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Critical charges for droplet collisions 液滴碰撞的临界电荷
IF 2.7 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 PHYSICS, FLUIDS & PLASMAS Pub Date : 2024-07-19 DOI: 10.1103/physrevfluids.9.074302
A. Dubey, G. P. Bewley, K. Gustavsson, B. Mehlig
Two micron-sized water droplets approaching each other do not always coalesce due to the cushioning effect of the air between them. When the droplets do not carry any electrical charges, one needs to consider the breakdown of hydrodynamics at very small scales to decide whether the droplets collide and coalesce or not. In contrast, two approaching droplets that are oppositely charged always coalesce if the charges are large enough. To find the charge for which the transition to charge-dominated collisions occurs, we computed the collision efficiency of charged, hydrodynamically interacting droplets settling in quiescent air, including the noncontinuum regime at small interfacial distances. For oppositely charged droplets, we find that the transition occurs when a saddle point of the relative droplet dynamics exits the region within which the continuum hydrodynamics breaks down. For cloud droplets with radii 16 and 20µm, we observe that the transition occurs at 103 elementary charges e. For charges smaller than this, we predict that the coalescence rate depends primarily upon the Knudsen number (Kn, the ratio of the mean-free-path of air to the mean droplet radius), whereas coalescence for much larger charges does not depend upon Kn. For droplets charged with the same polarity, we find the critical charge to be substantially larger (104e for the above radii) for reasons that we discuss.
两个微米大小的水滴相互靠近时,由于它们之间空气的缓冲作用,并不总是能够凝聚在一起。当水滴不带任何电荷时,我们需要考虑流体力学在极小尺度上的破坏,以决定水滴是否碰撞和凝聚。相反,如果电荷足够大,两个接近的带相反电荷的液滴总是会凝聚在一起。为了找到过渡到电荷主导碰撞的电荷,我们计算了静态空气中沉降的带电流体力学相互作用液滴的碰撞效率,包括小界面距离的非连续状态。对于带相反电荷的液滴,我们发现当相对液滴动力学的鞍点离开连续流体力学破裂的区域时,就发生了转变。对于半径为 16µm 和 20µm 的云滴,我们观察到过渡发生在 ∼103 基本电荷 e 时。对于小于此值的电荷,我们预测凝聚率主要取决于 Knudsen 数(Kn,空气平均自由路径与平均液滴半径之比),而对于大得多的电荷,凝聚则不取决于 Kn。对于带相同极性电荷的液滴,我们发现临界电荷要大得多(对于上述半径,临界电荷为 ∼104e),原因我们将在下文讨论。
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引用次数: 0
Coherent pressure structures in turbulent channel flow 紊流通道流中的相干压力结构
IF 2.7 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 PHYSICS, FLUIDS & PLASMAS Pub Date : 2024-07-19 DOI: 10.1103/physrevfluids.9.074606
Filipe R. do Amaral, André V. G. Cavalieri
Most of the studies on pressure fluctuations in wall-bounded turbulent flows aim at obtaining statistics as power spectra and scaling laws, especially at the walls. In the present study we study energetic coherent pressure structures of turbulent channel flows, aiming at a characterization of dominant coherent structures throughout the channel. Coherent structures are detected using spectral proper orthogonal decomposition (SPOD) and modeled using resolvent analysis, similarly to related works dealing with velocity fluctuations but this time using pressure fluctuations as the output of interest. The resolvent operator was considered with and without the Cess eddy-viscosity model. Direct numerical simulations (DNSs) of incompressible turbulent channel flows at friction Reynolds numbers of approximately 180 and 550 were employed as databases in this study. Three representative dominant structures emerged from a preliminary spectral analysis: near-wall, large-scale, and spanwise-coherent structures. For frequency–wave number combinations corresponding to these three representative structures, SPOD results show a strong dominance of the leading mode, highlighting low-rank behavior of pressure fluctuations. The leading resolvent mode closely agrees with the first SPOD mode, providing support to studies that showed better performance of resolvent-based estimators when predicting pressure fluctuations compared to velocity fluctuations [Amaral et al., J. Fluid Mech. 927, A17 (2021)]. The dominant mechanisms of the analyzed modes are seen to be the generation of quasistreamwise vortices with pressure fluctuations appearing close to vortex centers. A study on the individual contributions of the nonlinear terms (treated as forcing in resolvent analysis) to the pressure output reveals that each forcing component plays a constructive role to the input-output formulation, which also helps understanding the weaker role of forcing “color” in driving pressure fluctuations.
大多数关于壁面湍流压力波动的研究都旨在获得功率谱和缩放规律等统计数据,尤其是在壁面上。在本研究中,我们对湍流通道流的高能相干压力结构进行了研究,旨在确定整个通道中主要相干结构的特征。相干结构通过光谱正交分解(SPOD)进行检测,并通过解析分析进行建模,这与处理速度波动的相关工作类似,但这次将压力波动作为感兴趣的输出。在使用和不使用 Cess 涡粘度模型的情况下都考虑了解析算子。本研究采用了摩擦雷诺数约为 180 和 550 的不可压缩湍流通道流的直接数值模拟(DNS)作为数据库。通过初步频谱分析,得出了三种具有代表性的主要结构:近壁结构、大尺度结构和跨度相干结构。对于与这三种代表性结构相对应的频率-波数组合,SPOD 结果显示前导模式占主导地位,突出了压力波动的低阶行为。前导分解模态与 SPOD 第一模态密切吻合,这为一些研究提供了支持,这些研究表明,与速度波动相比,基于分解模态的估算器在预测压力波动时具有更好的性能[Amaral 等人,J. Fluid Mech.分析模式的主要机制是产生准流向涡旋,压力波动出现在涡旋中心附近。对非线性项(在解析力分析中被视为强迫)对压力输出的单独贡献的研究表明,每个强迫成分都对输入输出公式起着建设性作用,这也有助于理解强迫 "颜色 "在驱动压力波动中的较弱作用。
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引用次数: 0
Beware of CaBER: Filament thinning rheometry does not always give ‘the’ relaxation time of polymer solutions 谨防 CaBER:纤维稀化流变仪并不总能给出聚合物溶液的 "松弛 "时间
IF 2.7 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 PHYSICS, FLUIDS & PLASMAS Pub Date : 2024-07-19 DOI: 10.1103/physrevfluids.9.073302
A. Gaillard, M. A. Herrada, A. Deblais, J. Eggers, D. Bonn
The viscoelastic relaxation time of a polymer solution is often measured using capillary breakup extensional rheometry (CaBER) where a droplet is placed between two plates which are pulled apart to form a thinning filament. For a slow plate retraction protocol, required to avoid inertio-capillary oscillations for low-viscosity liquids, we show experimentally that the CaBER relaxation time τe inferred from the exponential thinning regime is in fact an apparent relaxation time that may increase significantly when increasing the plate diameter and the droplet volume. Similarly, we observe that τe increases with the plate diameter for the classical step-strain plate separation protocol of a commercial (Haake) CaBER device and increases with the nozzle diameter for a dripping-onto-substrate (DoS) method. This dependence on the flow history before the formation of the viscoelastic filament contradicts polymer models such as Oldroyd-B that predict a filament thinning rate 1/3τ (τ being the model's relaxation time), which is a material property independent of geometrical factors. We show that this is not due to artifacts such as solvent evaporation or polymer degradation and that it can be rationalized by finite extensibility effects (FENE-P model) only for a dilute polymer solution in a viscous solvent, but not for semidilute solutions in a low-viscosity solvent.
聚合物溶液的粘弹性弛豫时间通常采用毛细管破裂延伸流变仪(CaBER)进行测量,将液滴置于两块板之间,然后将两块板拉开以形成细丝。对于低粘度液体,为了避免惯性毛细管振荡,需要采用缓慢的平板回缩协议。我们的实验表明,从指数稀化机制推断出的 CaBER 松弛时间 τe 实际上是表观松弛时间,当平板直径和液滴体积增大时,表观松弛时间可能会显著增加。同样,我们观察到,在商用(Haake)CaBER 设备的经典阶跃应变板分离协议中,τe 随板直径的增大而增大,而在基底上滴注(DoS)方法中,τe 随喷嘴直径的增大而增大。这种对粘弹性细丝形成前流动历史的依赖性与奥尔德罗伊德-B 等聚合物模型相矛盾,这些模型预测细丝变细率为 1/3τ(τ 为模型的松弛时间),这是一种与几何因素无关的材料特性。我们的研究表明,这不是由于溶剂蒸发或聚合物降解等人为因素造成的,只有在粘性溶剂中的稀聚合物溶液,而不是在低粘度溶剂中的半稀释溶液中,才能通过有限延伸性效应(FENE-P 模型)合理解释这一现象。
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引用次数: 0
Second-order wave drift loads on floating structures with thin perforated shells 带有薄穿孔外壳的浮动结构上的二阶波漂移载荷
IF 2.7 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 PHYSICS, FLUIDS & PLASMAS Pub Date : 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.1103/physrevfluids.9.074802
Peiwen Cong, Hui Liang, Yingyi Liu, Bin Teng
The computation of the second-order mean wave drift loads on a body with thin perforated shells is fundamental and relevant to a wide range of applications in marine engineering, marine aquaculture, offshore renewable energy, etc. In this work, formulations involving a control surface at a distance from the body are proposed to compute drift loads on structures composed of an impermeable hull and a perforated surface accurately and efficiently. Applications of mathematical identities and conservation of fluid momentum are proved to yield identical formulations. Due to the presence of perforated shells, an integral caused by the dissipation through perforated surfaces is included in the formulation. The present formulation cannot only give all six components of the mean wave drift force and moment, but also determine the drift loads on each individual body of a multibody system. The developed formulations are applied to a series of structures, including single-body and multibody systems. It is found that the perforated surface integral plays a secondary role in the computation of drift loads. Besides, perforating body surfaces can mitigate the near-trapped wave motion in a multibody system. Compared to a fixed system, the mean wave drift loads can be amplified around the resonance frequencies of body motions. The dissipation through the perforated shell can enhance the damping effect and suppress the excessive motion response, resulting in a reduction in the amplified drift loads.
计算薄穿孔壳体上的二阶平均波漂移载荷是一项基础工作,与海洋工程、海水养殖、海上可再生能源等领域的广泛应用息息相关。在这项研究中,提出了涉及与船体保持一定距离的控制面的公式,以准确、高效地计算由不透水船体和穿孔表面组成的结构上的漂移载荷。数学等式和流体动量守恒的应用证明可以得出相同的公式。由于穿孔壳体的存在,公式中包含了穿孔表面耗散引起的积分。本公式不仅给出了平均波漂移力和漂移力矩的所有六个分量,还确定了多体系统中每个单体上的漂移载荷。所开发的公式应用于一系列结构,包括单体和多体系统。结果发现,穿孔表面积分在计算漂移载荷时起次要作用。此外,穿孔体表面可以减轻多体系统中的近捕波运动。与固定系统相比,平均波漂移载荷可在体运动的共振频率附近被放大。通过穿孔壳体的耗散可以增强阻尼效应,抑制过大的运动响应,从而降低放大的漂移载荷。
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引用次数: 0
Capillary imbibition in lubricant-coated channels 润滑涂层通道中的毛细管浸润
IF 2.7 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 PHYSICS, FLUIDS & PLASMAS Pub Date : 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.1103/physrevfluids.9.l072002
Sergi G. Leyva, Ignacio Pagonabarraga, Aurora Hernández-Machado, Rodrigo Ledesma-Aguilar
Capillary imbibition underpins many processes of fundamental and applied relevance in fluid mechanics. A limitation to the flow is the coupling to the confining solid, which induces friction forces. Here we study the effect of coating the solid with a liquid lubricant layer. Using a theoretical framework, we show that for sufficiently small lubricant viscosity, dissipation entirely occurs in the lubricant layer, resulting in a linear growth of the advancing front. We extend our study to forced imbibition, where the same mechanism gives rise to an exponential front growth. This new ability to control multiphase flows in confinement opens new opportunities for flow control in micro and nanofluidic devices.
毛细管浸润是流体力学中许多基础和应用过程的基础。流动的一个限制因素是与约束固体的耦合,这会产生摩擦力。在此,我们研究了在固体上涂覆一层液体润滑剂的效果。通过理论框架,我们证明了在润滑剂粘度足够小的情况下,耗散完全发生在润滑剂层中,从而导致前进前沿的线性增长。我们将研究扩展到强制浸泡,在强制浸泡中,同样的机制会导致前沿呈指数增长。这种在封闭条件下控制多相流的新能力为微型和纳米流体设备的流动控制带来了新的机遇。
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引用次数: 0
Bubble dynamics in an inclined Hele-Shaw cell 倾斜海尔-肖电池中的气泡动力学
IF 2.7 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 PHYSICS, FLUIDS & PLASMAS Pub Date : 2024-07-17 DOI: 10.1103/physrevfluids.9.073601
Benjamin Monnet, J. John Soundar Jerome, Valérie Vidal, Sylvain Joubaud
We report experimental results on the dynamics of large bubbles in a Hele-Shaw cell subject to various inclination angles with respect to gravity. Low Reynolds number cases are studied by injecting bubbles in a stagnant water/UCON mixture in three different Hele-Shaw cell geometry. The leading order rise speed vb follows the Taylor-Saffman limit which is inversely proportional to the viscosity η, but directly proportional to the square of the cell gap h and the effective gravity, accounting for cell tilt angle θ. However, when the cell is increasingly inclined, the bubble buoyancy in the cell gap leads to a substantial decrease in the rise speed, as compared to the Taylor-Saffman speed. Buoyancy pushes the bubble toward the top channel wall, whereby a difference between the lubrication film thickness on top of and underneath the rising bubble occurs. We attribute these observations to the loss of symmetry in the channel gap, due to cell inclination. Nonetheless, the top lubrication film is observed to follow the Bretherton scaling, namely, (ηvb/σ)2/3, where σ is the liquid surface tension while the bottom film does not exhibit such a scaling. Finally, we illustrate that a model incorporating a friction term to the power balance between buoyancy and viscous dissipation matches well with all experimental data.
我们报告了在与重力呈不同倾角的赫勒-肖池中大气泡的动力学实验结果。通过在三种不同几何形状的 Hele-Shaw 小室中将气泡注入停滞的水/UCON 混合物,研究了低雷诺数情况。前阶上升速度 vb 遵循泰勒-萨夫曼极限,与粘度 η 成反比,但与电池间隙 h 的平方和有效重力成正比,并考虑了电池倾斜角 θ。然而,当电池越来越倾斜时,与泰勒-萨夫曼速度相比,电池间隙中的气泡浮力导致上升速度大幅下降。浮力将气泡推向通道顶壁,因此上升气泡顶部和底部的润滑膜厚度出现差异。我们将这些观察结果归因于细胞倾斜导致通道间隙失去对称性。尽管如此,我们观察到顶部润滑膜遵循布雷特顿缩放比例,即 (ηvb/σ)2/3,其中 σ 是液体表面张力,而底部润滑膜则没有这种缩放比例。最后,我们说明,在浮力和粘性耗散之间的功率平衡中加入摩擦项的模型与所有实验数据非常吻合。
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引用次数: 0
Deionization shock waves and ionic separations in heterogeneous porous media 异质多孔介质中的去离子冲击波和离子分离
IF 2.5 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 PHYSICS, FLUIDS & PLASMAS Pub Date : 2024-07-16 DOI: 10.1103/physrevfluids.9.073701
Alexander D. Sapp, Huanhuan Tian, M. Bazant
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引用次数: 0
Buoyant miscible viscoplastic injections 浮力混溶粘弹性注射液
IF 2.5 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 PHYSICS, FLUIDS & PLASMAS Pub Date : 2024-07-15 DOI: 10.1103/physrevfluids.9.073301
M. Faramarzi, S. Akbari, S. Taghavi
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引用次数: 0
Effects of interparticle cohesion on the collapse of granular columns 颗粒间内聚力对颗粒柱坍塌的影响
IF 2.5 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 PHYSICS, FLUIDS & PLASMAS Pub Date : 2024-07-15 DOI: 10.1103/physrevfluids.9.074301
Ram Sudhir Sharma, Wladimir Sarlin, Langqi Xing, C. Morize, P. Gondret, A. Sauret
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引用次数: 0
Dynamics of intrusion in downslope gravity currents in a rotating frame 旋转框架中下坡重力流的入侵动力学
IF 2.5 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 PHYSICS, FLUIDS & PLASMAS Pub Date : 2024-07-15 DOI: 10.1103/physrevfluids.9.074605
Axel Tassigny, M. Negretti, Achim Wirth
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引用次数: 0
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