Introduction: Stemona tuberosa Lour. (ST) is a significant traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) renowned for its antitussive and insecticidal properties. ST is commonly subjected to processing in clinical practice before being utilized as a medicinal substance. Currently, the customary technique for processing ST is honey-fried. Nevertheless, the specific variations in chemical constituents of ST before and after honey-fried remain unclear.
Objective: This work aimed to analyze the variations in chemical constituents of ST before and after honey-fried and to study the distribution of differential markers in the roots.
Methods: UPLC-Orbitrap Fusion MS combined with molecular network analysis was used to analyze the metabolome of ST and honey-fried ST (HST) and to screen the differential metabolites by multivariate statistical analysis. Spatial metabolomics was applied to study the distribution of differential metabolites by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (DESI-MSI).
Results: The ST and HST exhibited notable disparities, with 56 and 61 chemical constituents found from each, respectively. After processing, the types of alkaloids decreased, and 12 differential metabolites were screened from the common compounds. The notable component variations were epibisdehydro-tuberostemonine J, neostenine, tuberostemonine, croomine, neotuberostemonine, and so forth. MSI visualized the spatial distribution of differential metabolites.
Conclusions: Our research provided a rapid and effective visualization method for the identification and spatial distribution of metabolites in ST. Compared with the traditional method, this method offered more convincing data supporting the processing mechanism investigations of Stemona tuberosa from a macroscopic perspective.
介绍:Stemona tuberosa Lour.(ST) 是一种重要的传统中药,以其止咳和杀虫特性而闻名。在临床实践中,茎叶通常要经过加工才能用作药材。目前,加工 ST 的习惯技术是蜜炒。然而,蜜炒前后 ST 化学成分的具体变化仍不清楚:本研究旨在分析蜜炒前后 ST 化学成分的变化,并研究差异标记物在根中的分布:方法:采用 UPLC-Orbitrap Fusion MS 结合分子网络分析技术分析蜜炒 ST 和蜜炒 ST(HST)的代谢组,并通过多元统计分析筛选差异代谢物。通过解吸电喷雾电离质谱成像(DESI-MSI),应用空间代谢组学研究了差异代谢物的分布:结果:ST 和 HST 表现出明显的差异,分别发现了 56 和 61 种化学成分。经过处理后,生物碱的种类有所减少,从普通化合物中筛选出了 12 种不同的代谢物。值得注意的成分变化是表双脱氢柚木碱 J、新柚木碱、柚木碱、新柚木碱等。MSI 对不同代谢物的空间分布进行了可视化分析:我们的研究为 ST 中代谢物的鉴定和空间分布提供了一种快速有效的可视化方法。结论:我们的研究为 ST 代谢物的鉴定和空间分布提供了快速有效的可视化方法,与传统方法相比,该方法从宏观角度为 Stemona tuberosa 的加工机制研究提供了更有说服力的数据支持。
{"title":"Spatial metabolomics method to reveal the differences in chemical composition of raw and honey-fried Stemona tuberosa Lour. by using UPLC-Orbitrap Fusion MS and desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging.","authors":"Haixuan Xiong, Shuding Sun, Weiwei Zhang, Di Zhao, Xuefang Liu, Yange Tian, Suxiang Feng","doi":"10.1002/pca.3428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.3428","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Stemona tuberosa Lour. (ST) is a significant traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) renowned for its antitussive and insecticidal properties. ST is commonly subjected to processing in clinical practice before being utilized as a medicinal substance. Currently, the customary technique for processing ST is honey-fried. Nevertheless, the specific variations in chemical constituents of ST before and after honey-fried remain unclear.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This work aimed to analyze the variations in chemical constituents of ST before and after honey-fried and to study the distribution of differential markers in the roots.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>UPLC-Orbitrap Fusion MS combined with molecular network analysis was used to analyze the metabolome of ST and honey-fried ST (HST) and to screen the differential metabolites by multivariate statistical analysis. Spatial metabolomics was applied to study the distribution of differential metabolites by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (DESI-MSI).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The ST and HST exhibited notable disparities, with 56 and 61 chemical constituents found from each, respectively. After processing, the types of alkaloids decreased, and 12 differential metabolites were screened from the common compounds. The notable component variations were epibisdehydro-tuberostemonine J, neostenine, tuberostemonine, croomine, neotuberostemonine, and so forth. MSI visualized the spatial distribution of differential metabolites.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our research provided a rapid and effective visualization method for the identification and spatial distribution of metabolites in ST. Compared with the traditional method, this method offered more convincing data supporting the processing mechanism investigations of Stemona tuberosa from a macroscopic perspective.</p>","PeriodicalId":20095,"journal":{"name":"Phytochemical Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141788853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Magnoliae officinalis cortex (MOC) has been used for thousands of years as a traditional Chinese herb. In Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 edition), it has two types of decoction pieces, raw Magnoliae officinalis cortex (RMOC) and ginger juice processed Magnoliae officinalis cortex (GMOC). The quality difference between RMOC and GMOC has not been explored systemically.
Objective: This study aimed to discover the quality difference between RMOC and GMOC, and clarify the effect of ginger juice during processing comprehensively.
Methods: Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were applied to study the non-volatile and volatile components of RMOC and GMOC; electronic eye was applied for color measurement. Meanwhile, water processed Magnoliae officinalis cortex (WMOC) was studied as the blank sample.
Results: There were 155 non-volatile and 72 volatile substances identified. Between RMOC and GMOC, 29 distinctive non-volatile and 34 distinctive volatile compounds were detected, among which 23 new compounds appeared and five compounds disappeared due to the addition of ginger juice during processing. The intensities of 12 common non-volatile compounds and the relative percentage contents of four common volatile compounds showed significant differences between RMOC and GMOC. In color measurement of RMOC, GMOC, and WMOC, 14 common compounds with significant differences were discovered related to their color values, and their mathematical prediction functions were built.
Conclusion: There were significant differences between RMOC and GMOC; the processing mechanism of GMOC would be carried out based on the differential compounds in further investigation.
{"title":"Study on the quality difference between raw and ginger juice processed Magnoliae officinalis cortex by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and GC-MS coupled with color measurement.","authors":"Yufang Qi, Kewei Zhang, Yingtong Ren, Xingchen Fan, Jing Wang, Tulin Lu, Chunqin Mao","doi":"10.1002/pca.3424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.3424","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Magnoliae officinalis cortex (MOC) has been used for thousands of years as a traditional Chinese herb. In Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 edition), it has two types of decoction pieces, raw Magnoliae officinalis cortex (RMOC) and ginger juice processed Magnoliae officinalis cortex (GMOC). The quality difference between RMOC and GMOC has not been explored systemically.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to discover the quality difference between RMOC and GMOC, and clarify the effect of ginger juice during processing comprehensively.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were applied to study the non-volatile and volatile components of RMOC and GMOC; electronic eye was applied for color measurement. Meanwhile, water processed Magnoliae officinalis cortex (WMOC) was studied as the blank sample.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were 155 non-volatile and 72 volatile substances identified. Between RMOC and GMOC, 29 distinctive non-volatile and 34 distinctive volatile compounds were detected, among which 23 new compounds appeared and five compounds disappeared due to the addition of ginger juice during processing. The intensities of 12 common non-volatile compounds and the relative percentage contents of four common volatile compounds showed significant differences between RMOC and GMOC. In color measurement of RMOC, GMOC, and WMOC, 14 common compounds with significant differences were discovered related to their color values, and their mathematical prediction functions were built.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There were significant differences between RMOC and GMOC; the processing mechanism of GMOC would be carried out based on the differential compounds in further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":20095,"journal":{"name":"Phytochemical Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141760318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Rosa rugosa var. plena Rehd (CBR) and Rosa chinensis cv. "JinBian" (JBR) are two common species used in rose tea among different original species. CBR, the officially documented original plant of the rose species for food and medicinal purposes, is more costly than JBR. With increasing demand for different rose teas, it is meaningful to compare the chemical constituents for their quality control and reveal their skin-whitening components that will provide in-depth insights for the expansion of the rose tea industry.
Objective: This study aims to reveal the chemical variances between CBR and JBR and determine their skin-whitening components.
Methodology: A strategy obtained by combining MS-based plant-metabolomics with spectrum-effect relationship analysis has been proposed for unveiling chemical differences between CBR and JBR and further exploring their potential skin-whitening components.
Results: A total of 2030 metabolites were found that revealed considerable differences between CBR and JBR. The results of bioactivity assay demonstrated that JBR exhibited stronger tyrosinase inhibition activity than CBR. Six potential skin-whitening compounds (di-O-galloyl-HHDP-glucoside, tri-O-galloyl-HHDP-glucoside, spiraeoside, quinic acid, rugosin A, and 1,2,3,6-tetra-O-galloyl-glucose) were discovered as potential tyrosinase inhibitors, via spectrum-effect relationship analysis. This is the first time that di-O-galloyl-HHDP-glucoside, tri-O-galloyl-HHDP-glucoside, rugosin A, and 1,2,3,6-tetra-O-galloyl-glucose have been reported with tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Additionally, molecular docking analysis was used to reveal the inhibition mechanism of these compounds toward tyrosinase.
Conclusion: The finding of this study will be of great importance for the quality control of the two types of rose teas, and the revealed active ingredients will provide in-depth insights for the expansion of the rose tea industry.
简介Rosa rugosa var. plena Rehd(CBR)和 Rosa chinensis cv. "JinBian"(JBR)是不同原种中用于玫瑰花茶的两个常见品种。CBR 是官方记载的食用和药用玫瑰原种,价格高于 JBR。随着人们对不同玫瑰花茶的需求不断增加,比较其化学成分以控制其质量并揭示其美白成分是很有意义的,这将为玫瑰花茶产业的发展提供深入的见解:本研究旨在揭示 CBR 和 JBR 之间的化学差异,并确定其美白成分:方法:提出了一种基于 MS 的植物代谢组学与谱效关系分析相结合的策略,以揭示 CBR 和 JBR 之间的化学差异,并进一步探索其潜在的美白成分:结果:共发现 2030 种代谢物,揭示了 CBR 和 JBR 之间的显著差异。生物活性测定结果表明,JBR 比 CBR 具有更强的酪氨酸酶抑制活性。通过谱效关系分析,发现了六种潜在的美白化合物(二-O-缩水甘油基-HHDP-葡萄糖苷、三-O-缩水甘油基-HHDP-葡萄糖苷、螺旋苷、奎宁酸、地毯苷 A 和 1,2,3,6-四-O-缩水甘油基-葡萄糖)是潜在的酪氨酸酶抑制剂。这是首次报道二-O-缩水甘油-HHDP-葡萄糖苷、三-O-缩水甘油-HHDP-葡萄糖苷、芦可新 A 和 1,2,3,6- 四-O-缩水甘油-葡萄糖具有抑制酪氨酸酶的活性。此外,还利用分子对接分析揭示了这些化合物对酪氨酸酶的抑制机制:本研究的发现对两种玫瑰花茶的质量控制具有重要意义,所揭示的有效成分将为玫瑰花茶产业的拓展提供深入的见解。
{"title":"Comparative study on metabolite variations of two rose teas by plant metabolomics and revealing their skin-whitening candidates by spectrum-effect relationship analysis.","authors":"Jian Xu, Hongwei Ye, Xindan Zhang, Yangbin Lv, Shengqiang Tong, Biao Liu, Zhimin Ou, Chu Chu","doi":"10.1002/pca.3420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.3420","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Rosa rugosa var. plena Rehd (CBR) and Rosa chinensis cv. \"JinBian\" (JBR) are two common species used in rose tea among different original species. CBR, the officially documented original plant of the rose species for food and medicinal purposes, is more costly than JBR. With increasing demand for different rose teas, it is meaningful to compare the chemical constituents for their quality control and reveal their skin-whitening components that will provide in-depth insights for the expansion of the rose tea industry.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aims to reveal the chemical variances between CBR and JBR and determine their skin-whitening components.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>A strategy obtained by combining MS-based plant-metabolomics with spectrum-effect relationship analysis has been proposed for unveiling chemical differences between CBR and JBR and further exploring their potential skin-whitening components.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 2030 metabolites were found that revealed considerable differences between CBR and JBR. The results of bioactivity assay demonstrated that JBR exhibited stronger tyrosinase inhibition activity than CBR. Six potential skin-whitening compounds (di-O-galloyl-HHDP-glucoside, tri-O-galloyl-HHDP-glucoside, spiraeoside, quinic acid, rugosin A, and 1,2,3,6-tetra-O-galloyl-glucose) were discovered as potential tyrosinase inhibitors, via spectrum-effect relationship analysis. This is the first time that di-O-galloyl-HHDP-glucoside, tri-O-galloyl-HHDP-glucoside, rugosin A, and 1,2,3,6-tetra-O-galloyl-glucose have been reported with tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Additionally, molecular docking analysis was used to reveal the inhibition mechanism of these compounds toward tyrosinase.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The finding of this study will be of great importance for the quality control of the two types of rose teas, and the revealed active ingredients will provide in-depth insights for the expansion of the rose tea industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":20095,"journal":{"name":"Phytochemical Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141760317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Marsdeniae tenacissimae Caulis (MTC), a popular traditional Chinese medicine, has been widely used in the treatment of tumor diseases. Paederiae scandens Caulis (PSC), which is similar in appearance to MTC, is a common counterfeit product. It is difficult for traditional methods to effectively distinguish between MTC and PSC. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a rapid and accurate method to identify MTC and PSC.
Objectives: The aim is to distinguish between MTC and PSC by analyzing the differences in nonvolatile organic compounds (NVOCs), taste, odor, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
Methods: Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was utilized to analyze the NVOCs of MTC and PSC. Electronic tongue (E-tongue) and electronic nose (E-nose) were used to analyze their taste and odor respectively. Gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) was applied to analyze VOCs. Finally, multivariate statistical analyses were conducted to further investigate the differences between MTC and PSC, including principal component analysis, orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis, discriminant factor analysis, and soft independent modeling of class analysis.
Results: The results of this study indicate that the integrated strategy of LC-MS, E-tongue, E-nose, GC-IMS, and multivariate statistical analysis can be effectively applied to distinguish between MTC and PSC. Using LC-MS, 25 NVOCs were identified in MTC, while 18 NVOCs were identified in PSC. The major compounds in MTC are steroids, while the major compounds in PSC are iridoid glycosides. Similarly, the distinct taste difference between MTC and PSC was precisely revealed by the E-tongue. Specifically, the pronounced bitterness in PSC was proven to stem from iridoid glycosides, whereas the bitterness evident in MTC was intimately tied to steroids. The E-nose detected eight odor components in MTC and six in PSC, respectively. The subsequent statistical analysis uncovered notable differences in their odor profiles. GC-IMS provided a visual representation of the differences in VOCs between MTC and PSC. The results indicated a relatively high relative content of 82 VOCs in MTC, contrasted with 32 VOCs exhibiting a similarly high relative content in PSC.
Conclusion: In this study, for the first time, the combined use of LC-MS, E-tongue, E-nose, GC-IMS, and multivariate statistical analysis has proven to be an effective method for distinguishing between MTC and PSC from multiple perspectives. This approach provides a valuable reference for the identification of other visually similar traditional Chinese medicines.
{"title":"A strategy to distinguish similar traditional Chinese medicines by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, electronic senses, and gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry: Marsdeniae tenacissimae Caulis and Paederiae scandens Caulis as examples.","authors":"Jia-Wei Wang, Zhi-Dong Pei, Yue-Hua Chen, Si-Yu Li, Tian-Min Wang, Ting-Guo Kang, Na Li, Ya-Mei Song, Hui-Peng Song, Hui Zhang","doi":"10.1002/pca.3425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.3425","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Marsdeniae tenacissimae Caulis (MTC), a popular traditional Chinese medicine, has been widely used in the treatment of tumor diseases. Paederiae scandens Caulis (PSC), which is similar in appearance to MTC, is a common counterfeit product. It is difficult for traditional methods to effectively distinguish between MTC and PSC. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a rapid and accurate method to identify MTC and PSC.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The aim is to distinguish between MTC and PSC by analyzing the differences in nonvolatile organic compounds (NVOCs), taste, odor, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was utilized to analyze the NVOCs of MTC and PSC. Electronic tongue (E-tongue) and electronic nose (E-nose) were used to analyze their taste and odor respectively. Gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) was applied to analyze VOCs. Finally, multivariate statistical analyses were conducted to further investigate the differences between MTC and PSC, including principal component analysis, orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis, discriminant factor analysis, and soft independent modeling of class analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results of this study indicate that the integrated strategy of LC-MS, E-tongue, E-nose, GC-IMS, and multivariate statistical analysis can be effectively applied to distinguish between MTC and PSC. Using LC-MS, 25 NVOCs were identified in MTC, while 18 NVOCs were identified in PSC. The major compounds in MTC are steroids, while the major compounds in PSC are iridoid glycosides. Similarly, the distinct taste difference between MTC and PSC was precisely revealed by the E-tongue. Specifically, the pronounced bitterness in PSC was proven to stem from iridoid glycosides, whereas the bitterness evident in MTC was intimately tied to steroids. The E-nose detected eight odor components in MTC and six in PSC, respectively. The subsequent statistical analysis uncovered notable differences in their odor profiles. GC-IMS provided a visual representation of the differences in VOCs between MTC and PSC. The results indicated a relatively high relative content of 82 VOCs in MTC, contrasted with 32 VOCs exhibiting a similarly high relative content in PSC.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In this study, for the first time, the combined use of LC-MS, E-tongue, E-nose, GC-IMS, and multivariate statistical analysis has proven to be an effective method for distinguishing between MTC and PSC from multiple perspectives. This approach provides a valuable reference for the identification of other visually similar traditional Chinese medicines.</p>","PeriodicalId":20095,"journal":{"name":"Phytochemical Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141734910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Falco Beer, Christoph H Weinert, Johannes Wellmann, Silke Hillebrand, Jakob Peter Ley, Sebastian T Soukup, Sabine E Kulling
Introduction: Untargeted metabolomics is a powerful tool that provides strategies for gaining a systematic understanding of quantitative changes in the levels of metabolites, especially when combining different metabolomic platforms. Vanilla is one of the world's most popular flavors originating from cured pods of the orchid Vanilla planifolia. However, only a few studies have investigated the metabolome of V. planifolia, and no LC-MS or GC-MS metabolomics studies with respect to leaves have been performed.
Objective: The aim of the study was to comprehensively characterize the metabolome of different organs (leaves, internodes, and aerial roots) of V. planifolia.
Material and methods: Characterization of the metabolome was achieved using two complementary platforms (GC × GC-MS, LC-QToF-MS), and metabolite identification was based on a comparison with in-house databases or curated external spectral libraries.
Results: In total, 127 metabolites could be identified with high certainty (confidence level 1 or 2) including sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, organic acids, and amines/amides but also secondary metabolites such as vanillin-related metabolites, flavonoids, and terpenoids. Ninty-eight metabolites showed significantly different intensities between the plant organs. Most strikingly, aglycons of flavonoids and vanillin-related metabolites were elevated in aerial roots, whereas its O-glycoside forms tended to be higher in leaves and/or internodes. This suggests that the more bioactive aglycones may accumulate where preferably needed, e.g. for defense against pathogens.
Conclusion: The results derived from the study substantially expand the knowledge regarding the vanilla metabolome forming a valuable basis for more targeted investigations in future studies, e.g. towards an optimization of vanilla plant cultivation.
{"title":"Comprehensive metabolome characterization of leaves, internodes, and aerial roots of Vanilla planifolia by untargeted LC-MS and GC × GC-MS.","authors":"Falco Beer, Christoph H Weinert, Johannes Wellmann, Silke Hillebrand, Jakob Peter Ley, Sebastian T Soukup, Sabine E Kulling","doi":"10.1002/pca.3414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.3414","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Untargeted metabolomics is a powerful tool that provides strategies for gaining a systematic understanding of quantitative changes in the levels of metabolites, especially when combining different metabolomic platforms. Vanilla is one of the world's most popular flavors originating from cured pods of the orchid Vanilla planifolia. However, only a few studies have investigated the metabolome of V. planifolia, and no LC-MS or GC-MS metabolomics studies with respect to leaves have been performed.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of the study was to comprehensively characterize the metabolome of different organs (leaves, internodes, and aerial roots) of V. planifolia.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Characterization of the metabolome was achieved using two complementary platforms (GC × GC-MS, LC-QToF-MS), and metabolite identification was based on a comparison with in-house databases or curated external spectral libraries.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 127 metabolites could be identified with high certainty (confidence level 1 or 2) including sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, organic acids, and amines/amides but also secondary metabolites such as vanillin-related metabolites, flavonoids, and terpenoids. Ninty-eight metabolites showed significantly different intensities between the plant organs. Most strikingly, aglycons of flavonoids and vanillin-related metabolites were elevated in aerial roots, whereas its O-glycoside forms tended to be higher in leaves and/or internodes. This suggests that the more bioactive aglycones may accumulate where preferably needed, e.g. for defense against pathogens.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results derived from the study substantially expand the knowledge regarding the vanilla metabolome forming a valuable basis for more targeted investigations in future studies, e.g. towards an optimization of vanilla plant cultivation.</p>","PeriodicalId":20095,"journal":{"name":"Phytochemical Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141734911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Nicotine, a highly addictive substance, is naturally produced in the Solanaceae family of plants, particularly tobacco. The presence of nicotine in plant foods has adverse effects on the lungs, kidneys, heart, and reproductive system.
Objective: A novel three-phase microchip flat electromembrane coupled with online high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed to analyze nicotine in tomato, mushroom, eggplant, bell pepper, and red pepper.
Methods: The microchip was connected to the HPLC in online mode. All effective variables were optimized to achieve the best extraction response. The use of electric potential and 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether -5% di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate as a modified supported liquid membrane (SLM) increased the sensitivity and selectivity.
Results: The optimal extraction voltage, extraction time, and ion balance were 40 V, 10 min and 0, respectively. The dynamic linear range was 0.5-1000 ng g-1. The obtained recovery, relative standard deviation, and enrichment factor were 98%, 7%, and 35, respectively. The limits of detection 0.4 ng g-1 and the limits of quantification were obtained 1.3 ng g-1. The highest (105.0 ng g-1) and lowest (3.4 ng g-1) concentrations of nicotine were obtained for eggplant and tomato, respectively.
Conclusion: Selective electromembrane extraction of nicotine from the donor phase to the acceptor phase was performed by optimizing the main variables influencing the method mechanism. The new channel design in this analytical system and online injection increased efficiency, stability, and repeatability. The results revealed that this method is capable for the efficient determination of trace amount of nicotine in edible vegetables.
简介:尼古丁是一种极易上瘾的物质,天然存在于茄科植物,尤其是烟草中。植物性食品中的尼古丁会对肺、肾、心脏和生殖系统产生不良影响:开发了一种新型三相微芯片平板电解质膜在线高效液相色谱法(HPLC),用于分析番茄、蘑菇、茄子、甜椒和红辣椒中的尼古丁:方法:微芯片与高效液相色谱在线连接。对所有有效变量进行了优化,以获得最佳萃取反应。使用电动势和 2-硝基苯辛基醚-5%二(2-乙基己基)磷酸酯作为改性支撑液膜(SLM)提高了灵敏度和选择性:最佳萃取电压、萃取时间和离子平衡分别为 40 V、10 min 和 0。动态线性范围为 0.5-1000 ng g-1。回收率、相对标准偏差和富集因子分别为 98%、7% 和 35。检测限为 0.4 ng g-1,定量限为 1.3 ng g-1。茄子和番茄的尼古丁浓度分别最高(105.0 ng g-1)和最低(3.4 ng g-1):结论:通过优化影响方法机制的主要变量,实现了从供体相到受体相的尼古丁选择性电解膜萃取。该分析系统的新型通道设计和在线进样提高了效率、稳定性和重复性。结果表明,该方法能有效测定食用蔬菜中的痕量尼古丁。
{"title":"An efficient microchip electromembrane extraction online with high-performance liquid chromatography for the measurement of nicotine in high consumption vegetables.","authors":"Fatemeh Barzegar, Marzieh Kamankesh, Abdorreza Mohammadi","doi":"10.1002/pca.3418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.3418","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Nicotine, a highly addictive substance, is naturally produced in the Solanaceae family of plants, particularly tobacco. The presence of nicotine in plant foods has adverse effects on the lungs, kidneys, heart, and reproductive system.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>A novel three-phase microchip flat electromembrane coupled with online high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed to analyze nicotine in tomato, mushroom, eggplant, bell pepper, and red pepper.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The microchip was connected to the HPLC in online mode. All effective variables were optimized to achieve the best extraction response. The use of electric potential and 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether -5% di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate as a modified supported liquid membrane (SLM) increased the sensitivity and selectivity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The optimal extraction voltage, extraction time, and ion balance were 40 V, 10 min and 0, respectively. The dynamic linear range was 0.5-1000 ng g<sup>-1</sup>. The obtained recovery, relative standard deviation, and enrichment factor were 98%, 7%, and 35, respectively. The limits of detection 0.4 ng g<sup>-1</sup> and the limits of quantification were obtained 1.3 ng g<sup>-1</sup>. The highest (105.0 ng g<sup>-1</sup>) and lowest (3.4 ng g<sup>-1</sup>) concentrations of nicotine were obtained for eggplant and tomato, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Selective electromembrane extraction of nicotine from the donor phase to the acceptor phase was performed by optimizing the main variables influencing the method mechanism. The new channel design in this analytical system and online injection increased efficiency, stability, and repeatability. The results revealed that this method is capable for the efficient determination of trace amount of nicotine in edible vegetables.</p>","PeriodicalId":20095,"journal":{"name":"Phytochemical Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141731406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Corydalis DC., the largest genus of Papaveraceae, comprises numerous species known for their abundant alkaloid content and historical use in clinical medicine. Recently, a new species of genus Corydalis named Corydalis huangshanensis Lu Q. Huang & H. S. Peng was discovered in the Huangshan Mountains of Anhui Province, China.
Objective: To compare the chemical characteristics of C. huangshanensis and other 13 Corydalis species, aiming to elucidate the potential medicinal value of this new species.
Materials and methods: The chemical constituents of C. huangshanensis and other 13 medicinal plants of genus Corydalis were analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography Q-Exactive Plus hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometer (Q-Orbitrap) mass technology. The differences in the alkaloids in the 14 species were distinguished by chemometrics.
Results: The mass spectrometry fragmentation information and relative content of 72 alkaloids were obtained. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and cluster heat mapping analysis showed that these 14 species were divided into two groups. The clustering relationship between C. huangshanensis and C. decumbens (Thunb.) Pers. was similar, exhibiting similar chemical compositions and characteristics. These results indicate the potential pharmacological effects of C. huangshanensis.
Conclusion: This study enhances our understanding of the chemical classification of Corydalis and provides a basis for speculations on the medicinal value of C. huangshanensis.
{"title":"Alkaloid profiling of the new species Corydalis huangshanensis and other 13 medicinal plants in genus Corydalis.","authors":"Haiwen Zhang, Shanshan Chu, Lu Jiang, Qingyun Chan, Zhenyu Zhang, Ming'en Cheng","doi":"10.1002/pca.3417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.3417","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Corydalis DC., the largest genus of Papaveraceae, comprises numerous species known for their abundant alkaloid content and historical use in clinical medicine. Recently, a new species of genus Corydalis named Corydalis huangshanensis Lu Q. Huang & H. S. Peng was discovered in the Huangshan Mountains of Anhui Province, China.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To compare the chemical characteristics of C. huangshanensis and other 13 Corydalis species, aiming to elucidate the potential medicinal value of this new species.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The chemical constituents of C. huangshanensis and other 13 medicinal plants of genus Corydalis were analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography Q-Exactive Plus hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometer (Q-Orbitrap) mass technology. The differences in the alkaloids in the 14 species were distinguished by chemometrics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mass spectrometry fragmentation information and relative content of 72 alkaloids were obtained. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and cluster heat mapping analysis showed that these 14 species were divided into two groups. The clustering relationship between C. huangshanensis and C. decumbens (Thunb.) Pers. was similar, exhibiting similar chemical compositions and characteristics. These results indicate the potential pharmacological effects of C. huangshanensis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study enhances our understanding of the chemical classification of Corydalis and provides a basis for speculations on the medicinal value of C. huangshanensis.</p>","PeriodicalId":20095,"journal":{"name":"Phytochemical Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141627328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yangfei Wei, Tao Chen, Hai Song, Shuo Wang, Cheng Shen, Xiaojun Wang, Yulin Li, Junke Wang
Introduction: Screening of novel pancreatic lipase inhibitors from complex natural products is a meaningful task.
Objectives: Through accurately screening and separating pancreatic lipase inhibitors from Clematis tangutica (C. tangutica), to discover new leading compounds for slimming and accelerate the development and utilization of Tibetan medicine resources.
Methods: An integrated strategy that combines affinity ultrafiltration and high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (AU-HPLC-QTOFMS), targeted separation, in vitro validation, and molecular docking was developed to screen pancreatic lipase inhibitors from C. tangutica. The AU-HPLC-QTOFMS technique was performed to fish for the potential active substances. Macroporous resin, preparative liquid chromatography, and high-speed countercurrent chromatography were implemented for the accurate and targeted separation of active compounds. The inhibitory activities of target compounds to pancreatic lipase were detected by the inhibition experiments in vitro. The binding affinities and binding sites were analyzed using molecular docking.
Results: A total of eleven kinds of pancreatic lipase inhibitory substances were screened from C. tangutica. Seven triterpenoid saponins were screened for the first time as lipase inhibitors and successfully prepared with purities higher than 97%. Tanguticoside B, clematangoticoside J, hederoside H1, and rutin showed stronger inhibitory effects with IC50 values of 1.539 ± 0.048, 1.661 ± 0.092, 1.793 ± 0.069, and 1.792 ± 0.094 mmol/l. Moreover, they have the lowest ΔG values of -10.84, -9.97, -10.87, and -9.39 kcal/mol to pancreatic lipase.
Conclusion: The integrated strategy using AU-HPLC-QTOFMS, targeted separation, in vitro validation, and molecular docking was feasible for rapidly screening and directionally isolating pancreatic lipase inhibitors from C. tangutica.
{"title":"Rapidly screening of pancreatic lipase inhibitors from Clematis tangutica using affinity ultrafiltration-HPLC-QTOFMS technique combined with targeted separation, in vitro validation, and molecular docking.","authors":"Yangfei Wei, Tao Chen, Hai Song, Shuo Wang, Cheng Shen, Xiaojun Wang, Yulin Li, Junke Wang","doi":"10.1002/pca.3422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.3422","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Screening of novel pancreatic lipase inhibitors from complex natural products is a meaningful task.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Through accurately screening and separating pancreatic lipase inhibitors from Clematis tangutica (C. tangutica), to discover new leading compounds for slimming and accelerate the development and utilization of Tibetan medicine resources.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An integrated strategy that combines affinity ultrafiltration and high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (AU-HPLC-QTOFMS), targeted separation, in vitro validation, and molecular docking was developed to screen pancreatic lipase inhibitors from C. tangutica. The AU-HPLC-QTOFMS technique was performed to fish for the potential active substances. Macroporous resin, preparative liquid chromatography, and high-speed countercurrent chromatography were implemented for the accurate and targeted separation of active compounds. The inhibitory activities of target compounds to pancreatic lipase were detected by the inhibition experiments in vitro. The binding affinities and binding sites were analyzed using molecular docking.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of eleven kinds of pancreatic lipase inhibitory substances were screened from C. tangutica. Seven triterpenoid saponins were screened for the first time as lipase inhibitors and successfully prepared with purities higher than 97%. Tanguticoside B, clematangoticoside J, hederoside H<sub>1</sub>, and rutin showed stronger inhibitory effects with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 1.539 ± 0.048, 1.661 ± 0.092, 1.793 ± 0.069, and 1.792 ± 0.094 mmol/l. Moreover, they have the lowest ΔG values of -10.84, -9.97, -10.87, and -9.39 kcal/mol to pancreatic lipase.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The integrated strategy using AU-HPLC-QTOFMS, targeted separation, in vitro validation, and molecular docking was feasible for rapidly screening and directionally isolating pancreatic lipase inhibitors from C. tangutica.</p>","PeriodicalId":20095,"journal":{"name":"Phytochemical Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141620665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: The genus Salvia L., a member of the family Lamiaceae, is a keystone genus with a wide range of medicinal properties. It possesses a rich metabolite source that has long been used to treat different disorders.
Objectives: Due to a deficiency of untargeted metabolomic profiling in the genus Salvia, this work attempts to investigate a comprehensive mass spectral library matching, computational data annotations, exclusive biomarkers, specific chemotypes, intraspecific metabolite profile variation, and metabolite enrichment by a case study of five medicinal species of Salvia.
Material and methods: Aerial parts of each species were subjected to QTRAP liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis workflow based on untargeted metabolites. A comprehensive and multivariate analysis was acquired on the metabolite dataset utilizing MetaboAnalyst 6.0 and the Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS) Web Platform.
Results: The untargeted approach empowered the identification of 117 metabolites by library matching and 92 nodes annotated by automated matching. A machine learning algorithm as substructural topic modeling, MS2LDA, was further implemented to explore the metabolite substructures, resulting in four Mass2Motifs. The automated library newly discovered a total of 23 metabolites. In addition, 87 verified biomarkers of library matching, 58 biomarkers of GNPS annotations, and 11 specific chemotypes were screened.
Conclusion: Integrative spectral library matching and automated annotation by the GNPS platform provide comprehensive metabolite profiling through a workflow. In addition, QTRAP LC-MS/MS with multivariate analysis unveiled reliable information about inter and intraspecific levels of differentiation. The rigorous investigation of metabolite profiling presents a large-scale overview and new insights for chemotaxonomy and pharmaceutical studies.
{"title":"Metabolomics-based profiling of five Salvia L. (Lamiaceae) species using untargeted data analysis workflow.","authors":"Navaz Kharazian, Farzaneh Jafari Dehkordi, Chun-Lei Xiang","doi":"10.1002/pca.3423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.3423","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The genus Salvia L., a member of the family Lamiaceae, is a keystone genus with a wide range of medicinal properties. It possesses a rich metabolite source that has long been used to treat different disorders.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Due to a deficiency of untargeted metabolomic profiling in the genus Salvia, this work attempts to investigate a comprehensive mass spectral library matching, computational data annotations, exclusive biomarkers, specific chemotypes, intraspecific metabolite profile variation, and metabolite enrichment by a case study of five medicinal species of Salvia.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Aerial parts of each species were subjected to QTRAP liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis workflow based on untargeted metabolites. A comprehensive and multivariate analysis was acquired on the metabolite dataset utilizing MetaboAnalyst 6.0 and the Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS) Web Platform.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The untargeted approach empowered the identification of 117 metabolites by library matching and 92 nodes annotated by automated matching. A machine learning algorithm as substructural topic modeling, MS2LDA, was further implemented to explore the metabolite substructures, resulting in four Mass2Motifs. The automated library newly discovered a total of 23 metabolites. In addition, 87 verified biomarkers of library matching, 58 biomarkers of GNPS annotations, and 11 specific chemotypes were screened.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Integrative spectral library matching and automated annotation by the GNPS platform provide comprehensive metabolite profiling through a workflow. In addition, QTRAP LC-MS/MS with multivariate analysis unveiled reliable information about inter and intraspecific levels of differentiation. The rigorous investigation of metabolite profiling presents a large-scale overview and new insights for chemotaxonomy and pharmaceutical studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":20095,"journal":{"name":"Phytochemical Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141604022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Licorice, the dried roots and rhizomes of the Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., holds a prominent status in various formulations within the realm of Chinese medicinal practices. The traditional processing methods of licorice hinder quality assurance, thus prompting Chinese medicine researchers to focus on the fresh processing methods to enhancing processing efficiency and quality.
Objective: This study aimed to identify the differential compounds of licorice between traditional and fresh processing methods and provide a scientific basis for the fresh processing of licorice and for further research on the processing mechanism.
Methodology: A methodology integrating ultra-performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry combined with multivariate statistical analysis was employed to characterize the differential compounds present in licorice between traditional processing and fresh processing.
Results: The results derived from principal component analysis and heat map analyses underscored significant differences in the content of bioactive compounds between the two processing methods. By applying conditions of VIP > 1.5 and p < 0.05, a total of 38 differential compounds were identified through t tests, and the transformation mechanisms of select compounds were illustrated.
Conclusion: The adoption of fresh processing techniques not only improved processing efficiency but also significantly enhanced the preservation of bioactive compounds within licorice. This research has established a rapid and efficient analytical method for the identification of differential compounds present in differently processed licorice products.
简介甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.的干燥根茎)在中药领域的各种配方中占有重要地位。甘草的传统加工方法有碍质量保证,因此促使中药研究人员关注新鲜加工方法,以提高加工效率和质量:本研究旨在确定甘草在传统加工方法和新鲜加工方法中的差异化合物,为甘草的新鲜加工和进一步研究其加工机理提供科学依据:方法:采用超高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间串联质谱结合多元统计分析的方法,对传统加工和新鲜加工甘草中的差异化合物进行表征:结果:通过主成分分析和热图分析得出的结果表明,两种加工方法的生物活性化合物含量存在显著差异。在 VIP > 1.5 和 p 的条件下得出结论:采用新鲜加工技术不仅能提高加工效率,还能显著提高甘草中生物活性化合物的保存率。这项研究建立了一种快速高效的分析方法,用于鉴别不同加工甘草产品中的差异化合物。
{"title":"Effects of different post-harvest processing methods on changes in the active ingredients of licorice based on LC-MS and plant metabolomics.","authors":"Xiaoxu Sun, Zhongxing Song, Zhishu Tang, Jingao Yu, Xiuhe Fan, Yuangui Yang, Shuhui Yuan, Qiang Chen","doi":"10.1002/pca.3419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.3419","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Licorice, the dried roots and rhizomes of the Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., holds a prominent status in various formulations within the realm of Chinese medicinal practices. The traditional processing methods of licorice hinder quality assurance, thus prompting Chinese medicine researchers to focus on the fresh processing methods to enhancing processing efficiency and quality.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to identify the differential compounds of licorice between traditional and fresh processing methods and provide a scientific basis for the fresh processing of licorice and for further research on the processing mechanism.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>A methodology integrating ultra-performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry combined with multivariate statistical analysis was employed to characterize the differential compounds present in licorice between traditional processing and fresh processing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results derived from principal component analysis and heat map analyses underscored significant differences in the content of bioactive compounds between the two processing methods. By applying conditions of VIP > 1.5 and p < 0.05, a total of 38 differential compounds were identified through t tests, and the transformation mechanisms of select compounds were illustrated.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The adoption of fresh processing techniques not only improved processing efficiency but also significantly enhanced the preservation of bioactive compounds within licorice. This research has established a rapid and efficient analytical method for the identification of differential compounds present in differently processed licorice products.</p>","PeriodicalId":20095,"journal":{"name":"Phytochemical Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141580529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}