpathogenic isolates identified as <jats:italic>S</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>warneri</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>S</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>epidermidis</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>S</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>hominis</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>saprophyticus</jats:italic>. The isolates were further characterized by phenotypic and biochemical tests as well as by antibiotics assays. The unusual nature of the identified microorganism in the present study lies in the fact that, unlike most plant‐pathogenic agents, <jats:italic>S</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>warneri</jats:italic> is recognized worldwide as a cause of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Taken together, the bacterial canker disease caused by <jats:italic>S</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>warneri</jats:italic> appears to be a newly emerging disease of apricot, peach and almond trees.","PeriodicalId":20075,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140925264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bacterial blight, incited by Xanthomonas citri pv. malvacearum (Xcm), is historically one of the most devastating diseases of cotton globally. In India, the initial documentation of the disease dates back to 1918 and it assumed a great magnitude after 1947, primarily triggered by cultivation of tetraploid cotton, as the earlier cultivated indigenous diploid cotton was naturally resistant to the pathogen, and became widespread during the 1970s. Among 20 races of bacterial blight pathogen documented at global level, Race 18 is the most virulent one and prominent in India. The pathogen inflicts damage at all crop stages, beginning with seedlings. The disease caused regular yield losses of 30%–35% in India and had become a formidable adversary to cotton cultivation in the country; however, over the years its appearance diminished. Much larger gains were apparently achieved when disease was managed with a combination of seed treatment, foliar sprays and bio‐agents. Furthermore, extensive breeding programmes led to development of resistant cultivars, which proved instrumental in managing the disease. The disease exhibited a sharp decline from the beginning of the 21st century and is now no longer a chronic problem in India. This comprehensive review attempts to provide insight into the dynamic nature of bacterial blight threatening cotton cultivation in India during the last century and the underpinning multifaceted research efforts that paved the way for countering the disease. An attempt is made to discuss the qualitative and quantitative studies on genetics of bacterial blight for facilitating the breeding programmes.
{"title":"Bacterial blight: Once a menacing disease of cotton in India, now tamed and fading from research spotlight","authors":"Anil Kumar Saini, Shubham Saini, Kushal Raj, Jogender Beniwal, Garima Garima, Savan G. Desai, Pankhuri Singhal, Gutha Venkata Ramesh, Satish Kumar Sain, Rakesh Kumar, Anil Kumar, Mukul Kumar Bhambhu, Prashant B. Sandipan, K. Manikandan, Deepak Kumar, Ruchi Bishnoi","doi":"10.1111/ppa.13921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13921","url":null,"abstract":"Bacterial blight, incited by <jats:italic>Xanthomonas citri</jats:italic> pv. <jats:italic>malvacearum</jats:italic> (Xcm), is historically one of the most devastating diseases of cotton globally. In India, the initial documentation of the disease dates back to 1918 and it assumed a great magnitude after 1947, primarily triggered by cultivation of tetraploid cotton, as the earlier cultivated indigenous diploid cotton was naturally resistant to the pathogen, and became widespread during the 1970s. Among 20 races of bacterial blight pathogen documented at global level, Race 18 is the most virulent one and prominent in India. The pathogen inflicts damage at all crop stages, beginning with seedlings. The disease caused regular yield losses of 30%–35% in India and had become a formidable adversary to cotton cultivation in the country; however, over the years its appearance diminished. Much larger gains were apparently achieved when disease was managed with a combination of seed treatment, foliar sprays and bio‐agents. Furthermore, extensive breeding programmes led to development of resistant cultivars, which proved instrumental in managing the disease. The disease exhibited a sharp decline from the beginning of the 21st century and is now no longer a chronic problem in India. This comprehensive review attempts to provide insight into the dynamic nature of bacterial blight threatening cotton cultivation in India during the last century and the underpinning multifaceted research efforts that paved the way for countering the disease. An attempt is made to discuss the qualitative and quantitative studies on genetics of bacterial blight for facilitating the breeding programmes.","PeriodicalId":20075,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology","volume":"146 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140925509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"New honorary member of the BSPP","authors":"Gary D. Foster","doi":"10.1111/ppa.13917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13917","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20075,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140925590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Áron N. Horváth, Orsolya Molnár, Márk Z. Németh, Alexandra Pintye, Tamás Dankó, Zsolt Spitzmüller, Zsuzsanna Váczy, Kálmán Z. Váczy, Giovanni Onesti, Pedro Reis, Cecilia Rego, Zsolt Bereczky, Levente Kiss, Gábor M. Kovács
Chemical control of grape black rot, caused by Phyllosticta ampelicida, relies mainly on the use of demethylation inhibitors (DMIs) and quinone outside inhibitors (QoIs). The effectiveness of QoI fungicides is influenced by alternative respiration activity, and the exon/intron structure and point mutations in the target protein's gene, the cytochrome b (cytb) gene. Our study aims to investigate the QoI fungicide sensitivity of 48 P. ampelicida isolates in vitro by measuring EC50 and the molecular characteristics of the cytb gene and its mRNA in P. ampelicida and other Phyllosticta species. Mycelial growth tests revealed that the P. ampelicida isolates were sensitive to both azoxystrobin and trifloxystrobin; baseline EC50 values were 0.029 and 0.022 μg/mL, respectively. Addition of salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) resulted in lower EC50 values (0.024 and 0.017 μg/mL, respectively). None of the typical point mutations conferring resistance to QoIs in some fungi were detected. A group I intron was present right after the 143rd codon in the cytb gene in four of the six Phyllosticta species examined. The sequence and exon/intron structure of the cytb gene of P. ampelicida isolated from Vitis vinifera is studied in detail and published here. Our results indicate a low risk of QoI resistance development via the G143A mutation in P. ampelicida.
{"title":"Revisiting the intron hypothesis of QoI resistance in Phyllosticta ampelicida, the causal agent of grape black rot, and other Phyllosticta species","authors":"Áron N. Horváth, Orsolya Molnár, Márk Z. Németh, Alexandra Pintye, Tamás Dankó, Zsolt Spitzmüller, Zsuzsanna Váczy, Kálmán Z. Váczy, Giovanni Onesti, Pedro Reis, Cecilia Rego, Zsolt Bereczky, Levente Kiss, Gábor M. Kovács","doi":"10.1111/ppa.13912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13912","url":null,"abstract":"Chemical control of grape black rot, caused by <jats:italic>Phyllosticta ampelicida</jats:italic>, relies mainly on the use of demethylation inhibitors (DMIs) and quinone outside inhibitors (QoIs). The effectiveness of QoI fungicides is influenced by alternative respiration activity, and the exon/intron structure and point mutations in the target protein's gene, the cytochrome <jats:italic>b</jats:italic> (<jats:italic>cytb</jats:italic>) gene. Our study aims to investigate the QoI fungicide sensitivity of 48 <jats:italic>P</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>ampelicida</jats:italic> isolates in vitro by measuring EC<jats:sub>50</jats:sub> and the molecular characteristics of the <jats:italic>cytb</jats:italic> gene and its mRNA in <jats:italic>P</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>ampelicida</jats:italic> and other <jats:italic>Phyllosticta</jats:italic> species. Mycelial growth tests revealed that the <jats:italic>P</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>ampelicida</jats:italic> isolates were sensitive to both azoxystrobin and trifloxystrobin; baseline EC<jats:sub>50</jats:sub> values were 0.029 and 0.022 μg/mL, respectively. Addition of salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) resulted in lower EC<jats:sub>50</jats:sub> values (0.024 and 0.017 μg/mL, respectively). None of the typical point mutations conferring resistance to QoIs in some fungi were detected. A group I intron was present right after the 143rd codon in the <jats:italic>cytb</jats:italic> gene in four of the six <jats:italic>Phyllosticta</jats:italic> species examined. The sequence and exon/intron structure of the <jats:italic>cytb</jats:italic> gene of <jats:italic>P</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>ampelicida</jats:italic> isolated from <jats:italic>Vitis vinifera</jats:italic> is studied in detail and published here. Our results indicate a low risk of QoI resistance development via the G143A mutation in <jats:italic>P</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>ampelicida</jats:italic>.","PeriodicalId":20075,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140886916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jorge A. Marfetan, Diana Fernández, Ana L. Gallo, María L. Vélez
The walnut industry in Argentina has grown in recent years, especially in northern Patagonia. However, this expansion has also brought new challenges, including the emergence of diseases threatening the health and productivity of walnut plantations. One of the most important diseases affecting walnut crops worldwide is ‘ink disease’ or ‘walnut dieback'. The aim of this study was to characterize ink disease, identify the aetiological agents, and estimate its incidence in walnut orchards of northern Patagonia, Argentina. Symptomatic trees were observed in the seven surveyed walnut orchards, showing a range of symptoms, including chlorosis and wilting, stem cankers and desiccation. In vivo assay and molecular analyses revealed that not only Phytophthora (P.) but also Phytopythium (Ph.) species are the causal agents of the disease, with P. drechsleri, Ph. mercuriale and Ph. vexans being the most virulent over the commonly used rootstock Juglans hindsii. Notably, Ph. vexans was the most frequently isolated pathogen, suggesting its prevalence and potential impact on the regional walnut industry. Overall, this study provides critical insights into the prevalence and impact of Phytophthora and Phytopythium species on walnut health in northern Patagonia. The presence of multiple pathogenic oomycete species raises concerns about the health of walnut orchards, as well as the potential risk of pathogen transmission to other fruit crops in the region. The findings will help growers to develop better cultural practices and implement measures to guarantee the sustainability of the walnut industry in Patagonia.
{"title":"Phytophthora and Phytopythium species associated with walnut dieback in plantations of northern Patagonia, Argentina","authors":"Jorge A. Marfetan, Diana Fernández, Ana L. Gallo, María L. Vélez","doi":"10.1111/ppa.13922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13922","url":null,"abstract":"The walnut industry in Argentina has grown in recent years, especially in northern Patagonia. However, this expansion has also brought new challenges, including the emergence of diseases threatening the health and productivity of walnut plantations. One of the most important diseases affecting walnut crops worldwide is ‘ink disease’ or ‘walnut dieback'. The aim of this study was to characterize ink disease, identify the aetiological agents, and estimate its incidence in walnut orchards of northern Patagonia, Argentina. Symptomatic trees were observed in the seven surveyed walnut orchards, showing a range of symptoms, including chlorosis and wilting, stem cankers and desiccation. In vivo assay and molecular analyses revealed that not only <jats:italic>Phytophthora</jats:italic> (<jats:italic>P</jats:italic>.) but also <jats:italic>Phytopythium</jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Ph</jats:italic>.) species are the causal agents of the disease, with <jats:italic>P</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>drechsleri</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Ph</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>mercuriale</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Ph</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vexans</jats:italic> being the most virulent over the commonly used rootstock <jats:italic>Juglans hindsii</jats:italic>. Notably, <jats:italic>Ph</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vexans</jats:italic> was the most frequently isolated pathogen, suggesting its prevalence and potential impact on the regional walnut industry. Overall, this study provides critical insights into the prevalence and impact of <jats:italic>Phytophthora</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Phytopythium</jats:italic> species on walnut health in northern Patagonia. The presence of multiple pathogenic oomycete species raises concerns about the health of walnut orchards, as well as the potential risk of pathogen transmission to other fruit crops in the region. The findings will help growers to develop better cultural practices and implement measures to guarantee the sustainability of the walnut industry in Patagonia.","PeriodicalId":20075,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140886913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thomas Armand, Marlène Souquet, Elodie Pichon, Emmanuel Jacquot
Defence mechanisms in plants have been naturally or artificially selected to cope with virus infection and/or insect colonization. This creates a range of host susceptibility to viruses and/or insects that can impact the epidemiology of insect‐borne viral diseases. Wheat dwarf disease (WDD), one of the most important viral diseases on small‐grain cereals, is caused by wheat dwarf virus (WDV), which is transmitted by the leafhopper Psammotettix alienus. In the current context of the unavailability of either WDV‐resistant/tolerant wheat cultivars or effective methods to control WDD in French cereal fields, the accurate characterization of WDV‐susceptible genotypes must be considered to improve management strategies against this viral disease. In this study, the impact of 12 wheat cultivars on epidemiological parameters related to the introduction (host selection and virus infection) and spread (insect performance and virus transmission) of WDD was evaluated. Results showed no differences between the tested cultivars for host selection made by P. alienus, whereas four tested cultivars (Complice, Filon, Hyking and Nemo) reduced survival and/or fecundity of the leafhopper. Characterization of virus–host interactions highlights the lower host and source quality of cv. Filon for WDV. Finally, multivariate analyses allowed the identification of cvs Filon, Boregar, Solindo CS, Complice and Hyking as less suitable hosts for WDV and/or P. alienus, suggesting that these cultivars could present interesting genetic resource(s) that should be considered for future breeding programmes against WDD.
{"title":"Impact of susceptible wheat cultivars on epidemiological parameters involved in the introduction and spread of wheat dwarf disease","authors":"Thomas Armand, Marlène Souquet, Elodie Pichon, Emmanuel Jacquot","doi":"10.1111/ppa.13913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13913","url":null,"abstract":"Defence mechanisms in plants have been naturally or artificially selected to cope with virus infection and/or insect colonization. This creates a range of host susceptibility to viruses and/or insects that can impact the epidemiology of insect‐borne viral diseases. Wheat dwarf disease (WDD), one of the most important viral diseases on small‐grain cereals, is caused by wheat dwarf virus (WDV), which is transmitted by the leafhopper <jats:italic>Psammotettix alienus</jats:italic>. In the current context of the unavailability of either WDV‐resistant/tolerant wheat cultivars or effective methods to control WDD in French cereal fields, the accurate characterization of WDV‐susceptible genotypes must be considered to improve management strategies against this viral disease. In this study, the impact of 12 wheat cultivars on epidemiological parameters related to the introduction (host selection and virus infection) and spread (insect performance and virus transmission) of WDD was evaluated. Results showed no differences between the tested cultivars for host selection made by <jats:italic>P</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>alienus</jats:italic>, whereas four tested cultivars (Complice, Filon, Hyking and Nemo) reduced survival and/or fecundity of the leafhopper. Characterization of virus–host interactions highlights the lower host and source quality of cv. Filon for WDV. Finally, multivariate analyses allowed the identification of cvs Filon, Boregar, Solindo CS, Complice and Hyking as less suitable hosts for WDV and/or <jats:italic>P</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>alienus</jats:italic>, suggesting that these cultivars could present interesting genetic resource(s) that should be considered for future breeding programmes against WDD.","PeriodicalId":20075,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140831932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elena I. Gultyaeva, Ekaterina L. Shaydayuk, Evsey Gregory Kosman
The importance of monitoring and management of yellow rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), has markedly increased in Russia over recent years because of intensifying negative effects of this destructive disease on wheat production. The Pst virulence survey was conducted in 2019–2021 in the European (North‐West, Volga, North Caucasus) and Asian (Siberia) parts of Russia, and the same 109 isolates have been genotyped here with 20 SSR markers. Fifty‐three multilocus genotypes (MLGs) were detected, seven of which occurred in two or more regions. The most frequent MLG was found in three European Pst collections (except Dagestan) and Siberia. SSR‐based variation within the regional collections was low because many MLGs were closely related. Nevertheless, each collection contained relatively different small genotype groups. No clear geographic structure of the Russian Pst population was observed because the five studied regional collections shared groups of similar genotypes. The most singular SSR genotype was identified in the North‐West collection, but genotypes of four invasive isolates belonging to the PstS2 temperature‐adapted aggressive strain did not considerably differ from others. The observed heterozygosity at all SSR loci exceeded the expected one in all regional Pst collections, which could imply asexual reproduction of the pathogen. Both the SSR and virulence analyses demonstrated similar patterns of relationships between the regional Pst collections, although the magnitude of differences between the collections was larger for virulence pathotypes. However, no significant association was established between the virulence pathotypes and SSR genotypes because multiple pathotypes had the same genotype and vice versa.
近年来，由于条纹赤霉病（Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici，Pst）对小麦生产的负面影响日益加剧，因此在俄罗斯监测和管理这种毁灭性病害的重要性显著增加。Pst 毒力调查于 2019-2021 年在俄罗斯的欧洲（西北部、伏尔加河流域、北高加索）和亚洲（西伯利亚）地区进行，在此使用 20 个 SSR 标记对相同的 109 个分离株进行了基因分型。共检测到 53 个多焦点基因型（MLG），其中 7 个出现在两个或多个地区。最常见的 MLG 出现在三个欧洲 Pst 样品集（达吉斯坦除外）和西伯利亚。由于许多 MLGs 关系密切，因此各地区样本库中基于 SSR 的变异较小。不过，每个菌种都有相对不同的小基因型群。俄罗斯 Pst 群体没有明显的地理结构，因为所研究的五个地区采集组共享相似的基因型群。西北地区采集到的 SSR 基因型最为单一，但属于 PstS2 温度适应侵袭性菌株的四个入侵分离株的基因型与其他菌株并无明显差异。在所有地区的 Pst 采集中，所有 SSR 位点上观察到的杂合度都超过了预期的杂合度，这可能意味着病原体的无性繁殖。SSR 分析和毒力分析表明，各地区 Pst 菌株之间的关系模式相似，但毒力病型菌株之间的差异较大。不过，由于多个病原型具有相同的基因型，因此毒力病原型与 SSR 基因型之间没有明显的关联，反之亦然。
{"title":"SSR‐based analysis of structural variation of the Russian population of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in 2019–2021","authors":"Elena I. Gultyaeva, Ekaterina L. Shaydayuk, Evsey Gregory Kosman","doi":"10.1111/ppa.13919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13919","url":null,"abstract":"The importance of monitoring and management of yellow rust, caused by <jats:italic>Puccinia striiformis</jats:italic> f. sp. <jats:italic>tritici</jats:italic> (Pst), has markedly increased in Russia over recent years because of intensifying negative effects of this destructive disease on wheat production. The Pst virulence survey was conducted in 2019–2021 in the European (North‐West, Volga, North Caucasus) and Asian (Siberia) parts of Russia, and the same 109 isolates have been genotyped here with 20 SSR markers. Fifty‐three multilocus genotypes (MLGs) were detected, seven of which occurred in two or more regions. The most frequent MLG was found in three European Pst collections (except Dagestan) and Siberia. SSR‐based variation within the regional collections was low because many MLGs were closely related. Nevertheless, each collection contained relatively different small genotype groups. No clear geographic structure of the Russian Pst population was observed because the five studied regional collections shared groups of similar genotypes. The most singular SSR genotype was identified in the North‐West collection, but genotypes of four invasive isolates belonging to the PstS2 temperature‐adapted aggressive strain did not considerably differ from others. The observed heterozygosity at all SSR loci exceeded the expected one in all regional Pst collections, which could imply asexual reproduction of the pathogen. Both the SSR and virulence analyses demonstrated similar patterns of relationships between the regional Pst collections, although the magnitude of differences between the collections was larger for virulence pathotypes. However, no significant association was established between the virulence pathotypes and SSR genotypes because multiple pathotypes had the same genotype and vice versa.","PeriodicalId":20075,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140832272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Natalia Ramírez, Emma Caullireau, Margrét Auður Sigurbjörnsdóttir, Elodie Vandelle, Oddur Vilhelmsson, Cindy E. Morris
The presence of bacteria belonging to the Pseudomonas syringae complex in the natural vegetation of several Icelandic habitat types has been recently reported, raising questions about the risk to Icelandic crops, particularly given the expected increase in agricultural activity due to climate warming. This study takes advantage of Iceland's unique characteristics and the discovery of P. syringae in Peltigera lichens to gain a better understanding of the potential risk posed by this newly discovered ecological niche. The main objective was to evaluate the pathogenic potential and fitness in crops of P. syringae strains isolated from Peltigera lichen sampled in Iceland, focusing on strains that belong to phylogroups 1 and 2, which commonly contain epidemic strains. The results indicate that P. syringae strains isolated from Icelandic Peltigera lichen have a comparable fitness to epidemic strains in 8 out of 10 tested plant species (rice, tomato, thale cress, annual mugwort, spinach, garlic chives, tobacco and kale). Furthermore, pathogenicity assessment on three plant species highlighted that certain strains also caused similar symptoms and disease severity compared to epidemic strains. These findings provide valuable insights into the potential risks posed by P. syringae from Icelandic natural habitats and illustrate how strains from these habitats have a wide pathogenic potential to crops without having encountered these crops in the last several thousand years of their presence in Iceland.
最近有报道称，在冰岛几种生境类型的天然植被中发现了属于丁香假单胞菌复合体的细菌，这引起了人们对冰岛农作物所面临风险的质疑，特别是考虑到气候变暖预计会导致农业活动增加。本研究利用冰岛的独特性和在盾皮地衣中发现的 P. syringae，更好地了解了这一新发现的生态位所带来的潜在风险。研究的主要目的是评估从冰岛佩尔蒂格拉地衣中分离出的P. syringae菌株的致病潜力和在农作物中的适应性，重点是属于系统组1和2的菌株，这两个系统组通常包含流行病菌株。结果表明，在 10 种受测植物（水稻、番茄、芹菜、一年生艾草、菠菜、蒜韭、烟草和羽衣甘蓝）中，从冰岛盾皮地衣中分离出的 P. syringae 菌株在其中 8 种植物上的致病力与流行病菌株相当。此外，对三种植物物种进行的致病性评估表明，某些菌株与流行病菌株相比，也会引起类似的症状和疾病严重程度。这些研究结果为了解冰岛自然栖息地的 P. syringae 带来的潜在风险提供了宝贵的见解，并说明了这些栖息地的菌株如何在过去几千年中对作物具有广泛的致病性，而这些作物却从未在冰岛出现过。
{"title":"From lichens to crops: Pathogenic potential of Pseudomonas syringae from Peltigera lichens is similar to worldwide epidemic strains","authors":"Natalia Ramírez, Emma Caullireau, Margrét Auður Sigurbjörnsdóttir, Elodie Vandelle, Oddur Vilhelmsson, Cindy E. Morris","doi":"10.1111/ppa.13915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13915","url":null,"abstract":"The presence of bacteria belonging to the <jats:italic>Pseudomonas syringae</jats:italic> complex in the natural vegetation of several Icelandic habitat types has been recently reported, raising questions about the risk to Icelandic crops, particularly given the expected increase in agricultural activity due to climate warming. This study takes advantage of Iceland's unique characteristics and the discovery of <jats:italic>P</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>syringae</jats:italic> in <jats:italic>Peltigera</jats:italic> lichens to gain a better understanding of the potential risk posed by this newly discovered ecological niche. The main objective was to evaluate the pathogenic potential and fitness in crops of <jats:italic>P</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>syringae</jats:italic> strains isolated from <jats:italic>Peltigera</jats:italic> lichen sampled in Iceland, focusing on strains that belong to phylogroups 1 and 2, which commonly contain epidemic strains. The results indicate that <jats:italic>P</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>syringae</jats:italic> strains isolated from Icelandic <jats:italic>Peltigera</jats:italic> lichen have a comparable fitness to epidemic strains in 8 out of 10 tested plant species (rice, tomato, thale cress, annual mugwort, spinach, garlic chives, tobacco and kale). Furthermore, pathogenicity assessment on three plant species highlighted that certain strains also caused similar symptoms and disease severity compared to epidemic strains. These findings provide valuable insights into the potential risks posed by <jats:italic>P</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>syringae</jats:italic> from Icelandic natural habitats and illustrate how strains from these habitats have a wide pathogenic potential to crops without having encountered these crops in the last several thousand years of their presence in Iceland.","PeriodicalId":20075,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140831868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chunxiu Jiang, Yuzhi Xu, Yibin Wei, Muhammad Tahir Khan, Yuling Wu, Huojian Li, Jun Chen, Chi Zhang, Lifang Zeng, Muqing Zhang
Sugarcane midrib red rot caused by Colletotrichum falcatum is widespread in China. Standardizing the resistance evaluation methods and screening resistant varieties against this disease is crucial. C. falcatum was determined as the causal agent of midrib red rot by isolating and identifying pathogenic fungi from diseased leaves in Guangxi, China. A field trial of 237 sugarcane genotypes was conducted for three consecutive years to investigate disease incidence and indices for three experimental sites in Guangxi. The combined analysis of variance showed that disease incidence was significantly affected by genotype, year, location and their interactions. Cluster and discriminant analysis showed that 237 sugarcane genotypes were classified into five categories, including 20 as highly resistant, 82 as resistant, 71 as moderately susceptible, 46 as susceptible and 18 as highly susceptible. This study has enhanced our understanding of sugarcane resistance to midrib red rot, selected disease‐resistant parents and laid the foundation for developing elite disease‐resistant varieties.
{"title":"Occurrence and field evaluation of promising sugarcane genotypes for resistance to midrib red rot disease in China","authors":"Chunxiu Jiang, Yuzhi Xu, Yibin Wei, Muhammad Tahir Khan, Yuling Wu, Huojian Li, Jun Chen, Chi Zhang, Lifang Zeng, Muqing Zhang","doi":"10.1111/ppa.13907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13907","url":null,"abstract":"Sugarcane midrib red rot caused by <jats:italic>Colletotrichum falcatum</jats:italic> is widespread in China. Standardizing the resistance evaluation methods and screening resistant varieties against this disease is crucial. <jats:italic>C. falcatum</jats:italic> was determined as the causal agent of midrib red rot by isolating and identifying pathogenic fungi from diseased leaves in Guangxi, China. A field trial of 237 sugarcane genotypes was conducted for three consecutive years to investigate disease incidence and indices for three experimental sites in Guangxi. The combined analysis of variance showed that disease incidence was significantly affected by genotype, year, location and their interactions. Cluster and discriminant analysis showed that 237 sugarcane genotypes were classified into five categories, including 20 as highly resistant, 82 as resistant, 71 as moderately susceptible, 46 as susceptible and 18 as highly susceptible. This study has enhanced our understanding of sugarcane resistance to midrib red rot, selected disease‐resistant parents and laid the foundation for developing elite disease‐resistant varieties.","PeriodicalId":20075,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140798648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sharella Schop, Floor van den Ham, Ellen van Oorschot, Sander R. Grapendaal, Elma Raaijmakers, Rene A. A. van der Vlugt
Yellowing viruses are an increasing threat to sugar beet cultivation, due to limitations on insecticide usage and climate change. Virus detection, monitoring and resistance breeding are key to secure high sugar beet yields in the future. For this research, a one‐step multiplex reverse transcription (mRT)‐PCR method was designed to detect simultaneously beet mild yellowing virus, beet chlorosis virus, beet yellows virus (BYV), beet mosaic virus and turnip yellows virus. The addition of Luminex xTAG array technology was used as a follow‐up method to increase assay specificity. The one‐step mRT‐PCR was evaluated on 22 field samples with single and mixed virus infections. The xTAG assay works as expected both in a simplex and multiplex setting, except that BYV detection needs optimization in the multiplex setting. In the future, the Luminex xTAG assay would be an excellent method for the detection of beet yellowing viruses due to its high specificity and the potential to increase the number of targets.
{"title":"Development of a one‐step multiplex reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction and Luminex xTAG assay for the simultaneous detection of yellowing viruses infecting sugar beet","authors":"Sharella Schop, Floor van den Ham, Ellen van Oorschot, Sander R. Grapendaal, Elma Raaijmakers, Rene A. A. van der Vlugt","doi":"10.1111/ppa.13911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13911","url":null,"abstract":"Yellowing viruses are an increasing threat to sugar beet cultivation, due to limitations on insecticide usage and climate change. Virus detection, monitoring and resistance breeding are key to secure high sugar beet yields in the future. For this research, a one‐step multiplex reverse transcription (mRT)‐PCR method was designed to detect simultaneously beet mild yellowing virus, beet chlorosis virus, beet yellows virus (BYV), beet mosaic virus and turnip yellows virus. The addition of Luminex xTAG array technology was used as a follow‐up method to increase assay specificity. The one‐step mRT‐PCR was evaluated on 22 field samples with single and mixed virus infections. The xTAG assay works as expected both in a simplex and multiplex setting, except that BYV detection needs optimization in the multiplex setting. In the future, the Luminex xTAG assay would be an excellent method for the detection of beet yellowing viruses due to its high specificity and the potential to increase the number of targets.","PeriodicalId":20075,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology","volume":"279 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140806715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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