Jennifer Bracken, S. Brennan, I. Sant, C. Lissenden, K. Reichard
Spent nuclear fuel, after cooling within a pool storage system, is generally stored in stainless steel dry storage casks. Some dry storage casks have been in regular use for decades, causing increasing interest in technologies to inspect these units. This work presents a case study on the design and prototyping challenges of a robotic inspection system known as PRINSE. PRINSE is designed for in-use dry nuclear waste storage casks, and its development was motivated by a recently completed multi-university NEUP study to develop, deploy, and test sensor systems enabling novel inspection capabilities. The field deployment situation presented particular design challenges not commonly seen in robotics for three reasons: geometric constraints to enter the in-situ cask environment, severe operational temperatures within the cask inspection area, and a high-radiation environment requiring stand-off human tele-operation and remote actuation of the robot from outside the cask. From a design standpoint, project hurdles included the teaming across multiple universities, the need to rapidly develop new prototype systems, and the novel design constraints which had to be managed carefully with the technology development process. This paper presents the specific mechanical engineering design challenges related to this complex system built to inspect dry storage casks. Additionally, it presents insights gained during the completion of the project, with specific focus on the challenges and methods used to achieve design coordination across sub-teams. Key experiences from this project are presented in a design-centric analysis of the management of technical constraints and how these constraints were distributed among the sub-teams.
{"title":"Nuclear Storage Cask Inspection Robotics As a Case Study in System Design Challenges","authors":"Jennifer Bracken, S. Brennan, I. Sant, C. Lissenden, K. Reichard","doi":"10.1115/IMECE2018-88374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2018-88374","url":null,"abstract":"Spent nuclear fuel, after cooling within a pool storage system, is generally stored in stainless steel dry storage casks. Some dry storage casks have been in regular use for decades, causing increasing interest in technologies to inspect these units. This work presents a case study on the design and prototyping challenges of a robotic inspection system known as PRINSE. PRINSE is designed for in-use dry nuclear waste storage casks, and its development was motivated by a recently completed multi-university NEUP study to develop, deploy, and test sensor systems enabling novel inspection capabilities. The field deployment situation presented particular design challenges not commonly seen in robotics for three reasons: geometric constraints to enter the in-situ cask environment, severe operational temperatures within the cask inspection area, and a high-radiation environment requiring stand-off human tele-operation and remote actuation of the robot from outside the cask. From a design standpoint, project hurdles included the teaming across multiple universities, the need to rapidly develop new prototype systems, and the novel design constraints which had to be managed carefully with the technology development process. This paper presents the specific mechanical engineering design challenges related to this complex system built to inspect dry storage casks. Additionally, it presents insights gained during the completion of the project, with specific focus on the challenges and methods used to achieve design coordination across sub-teams. Key experiences from this project are presented in a design-centric analysis of the management of technical constraints and how these constraints were distributed among the sub-teams.","PeriodicalId":201128,"journal":{"name":"Volume 13: Design, Reliability, Safety, and Risk","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117074727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fixed workstation tables in passenger rail coaches can pose a potential injury hazard for passengers seated at them during an accident. Tables designed to absorb impact energy while minimizing contact forces can reduce the risk of serious injury, while helping to compartmentalize occupants during a train collision. The Rail Safety and Standards Board (RSSB) in the U.K. issued safety requirement GM/RT2100, Issue 5 [1] and the American Public Transportation Association (APTA) in the U.S. issued safety standard APTA PR-CS-S-018-13, Rev. 1 [2] with the goals of setting design and performance requirements for energy-absorbing workstation tables. The U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) Office of Research, Development and Technology directed the Volpe National Transportation Systems Center (Volpe Center) to evaluate the performance of the Hybrid-III Rail Safety (H3-RS) anthropomorphic test device (ATD), also known as a test dummy, in the APTA sled test in order to incorporate a reference to the H3-RS in the safety standard. The Volpe Center contracted with the manufacturer of the H3-RS, Transport Research Laboratory (TRL), in the U.K. to conduct a series of sled tests [3] with energy-absorbing tables, donated by various table manufacturers. The tables were either already compliant with the RSSB table standard or were being developed to comply with the APTA table standard. The sled test specified in Option A of the APTA table standard involves the use of two different 50th percentile male frontal impact ATDs. The H3-RS and the standard Hybrid-III (H3-50M) ATDs performed as expected. The H3-RS, which features bilateral deflection sensors in the chest and abdomen, was able to measure abdomen deflections while the H3-50M, which features a single sensor measuring chest compression, was not equipped to measure abdomen deflection. This study attempts to validate a finite element (FE) model of the APTA 8G sled test with respect to the thorax response of the H3-RS and H3-50M. The model uses a simplified rigid body-spring representation of one of the energy absorbing tables tested by TRL. The FE models of the H3-RS ATD and the H3-50M ATD were provided by TRL and LSTC, respectively. Results from the sled tests and FE simulations are compared using data obtained from the chest accelerometer, the chest and abdomen deflection sensors, and the femur load cells. Using video analysis, the gross motion of the dummies and table are also compared. Technical challenges related to model validation of the 8G sled test are also discussed. This study builds on previous analyses conducted to validate the abdomen response of the H3-RS FE model, which are presented in a companion paper [4].
{"title":"Finite Element Analysis of the Passenger Rail Equipment Workstation Table Sled Test","authors":"Shaun Eshraghi, K. Severson, D. Hynd, A. Perlman","doi":"10.1115/IMECE2018-87751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2018-87751","url":null,"abstract":"Fixed workstation tables in passenger rail coaches can pose a potential injury hazard for passengers seated at them during an accident. Tables designed to absorb impact energy while minimizing contact forces can reduce the risk of serious injury, while helping to compartmentalize occupants during a train collision. The Rail Safety and Standards Board (RSSB) in the U.K. issued safety requirement GM/RT2100, Issue 5 [1] and the American Public Transportation Association (APTA) in the U.S. issued safety standard APTA PR-CS-S-018-13, Rev. 1 [2] with the goals of setting design and performance requirements for energy-absorbing workstation tables.\u0000 The U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) Office of Research, Development and Technology directed the Volpe National Transportation Systems Center (Volpe Center) to evaluate the performance of the Hybrid-III Rail Safety (H3-RS) anthropomorphic test device (ATD), also known as a test dummy, in the APTA sled test in order to incorporate a reference to the H3-RS in the safety standard. The Volpe Center contracted with the manufacturer of the H3-RS, Transport Research Laboratory (TRL), in the U.K. to conduct a series of sled tests [3] with energy-absorbing tables, donated by various table manufacturers. The tables were either already compliant with the RSSB table standard or were being developed to comply with the APTA table standard.\u0000 The sled test specified in Option A of the APTA table standard involves the use of two different 50th percentile male frontal impact ATDs. The H3-RS and the standard Hybrid-III (H3-50M) ATDs performed as expected. The H3-RS, which features bilateral deflection sensors in the chest and abdomen, was able to measure abdomen deflections while the H3-50M, which features a single sensor measuring chest compression, was not equipped to measure abdomen deflection.\u0000 This study attempts to validate a finite element (FE) model of the APTA 8G sled test with respect to the thorax response of the H3-RS and H3-50M. The model uses a simplified rigid body-spring representation of one of the energy absorbing tables tested by TRL. The FE models of the H3-RS ATD and the H3-50M ATD were provided by TRL and LSTC, respectively. Results from the sled tests and FE simulations are compared using data obtained from the chest accelerometer, the chest and abdomen deflection sensors, and the femur load cells. Using video analysis, the gross motion of the dummies and table are also compared. Technical challenges related to model validation of the 8G sled test are also discussed.\u0000 This study builds on previous analyses conducted to validate the abdomen response of the H3-RS FE model, which are presented in a companion paper [4].","PeriodicalId":201128,"journal":{"name":"Volume 13: Design, Reliability, Safety, and Risk","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117330456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Juan-Carlos Rojas, J. L. Higuera-Trujillo, Roberto J. Mora-Salinas, Jessica Galindo, Susana Iñarra Abad
Environmental simulations through rendering has an important role to play in the design process of and communication regarding the built environment. Technological advances allow for widely used printed renders with 360° panoramic representations to be displayed through head-mounted devices (HMD). However, the adoption of this technology should be done with caution, due to the possible effects of the user’s context relative to his or her expertise and geographic–cultural level. This study compared printed and 360° HMD-render setup capacities for experts and nonexperts in Architecture, from different geographic–cultural contexts of Mexico and Spain. To tackle this, a broad spectrum of 15 components addressing aspects of utility, spatial representation, and the emotional and general capabilities of environmental simulations were assessed using bipolar scales by a total of 120 participants. Analyses showed differences in all aspects for all contexts of the study. The greatest differences were general, with non-experts of an indistinct geographic–cultural context showing the least perception of the capabilities. This indicates a strong conditioning, generated by experience acquired in different geographical–cultural contexts, supporting the idea of incorporating context–aware reasoning into the representation of novel rendering. Hence, our results will have interest for both professionals and instructors.
{"title":"Printed and 360 Head-Mounted Display Rendering: A Cross-Cultural Study Comparing Utility, Spatial Representation and Emotional Capabilities","authors":"Juan-Carlos Rojas, J. L. Higuera-Trujillo, Roberto J. Mora-Salinas, Jessica Galindo, Susana Iñarra Abad","doi":"10.1115/IMECE2018-87163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2018-87163","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental simulations through rendering has an important role to play in the design process of and communication regarding the built environment. Technological advances allow for widely used printed renders with 360° panoramic representations to be displayed through head-mounted devices (HMD). However, the adoption of this technology should be done with caution, due to the possible effects of the user’s context relative to his or her expertise and geographic–cultural level. This study compared printed and 360° HMD-render setup capacities for experts and nonexperts in Architecture, from different geographic–cultural contexts of Mexico and Spain. To tackle this, a broad spectrum of 15 components addressing aspects of utility, spatial representation, and the emotional and general capabilities of environmental simulations were assessed using bipolar scales by a total of 120 participants. Analyses showed differences in all aspects for all contexts of the study. The greatest differences were general, with non-experts of an indistinct geographic–cultural context showing the least perception of the capabilities. This indicates a strong conditioning, generated by experience acquired in different geographical–cultural contexts, supporting the idea of incorporating context–aware reasoning into the representation of novel rendering. Hence, our results will have interest for both professionals and instructors.","PeriodicalId":201128,"journal":{"name":"Volume 13: Design, Reliability, Safety, and Risk","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128576045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) promulgated Part 50.69 to Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), “Risk-informed categorization and treatment of structures, systems and components for nuclear power reactors,” in November 2004 (hereafter referred to as 10 CFR 50.69). The rule provides a voluntary alternative to compliance with many regulations which require “special treatment,” or regulatory requirements which go beyond industrial controls, including: specific inspection, testing, qualification, and reporting requirements. The voluntary alternative includes a process for categorization of structures, systems, and components (SSCs) as having either low safety significance (LSS) or high safety significance (HSS). The categorization process can result in increased requirements for HSS SSCs which were previously treated as non-safety-related, and reduced requirements for LSS SSCs which were previously treated as safety-related. The categorization process includes plant-specific risk analyses which are used in combination with an integrated decision-making panel (IDP) to determine whether the SSC has a low or high safety significance. Seismic probabilistic risk assessment (SPRA) is one of the risk analyses options to account for the seismic risk contribution. Because the 10 CFR 50.69 rule has currently not been implemented widely, the significance of various SPRA assumptions and sources of uncertainty to the categorization process has had limited evaluation for a broad spectrum of U.S. nuclear power plants. This paper will assess the importance of certain aspects of the seismic risk contribution to the categorization process. NRC Standardized Plant Analysis Risk (SPAR) models will be used to perform sensitivity studies to quantify the impact of various assumptions and sources of uncertainty on the outcome of the categorization process.
{"title":"Seismic Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Nuclear Power Plants: 10 CFR 50.69 Assumptions and Sources of Uncertainty","authors":"S. Lyons, S. Vasavada","doi":"10.1115/IMECE2018-87677","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2018-87677","url":null,"abstract":"The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) promulgated Part 50.69 to Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), “Risk-informed categorization and treatment of structures, systems and components for nuclear power reactors,” in November 2004 (hereafter referred to as 10 CFR 50.69). The rule provides a voluntary alternative to compliance with many regulations which require “special treatment,” or regulatory requirements which go beyond industrial controls, including: specific inspection, testing, qualification, and reporting requirements. The voluntary alternative includes a process for categorization of structures, systems, and components (SSCs) as having either low safety significance (LSS) or high safety significance (HSS). The categorization process can result in increased requirements for HSS SSCs which were previously treated as non-safety-related, and reduced requirements for LSS SSCs which were previously treated as safety-related.\u0000 The categorization process includes plant-specific risk analyses which are used in combination with an integrated decision-making panel (IDP) to determine whether the SSC has a low or high safety significance. Seismic probabilistic risk assessment (SPRA) is one of the risk analyses options to account for the seismic risk contribution. Because the 10 CFR 50.69 rule has currently not been implemented widely, the significance of various SPRA assumptions and sources of uncertainty to the categorization process has had limited evaluation for a broad spectrum of U.S. nuclear power plants.\u0000 This paper will assess the importance of certain aspects of the seismic risk contribution to the categorization process. NRC Standardized Plant Analysis Risk (SPAR) models will be used to perform sensitivity studies to quantify the impact of various assumptions and sources of uncertainty on the outcome of the categorization process.","PeriodicalId":201128,"journal":{"name":"Volume 13: Design, Reliability, Safety, and Risk","volume":"398 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124631854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yanjie Zhang, Yalda Saadat, Dongming Zhang, B. Ayyub, Hong-wei Huang
With the degradation of metrorail facilities and the increase in network size, it is urgently needed to perform vulnerability assessment to ensure the safe operation of the metro system. In this paper, a link-weighted network model is proposed by considering the physical interval length between neighboring metro stations as link weight factor. Firstly, the metro network was essentially mapped into a bipartite topological diagram that consists of nodes denoting metro stations and links representing metro routes including any tunnels or bridges. After analyzing the network for its complexity level, it was revealed that the metro network topology can be appropriately constructed by using the Space L method. On this basis, multiple characteristic indexes of the network were calculated to characterize network topology structural features. We then tested the state of Shanghai metro network under different failure scenarios by removing a fraction of nodes from the network. Quantitative vulnerability analyses were conducted according to the change in the topological structure of Shanghai metro network and the change in the corresponding global network efficiency due to disruptions. Finally, both the network efficiency of link-weighted and unweighted Shanghai metro network topology were calculated and compared. This study has identified the vulnerable metro stations, which could provide support for the reasonable resource allocation of maintenance work and the decision-making in emergency treatment after failure. In order to increase the adaptability to emergencies and improve the operational efficiency, it was proposed that during the planning, construction, and operation of the metro system, the management and protection of the vulnerable stations should be given increased attention.
{"title":"Vulnerability Analysis of Link-Weighted Shanghai Metrorail Transit Network","authors":"Yanjie Zhang, Yalda Saadat, Dongming Zhang, B. Ayyub, Hong-wei Huang","doi":"10.1115/IMECE2018-86863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2018-86863","url":null,"abstract":"With the degradation of metrorail facilities and the increase in network size, it is urgently needed to perform vulnerability assessment to ensure the safe operation of the metro system. In this paper, a link-weighted network model is proposed by considering the physical interval length between neighboring metro stations as link weight factor. Firstly, the metro network was essentially mapped into a bipartite topological diagram that consists of nodes denoting metro stations and links representing metro routes including any tunnels or bridges. After analyzing the network for its complexity level, it was revealed that the metro network topology can be appropriately constructed by using the Space L method. On this basis, multiple characteristic indexes of the network were calculated to characterize network topology structural features. We then tested the state of Shanghai metro network under different failure scenarios by removing a fraction of nodes from the network. Quantitative vulnerability analyses were conducted according to the change in the topological structure of Shanghai metro network and the change in the corresponding global network efficiency due to disruptions. Finally, both the network efficiency of link-weighted and unweighted Shanghai metro network topology were calculated and compared. This study has identified the vulnerable metro stations, which could provide support for the reasonable resource allocation of maintenance work and the decision-making in emergency treatment after failure. In order to increase the adaptability to emergencies and improve the operational efficiency, it was proposed that during the planning, construction, and operation of the metro system, the management and protection of the vulnerable stations should be given increased attention.","PeriodicalId":201128,"journal":{"name":"Volume 13: Design, Reliability, Safety, and Risk","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133552014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The emergence of a global economy has proposed new challenges for the product design engineer and provided new risks for the consumer. While the design and manufacturing processes have changed, the objective of providing a consumer product that is safe for public use still remains. This task becomes challenging for the product design engineer since the ability to oversee all aspects of the design, manufacture, and use is very limited and yet the mentality of “if you build it, you will be sued” is ever present. This paper considers three very different consumer products and all suffered a failure which resulted in harm done to the user. The first product is a multipurpose tool that, even though abuse was observed, contained a concealed danger as a result of poor design and/or manufacture that resulted in the injury. Second is a hanging chair that fell from the supporting fastener causing injury. Analysis and testing were unable to repeat the failure, thus severe abuse by the user proved to be the causal factor. Finally, a wine bottle opener caused injury as the user attempted to remove a part of the device from the packaging. In this case, the product itself was adequately designed to prevent injury for its intended use, but the packaging containing the product suffered from a faulty design. These cases exhibit different scenarios in which a consumer product caused injury to an end user and shows the varying entities that can bear the burden of negligence.
{"title":"Product Design in a Global Economy","authors":"M. Arnett, Manuel A. Forero Rueda, D. Guenther","doi":"10.1115/IMECE2018-87685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2018-87685","url":null,"abstract":"The emergence of a global economy has proposed new challenges for the product design engineer and provided new risks for the consumer. While the design and manufacturing processes have changed, the objective of providing a consumer product that is safe for public use still remains. This task becomes challenging for the product design engineer since the ability to oversee all aspects of the design, manufacture, and use is very limited and yet the mentality of “if you build it, you will be sued” is ever present. This paper considers three very different consumer products and all suffered a failure which resulted in harm done to the user. The first product is a multipurpose tool that, even though abuse was observed, contained a concealed danger as a result of poor design and/or manufacture that resulted in the injury. Second is a hanging chair that fell from the supporting fastener causing injury. Analysis and testing were unable to repeat the failure, thus severe abuse by the user proved to be the causal factor. Finally, a wine bottle opener caused injury as the user attempted to remove a part of the device from the packaging. In this case, the product itself was adequately designed to prevent injury for its intended use, but the packaging containing the product suffered from a faulty design. These cases exhibit different scenarios in which a consumer product caused injury to an end user and shows the varying entities that can bear the burden of negligence.","PeriodicalId":201128,"journal":{"name":"Volume 13: Design, Reliability, Safety, and Risk","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123954579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper establishes the baseline for incorporating the Internet of Things (IoT) into the Reliability-Risk model. The authors developed the original Reliability-Risk model as a “trade-off” tool for ranking conceptual designs as a function of reliability. We summarize the original Reliability-Risk model and algorithm and discuss the process of updating the standard Integration Definition Function Modeling (IDEF0) technique with the IoT. Inserting the updated IDEF0 into the Reliability-Risk modeling framework creates a dynamic closed-loop system. We identified a concept for using a probabilistic workflow to automate the new closed-loop system and discuss a Reliability-Risk sensitivity approach. The Reliability-Risk model ranked five conceptual packaging designs against 17 criteria for incorporation into the supply chain. The authors use a Multi-Criteria-Decision System (MCDS) to establish the rankings. The paper re-visits the original example to include data (the IoT) such as shock, temperature, and humidity obtained from various nodes in the logistics cycle. After the sensor data are incorporated, updated systems specification and reliability models resulted in a new ranking. We will discuss the results of the rankings. Current research in developing the Digital Twin and Digital Thread are lacking in the area of logistics modeling. The incorporation of Discrete Event Simulation models to simulate transportation, handling, and storage shows promise to address these shortcomings. Therefore, we will briefly discuss our approach on incorporating Discrete Event Simulation modeling into the Reliability-Risk-IoT model to create a “logistics twin.”
{"title":"A Systems Engineering Approach to Incorporating the Internet of Things to Reliability-Risk Modeling for Ranking Conceptual Designs","authors":"A. D’Angelo, E. Chong","doi":"10.1115/IMECE2018-86711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2018-86711","url":null,"abstract":"This paper establishes the baseline for incorporating the Internet of Things (IoT) into the Reliability-Risk model. The authors developed the original Reliability-Risk model as a “trade-off” tool for ranking conceptual designs as a function of reliability. We summarize the original Reliability-Risk model and algorithm and discuss the process of updating the standard Integration Definition Function Modeling (IDEF0) technique with the IoT. Inserting the updated IDEF0 into the Reliability-Risk modeling framework creates a dynamic closed-loop system. We identified a concept for using a probabilistic workflow to automate the new closed-loop system and discuss a Reliability-Risk sensitivity approach.\u0000 The Reliability-Risk model ranked five conceptual packaging designs against 17 criteria for incorporation into the supply chain. The authors use a Multi-Criteria-Decision System (MCDS) to establish the rankings. The paper re-visits the original example to include data (the IoT) such as shock, temperature, and humidity obtained from various nodes in the logistics cycle. After the sensor data are incorporated, updated systems specification and reliability models resulted in a new ranking. We will discuss the results of the rankings.\u0000 Current research in developing the Digital Twin and Digital Thread are lacking in the area of logistics modeling. The incorporation of Discrete Event Simulation models to simulate transportation, handling, and storage shows promise to address these shortcomings. Therefore, we will briefly discuss our approach on incorporating Discrete Event Simulation modeling into the Reliability-Risk-IoT model to create a “logistics twin.”","PeriodicalId":201128,"journal":{"name":"Volume 13: Design, Reliability, Safety, and Risk","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129537169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Car-pedestrian collision fatalities have been reported for a significant number of roadside accidents around the world. In order to reduce the lower extremity injuries in car-pedestrian collisions, it is important to determine the impact forces on the pedestrian and conditions that the car frontal side impacts on the lower extremities of the pedestrian. The Working Group 17 (WG17) of the European Enhanced Vehicle-safety Committee (EEVC) has developed a legform subsystem impactor and procedure for assessing pedestrian collisions and potential injuries. This research describes a methodology for the evaluation of the legform impactor kinematics after a collision utilizing finite element (FE) models of the legform and cars and comparing the simulation results with the ones from a multi-body legform model as well as a 50th percentile male human pedestrian model responses. Two approaches are carried out in the process. First, the collision strike simulations with the FE model using an FE lower legform is considered and validated against the EVVC/WG17 regulation criteria. Secondly, the collision strike simulations with a multi-body legform and an ellipsoidal multi-body car model are conducted to compare the responses from the FE model and the multi-body model. The results from the impact simulations of FE legform and the multi-body legform are also compared with the ones from a full-size pedestrian model at constant speeds. All the models and simulation in this are using the LS-DYNA nonlinear FE code, while the multibody legform, car, and full-sized pedestrian models are developed and evaluated in MADYMO. The results from this study demonstrate the differences between the subsystem legform and the full-size pedestrian responses as well as suitability of various FE and multibody models related to pedestrian impact responses. Different workbenches comparisons with finite model and ellipsoidal models gives more better correlation to this research.
{"title":"Pedestrian Collision Responses Using Legform Impactor Subsystem and Full-Sized Pedestrian Model on Different Workbenches","authors":"Obaidur Rahman Mohammed, S. Memon, H. Lankarani","doi":"10.1115/IMECE2018-87904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2018-87904","url":null,"abstract":"Car-pedestrian collision fatalities have been reported for a significant number of roadside accidents around the world. In order to reduce the lower extremity injuries in car-pedestrian collisions, it is important to determine the impact forces on the pedestrian and conditions that the car frontal side impacts on the lower extremities of the pedestrian. The Working Group 17 (WG17) of the European Enhanced Vehicle-safety Committee (EEVC) has developed a legform subsystem impactor and procedure for assessing pedestrian collisions and potential injuries. This research describes a methodology for the evaluation of the legform impactor kinematics after a collision utilizing finite element (FE) models of the legform and cars and comparing the simulation results with the ones from a multi-body legform model as well as a 50th percentile male human pedestrian model responses.\u0000 Two approaches are carried out in the process. First, the collision strike simulations with the FE model using an FE lower legform is considered and validated against the EVVC/WG17 regulation criteria. Secondly, the collision strike simulations with a multi-body legform and an ellipsoidal multi-body car model are conducted to compare the responses from the FE model and the multi-body model. The results from the impact simulations of FE legform and the multi-body legform are also compared with the ones from a full-size pedestrian model at constant speeds. All the models and simulation in this are using the LS-DYNA nonlinear FE code, while the multibody legform, car, and full-sized pedestrian models are developed and evaluated in MADYMO.\u0000 The results from this study demonstrate the differences between the subsystem legform and the full-size pedestrian responses as well as suitability of various FE and multibody models related to pedestrian impact responses. Different workbenches comparisons with finite model and ellipsoidal models gives more better correlation to this research.","PeriodicalId":201128,"journal":{"name":"Volume 13: Design, Reliability, Safety, and Risk","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130935229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hussain F. Alsaif, Houssam Antar, Ashmita Tandon, Demitri Baker, Jack Manning, Guohua Ma, James McCusker
Small-scale spill detection and removal represents a fundamental concern for a wide variety of industries such as food production plants. Often these spills are detected and cleaned manually resulting in slower operations and less productivity. In this design project, a robotic solution, including detection of the spill and removal of it, is presented to maintain high productivity and operations standards in a given organization. The design consists of a plastic structure including acrylic and polylactide (PLA), a vacuum motor, spill detection electronics using image processing and control apparatus. For initial testing purposes, the robotic attachment was mounted to iRobot Create 2 as a movement platform. Testing methods consisted of rounds of spill cleaning for a variety of materials including oil and syrup. As a result of those tests, the design can be scaled to different industries such as Oil and Gas, Energy, Supermarket and Warehouses. Results show improved spill detection and removal compared to manual methods.
{"title":"A Small-Scale Robotic Spill Detection and Cleaning Method","authors":"Hussain F. Alsaif, Houssam Antar, Ashmita Tandon, Demitri Baker, Jack Manning, Guohua Ma, James McCusker","doi":"10.1115/IMECE2018-87180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2018-87180","url":null,"abstract":"Small-scale spill detection and removal represents a fundamental concern for a wide variety of industries such as food production plants. Often these spills are detected and cleaned manually resulting in slower operations and less productivity. In this design project, a robotic solution, including detection of the spill and removal of it, is presented to maintain high productivity and operations standards in a given organization. The design consists of a plastic structure including acrylic and polylactide (PLA), a vacuum motor, spill detection electronics using image processing and control apparatus. For initial testing purposes, the robotic attachment was mounted to iRobot Create 2 as a movement platform. Testing methods consisted of rounds of spill cleaning for a variety of materials including oil and syrup. As a result of those tests, the design can be scaled to different industries such as Oil and Gas, Energy, Supermarket and Warehouses. Results show improved spill detection and removal compared to manual methods.","PeriodicalId":201128,"journal":{"name":"Volume 13: Design, Reliability, Safety, and Risk","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116605848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bita Soltan Mohammad Lou, M. Pourgol-Mohammad, M. Yazdani
Gas turbines are the most important components in thermal power plants, and these components such as turbine has been studied carefully. Gas turbine components operate predominantly under elevated temperature and high stress, and consequently gradual deformation becomes temporally inevitable. In turbine blades, creep is common failure mechanism, and it is an important factor for design assessment. The gas turbine blade is a component operating at high elevated temperatures, requiring a cooling systems to reduce the temperature. Common power enhancement approach is to spray water into compressor, and it is how humidity becomes an important factor in creep failure mechanism. The humidity variability results in temperature level change during the turbine operation, potentially affecting the blades creep life. In this paper, first different creep life prediction models were classified, and then a new model is proposed for creep life considering humidity based on Arrhenius equation. In our study, failure criterion is rupture. As a case study, the creep life of Nimonic-90 alloy turbine blade was predicted using proposed method and compared with FEA results which collected by literature surveys. Proposed model is capable of predicting creep life with only knowing dry temperature (WAR = 0), and there is no need to measure blade temperature variation during operation. The influence of humidity (%WAR) were studied on turbine blades creep life, and results show that creep life of turbine blade increase with increasing humidity percentage.
{"title":"Life Assessment of Gas Turbine Blades Under Creep Failure Mechanism Considering Humidity","authors":"Bita Soltan Mohammad Lou, M. Pourgol-Mohammad, M. Yazdani","doi":"10.1115/IMECE2018-87883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2018-87883","url":null,"abstract":"Gas turbines are the most important components in thermal power plants, and these components such as turbine has been studied carefully. Gas turbine components operate predominantly under elevated temperature and high stress, and consequently gradual deformation becomes temporally inevitable. In turbine blades, creep is common failure mechanism, and it is an important factor for design assessment. The gas turbine blade is a component operating at high elevated temperatures, requiring a cooling systems to reduce the temperature. Common power enhancement approach is to spray water into compressor, and it is how humidity becomes an important factor in creep failure mechanism. The humidity variability results in temperature level change during the turbine operation, potentially affecting the blades creep life. In this paper, first different creep life prediction models were classified, and then a new model is proposed for creep life considering humidity based on Arrhenius equation. In our study, failure criterion is rupture. As a case study, the creep life of Nimonic-90 alloy turbine blade was predicted using proposed method and compared with FEA results which collected by literature surveys. Proposed model is capable of predicting creep life with only knowing dry temperature (WAR = 0), and there is no need to measure blade temperature variation during operation. The influence of humidity (%WAR) were studied on turbine blades creep life, and results show that creep life of turbine blade increase with increasing humidity percentage.","PeriodicalId":201128,"journal":{"name":"Volume 13: Design, Reliability, Safety, and Risk","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123764525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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