The interaction between technology and people is characterized by sociotechnical models. In the context of design, these types of systems are analyzed to increase productivity. The level of productivity is expected to increase as the technology evolves. Still, a lack of focus on adaptive design hinders the success of sociotechnical systems. The problem is evident in the relationship between microgrid technology and the residents of developing communities. An analysis of this type of sociotechnical system is analyzed in this paper. Rural villages in the developing world often lack access to the power grid. However, microgrids can provide electrical power in these locations. Power can be harnessed from renewable resources such as wind, solar, geothermal, and hydropower. Large batteries are used to store energy and buffer the electrical supply with the demand. The system powers security lighting, water pumps, and purification systems. Microgrids also power small machines that sustain agriculture in developing communities. The access to energy uplifts the developing community socially and economically. Still, as the community evolves, energy demand increases and the microgrid is unable to provide sufficient energy. A challenge in microgrid design involves the scalability of the system. Currently, there is no method for adapting the microgrid system to the increases in demand that occur over time. Accordingly, a mathematical framework is needed to support design decisions that could otherwise support adaptability. A demand model to predict the energy use for a composite rural village is presented. The predicted demand requirements are configured using a design optimization simulation model. These configurations are studied, and adaptive design techniques are devised through the process. The outcome of this study identifies a basic design methodology for microgrid design that is cognizant of scalability. Moreover, it identifies key attributes and relationships for the mathematical framework that supports the overarching goal of adaptable design.
{"title":"Scalability Considerations in the Design of Microgrids to Support Socioeconomic Development in Rural Communities","authors":"Hailie Suk, A. Yadav, John F. Hall","doi":"10.1115/IMECE2018-88441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2018-88441","url":null,"abstract":"The interaction between technology and people is characterized by sociotechnical models. In the context of design, these types of systems are analyzed to increase productivity. The level of productivity is expected to increase as the technology evolves. Still, a lack of focus on adaptive design hinders the success of sociotechnical systems. The problem is evident in the relationship between microgrid technology and the residents of developing communities. An analysis of this type of sociotechnical system is analyzed in this paper. Rural villages in the developing world often lack access to the power grid. However, microgrids can provide electrical power in these locations. Power can be harnessed from renewable resources such as wind, solar, geothermal, and hydropower. Large batteries are used to store energy and buffer the electrical supply with the demand. The system powers security lighting, water pumps, and purification systems. Microgrids also power small machines that sustain agriculture in developing communities. The access to energy uplifts the developing community socially and economically. Still, as the community evolves, energy demand increases and the microgrid is unable to provide sufficient energy. A challenge in microgrid design involves the scalability of the system. Currently, there is no method for adapting the microgrid system to the increases in demand that occur over time. Accordingly, a mathematical framework is needed to support design decisions that could otherwise support adaptability. A demand model to predict the energy use for a composite rural village is presented. The predicted demand requirements are configured using a design optimization simulation model. These configurations are studied, and adaptive design techniques are devised through the process. The outcome of this study identifies a basic design methodology for microgrid design that is cognizant of scalability. Moreover, it identifies key attributes and relationships for the mathematical framework that supports the overarching goal of adaptable design.","PeriodicalId":201128,"journal":{"name":"Volume 13: Design, Reliability, Safety, and Risk","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125751777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pipe bends are critical components in piping systems where their failure modes are quite different from straight pipes. The objective of the present work is to investigate the limit loads of pipe bends with actual As-fabricated shape obtained from pipe bending process as compared to bends with Ideal and Assumed imperfect shapes. The present work is conducted by using nonlinear finite element analysis and is performed in two steps. The first step is achieved by simulating rotary pipe bending process with ball mandrel to obtain the actual as-fabricated shape of the 90° pipe bend. The process simulation was verified against published experimental data. In the second step, the pipe bend is subjected to different combinations of simultaneous loads consisting of internal pressure and In-plane closing bending moment. Results are provided for limit load curves for pipe bends with as-fabricated geometries and bends with ideal shape and assumed geometrical imperfections.
{"title":"Limit Load Analysis of As-Fabricated Pipe Bends With Low Ovality Under In-Plane Closing Moment Loading and Internal Pressure","authors":"S. Sorour, M. Shazly, M. Megahed","doi":"10.1115/IMECE2018-88004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2018-88004","url":null,"abstract":"Pipe bends are critical components in piping systems where their failure modes are quite different from straight pipes. The objective of the present work is to investigate the limit loads of pipe bends with actual As-fabricated shape obtained from pipe bending process as compared to bends with Ideal and Assumed imperfect shapes. The present work is conducted by using nonlinear finite element analysis and is performed in two steps. The first step is achieved by simulating rotary pipe bending process with ball mandrel to obtain the actual as-fabricated shape of the 90° pipe bend. The process simulation was verified against published experimental data. In the second step, the pipe bend is subjected to different combinations of simultaneous loads consisting of internal pressure and In-plane closing bending moment. Results are provided for limit load curves for pipe bends with as-fabricated geometries and bends with ideal shape and assumed geometrical imperfections.","PeriodicalId":201128,"journal":{"name":"Volume 13: Design, Reliability, Safety, and Risk","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114895351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the United States, approximately 44 children under the age of five years old drown each year after gaining unauthorized access to above-ground pools via pool ladders. Approximately 704 additional children sustain submersion-related injuries after gaining unauthorized access to above-ground pools via pool ladders. In many cases, these events occurred during brief lapses of adult supervision. The societal cost associated with these deaths and injuries ranges from 134 to 342 million dollars per year. In addition to societal costs, there is also a significant loss in quality of life for near-drowning victims and their families. Since the 1960’s, several medical studies have been published that discuss children under the age of five accessing above-ground pools and drowning. Several of these medical studies propose solutions to reduce the likelihood of drowning. Despite the proposed solutions in these studies, the rate of such drownings in above-ground pools has not decreased. However, the medical studies do not address how proper and safe engineering design of pool ladders can and should be used to prevent such occurrences. This paper adds engineering science to these medical studies by including safety engineering principles that can be used to prevent young children from gaining unauthorized access to above-ground pools via pool ladders. Specifically, this paper addresses, hazard and risk assessment, passive safety systems that can be added to pool ladders to prevent drowning incidences, and the economic and technological feasibility of such passive safety systems. This paper shows that the benefits associated with the reduction in societal costs of drowning or near-drowning outweigh the cost of adding passive safety systems to pool ladders.
{"title":"Engineering a Pool Ladder to Prevent Drownings in Above-Ground Pools","authors":"W. Pierce, R. Ziernicki","doi":"10.1115/IMECE2018-87875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2018-87875","url":null,"abstract":"In the United States, approximately 44 children under the age of five years old drown each year after gaining unauthorized access to above-ground pools via pool ladders. Approximately 704 additional children sustain submersion-related injuries after gaining unauthorized access to above-ground pools via pool ladders. In many cases, these events occurred during brief lapses of adult supervision. The societal cost associated with these deaths and injuries ranges from 134 to 342 million dollars per year. In addition to societal costs, there is also a significant loss in quality of life for near-drowning victims and their families.\u0000 Since the 1960’s, several medical studies have been published that discuss children under the age of five accessing above-ground pools and drowning. Several of these medical studies propose solutions to reduce the likelihood of drowning. Despite the proposed solutions in these studies, the rate of such drownings in above-ground pools has not decreased. However, the medical studies do not address how proper and safe engineering design of pool ladders can and should be used to prevent such occurrences.\u0000 This paper adds engineering science to these medical studies by including safety engineering principles that can be used to prevent young children from gaining unauthorized access to above-ground pools via pool ladders. Specifically, this paper addresses, hazard and risk assessment, passive safety systems that can be added to pool ladders to prevent drowning incidences, and the economic and technological feasibility of such passive safety systems. This paper shows that the benefits associated with the reduction in societal costs of drowning or near-drowning outweigh the cost of adding passive safety systems to pool ladders.","PeriodicalId":201128,"journal":{"name":"Volume 13: Design, Reliability, Safety, and Risk","volume":" 36","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113947728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This online compilation of papers from the ASME 2017 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting (FEDSM2017) represents the archival version of the Conference Proceedings. According to ASME’s conference presenter attendance policy, if a paper is not presented at the Conference by an author of the paper, the paper will not be published in the official archival Proceedings, which are registered with the Library of Congress and are submitted for abstracting and indexing. The paper also will not be published in The ASME Digital Collection and may not be cited as a published paper.
这份来自美国机械工程师学会(ASME) 2017年流体工程系夏季会议(FEDSM2017)的在线论文汇编代表了会议论文集的档案版本。根据ASME的会议主讲人出席政策，如果一篇论文没有由论文的作者在会议上发表，该论文将不会发表在美国国会图书馆注册的官方档案论文集上，并提交摘要和索引。该论文也不会在ASME Digital Collection上发表，也不能作为已发表论文被引用。
{"title":"ASME Conference Presenter Attendance Policy and Archival Proceedings","authors":"","doi":"10.1115/detc2018-ns8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-ns8","url":null,"abstract":"This online compilation of papers from the ASME 2017 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting (FEDSM2017) represents the archival version of the Conference Proceedings. According to ASME’s conference presenter attendance policy, if a paper is not presented at the Conference by an author of the paper, the paper will not be published in the official archival Proceedings, which are registered with the Library of Congress and are submitted for abstracting and indexing. The paper also will not be published in The ASME Digital Collection and may not be cited as a published paper.","PeriodicalId":201128,"journal":{"name":"Volume 13: Design, Reliability, Safety, and Risk","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123315897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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