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Modulational instability of nonuniformly damped, broad-banded waves: Applications to waves in sea ice 非均匀阻尼宽带波的调制不稳定性:海冰中波浪的应用
IF 2.7 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 PHYSICS, FLUIDS & PLASMAS Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1103/physrevfluids.9.094802
Raphael Stuhlmeier, Conor Heffernan, Alberto Alberello, Emilian Părău
This paper sets out to explore the modulational (or Benjamin-Feir) instability of a monochromatic wave propagating in the presence of damping such as that induced by sea ice on the ocean surface. The fundamental wave motion is modelled using the spatial Zakharov equation, to which either uniform or nonuniform (frequency-dependent) damping is added. By means of mode truncation the spatial analog of the classical Benjamin-Feir instability can be studied analytically using dynamical systems techniques. The formulation readily yields the free surface and its envelope, giving insight into the physical implications of damping on the modulational instability. The evolution of an initially unstable mode is also studied numerically by integrating the damped, spatial Zakharov equation, in order to complement the analytical theory. This sheds light on the effects of damping on spectral broadening arising from this instability.
本文旨在探讨单色波在存在阻尼(如海冰在海面上引起的阻尼)的情况下传播的调制(或本杰明-费尔)不稳定性。基波运动采用空间扎哈罗夫方程建模,并加入均匀或不均匀(随频率变化)阻尼。通过模态截断,可以利用动力系统技术对经典的本杰明-费尔不稳定性的空间模拟进行分析研究。这种方法很容易得到自由表面及其包络,从而深入了解阻尼对调制不稳定性的物理影响。为了补充分析理论,还通过积分阻尼空间扎哈罗夫方程对初始不稳定模式的演变进行了数值研究。这揭示了阻尼对这种不稳定性引起的频谱展宽的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Deep reinforcement learning of airfoil pitch control in a highly disturbed environment using partial observations 利用部分观测数据在高干扰环境中对机翼俯仰控制进行深度强化学习
IF 2.7 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 PHYSICS, FLUIDS & PLASMAS Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1103/physrevfluids.9.093902
Diederik Beckers, Jeff D. Eldredge
This study explores the application of deep reinforcement learning (RL) to design an airfoil pitch controller capable of minimizing lift variations in randomly disturbed flows. The controller, treated as an agent in a partially observable Markov decision process, receives non-Markovian observations from the environment, simulating practical constraints where flow information is limited to force and pressure sensors. Deep RL, particularly the TD3 algorithm, is used to approximate an optimal control policy under such conditions. Testing is conducted for a flat plate airfoil in two environments: a classical unsteady environment with vertical acceleration disturbances (i.e., a Wagner setup) and a viscous flow model with pulsed point force disturbances. In both cases, augmenting observations of the lift, pitch angle, and angular velocity with extra wake information (e.g., from pressure sensors) and retaining memory of past observations enhances RL control performance. Results demonstrate the capability of RL control to match or exceed standard linear controllers in minimizing lift variations. Special attention is given to the choice of training data and the generalization to unseen disturbances.
本研究探索了深度强化学习(RL)在机翼俯仰控制器设计中的应用,该控制器能够最大限度地减少随机扰动气流中的升力变化。控制器被视为部分可观测马尔可夫决策过程中的一个代理,接收来自环境的非马尔可夫观测数据,模拟实际限制条件,即流动信息仅限于力和压力传感器。深度 RL,特别是 TD3 算法,被用来近似这种条件下的最优控制策略。在两种环境下对平板翼面进行了测试:一种是具有垂直加速度干扰的经典非稳态环境(即瓦格纳设置),另一种是具有脉冲点力干扰的粘性流模型。在这两种情况下,利用额外的尾流信息(如来自压力传感器的信息)增强对升力、俯仰角和角速度的观测,并保留对过去观测的记忆,都能提高 RL 控制性能。结果表明,在最大限度地减少升力变化方面,RL 控制能够与标准线性控制器相媲美,甚至更胜一筹。对训练数据的选择和对未知干扰的泛化给予了特别关注。
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引用次数: 0
Bubble entrapment by drop impact: Combined effect of surface tension and viscosity 水滴撞击产生的气泡:表面张力和粘度的综合效应
IF 2.7 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 PHYSICS, FLUIDS & PLASMAS Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1103/physrevfluids.9.094002
Vincent Gourmandie, Juliette Pierre, Valentin Leroy, Caroline Derec
In this study, we systematically investigate the effect of surface tension on bubble entrapment after drop impact in the pinching regime. Experiments are conducted using three different systems: pure water, aqueous solutions with ethanol, or with surfactant molecules, both at various concentrations. Results are compiled for a large set of values of the surface tension γ and the drop impact velocity U. Across all solutions, the cavity development dynamics exhibit similarity and are effectively characterized by dimensionless gravito-capillary parameters. Whatever the surface tension, our measurements indicate that only 40% of the impact energy is converted into potential energy of the cavity. However, a notable distinction arises when considering bubble entrapment. We have constructed a bubbling diagram in the (U,γ) plane, and observed that the conditions for bubble entrapment are altered with changing surface tension in water-ethanol mixtures. More intriguingly, these conditions are modified in a distinctly different manner for surfactant solutions. To interpret our experimental findings, we compile a comprehensive set of experimental and numerical results from the literature. We demonstrate the possibility of unifying results across all systems and our water-ethanol mixtures through an empirical law including the influence of surface tension and viscosity. Although no physical justification exists at this stage, this empirical law suggests the significant role of capillary waves traveling along the cavity interface in bubble entrapment. Within this context, the behavior of surfactant-laden solutions aligns with other homogeneous solutions by considering the elastic properties conferred upon the interfaces by surfactant molecules.
在本研究中,我们系统地研究了表面张力对捏合状态下液滴撞击后气泡夹带的影响。实验使用了三种不同的系统:纯水、含乙醇的水溶液或含表面活性剂分子的水溶液,两种溶液的浓度各不相同。在所有溶液中,空腔的发展动态都表现出相似性,并有效地用无量纲重力-毛细管参数来表征。无论表面张力如何,我们的测量结果表明,只有 40% 的冲击能转化为空腔势能。然而,在考虑气泡夹带时,出现了一个显著的区别。我们绘制了(U,γ)平面上的气泡图,并观察到在水-乙醇混合物中,气泡夹带的条件随着表面张力的变化而改变。更有趣的是,这些条件在表面活性剂溶液中的变化方式截然不同。为了解释我们的实验发现,我们汇编了文献中的一整套实验和数值结果。我们证明了通过包括表面张力和粘度影响在内的经验法则统一所有体系和水乙醇混合物结果的可能性。尽管现阶段还不存在物理上的合理解释,但这一经验法则表明,毛细管波沿着空腔界面传播在气泡夹持中起着重要作用。在此背景下,考虑到表面活性剂分子赋予界面的弹性特性,含表面活性剂溶液的行为与其他均相溶液一致。
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引用次数: 0
Stability of gravity-driven viscous films flowing down a soft cylinder 重力驱动的粘性薄膜在软圆筒中流动的稳定性
IF 2.7 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 PHYSICS, FLUIDS & PLASMAS Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.1103/physrevfluids.9.094001
Youchuang Chao, Lailai Zhu, Zijing Ding, Tiantian Kong, Juntao Chang, Ziao Wang
We study the stability of gravity-driven viscous liquid films flowing down a vertical cylinder that is uniformly coated with a thin layer of elastic solids. Combining the gravity-driven viscous flows with the elastic deformation of the coated soft layer, we formulate a long-wave model to describe the evolution of a film flow-soft structure coupled system. Based on the model, we systematically examine the impact of the coating properties, including the elasticity and thickness on the temporal and spatiotemporal stability. Temporal stability analysis shows that the soft layer plays a dual role, namely, the elasticity acts as a destabilizing factor, leading to large deformations of both film interface and soft surface. However, due to the geometrical effect, increasing the layer thickness stabilizes the Rayleigh-Plateau instability. By contrast, the linear phase speed is always enhanced with increasing the elasticity or the thickness of the coated layer. We then analyze the spatiotemporal nature of free-surface instabilities and find that the elasticity can trigger the film flows from being absolutely unstable to convectively unstable. Transient numerical solutions of the full asymptotic model further verify the predictions from linear stability analysis, and more importantly, reveal the nonlinear effect of the softness. Compared to liquid films falling down the cylinder with rigid walls, the soft surface can enhance the coalescence of faster, larger sliding droplets with preceding slower, smaller sliding ones, thus resulting in a more unstable system. Our study highlights the potential of coating a thin layer of soft materials onto the walls of substrate to regulate the dynamics of liquid film systems, and may have implications for the emerging bioinspired applications; for instance, the large-scale collection and transport of water on flexible microfiber arrays.
我们研究了重力驱动的粘性液膜沿垂直圆柱体流下的稳定性,该圆柱体上均匀地涂覆了一层弹性固体薄层。结合重力驱动的粘性流动和涂层软层的弹性变形,我们建立了一个长波模型来描述薄膜流动-软结构耦合系统的演变。基于该模型,我们系统地研究了涂层特性(包括弹性和厚度)对时空稳定性的影响。时空稳定性分析表明,软层起着双重作用,即弹性是一个失稳因素,会导致薄膜界面和软表面产生较大变形。然而,由于几何效应,增加软层厚度会使瑞利-高原不稳定性趋于稳定。相比之下,线性相位速度总是随着弹性或涂层厚度的增加而提高。然后,我们分析了自由表面不稳定性的时空性质,发现弹性会引发薄膜流从绝对不稳定到对流不稳定。全渐近模型的瞬态数值解进一步验证了线性稳定性分析的预测,更重要的是揭示了软性的非线性效应。与液膜从具有刚性壁的圆柱体上落下相比,软表面能增强速度较快、较大的滑动液滴与前面速度较慢、较小的滑动液滴的凝聚,从而导致系统更不稳定。我们的研究强调了在基底壁上涂一层薄薄的软材料来调节液膜系统动力学的潜力,并可能对新兴的生物启发应用产生影响;例如,在柔性微纤维阵列上大规模收集和运输水。
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引用次数: 0
Laser-induced cavitation in liquid He4 near the liquid-vapor critical point 液态 He4 在液气临界点附近的激光诱导空化
IF 2.7 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 PHYSICS, FLUIDS & PLASMAS Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.1103/physrevfluids.9.l091601
Kenneth R. Langley, Tariq Alghamdi, Andres A. Aguirre-Pablo, Nathan B. Speirs, S. T. Thoroddsen, Peter Taborek
High-speed videos in an optical cryostat, with frame rates up to 5×106 fps, are used to study the dynamics of laser-induced cavitation in helium near the critical point and in the supercritical region. The propagation of strong shock waves are observed in both regimes. The time dependence of the cavitation bubble radius as well as the acoustic pressure field outside the bubble are described by standard compressible flow models. In the temperature range 4K<T<5.2K, a symmetric cloud of micron-scale bubbles are observed outside the main cavitation bubble as it approaches its maximum radius which is due to homogeneous nucleation and spinodal decomposition in the low-pressure fluid outside the bubble. Nucleation of secondary bubbles is also observed far below the critical point, but this requires large negative pressures that can be generated by shock waves that reflect from the primary bubble.
在光学低温恒温器中使用帧速率高达 5×106 fps 的高速视频,研究临界点附近和超临界区域氦气中激光诱导空化的动力学。在这两种情况下都观察到了强冲击波的传播。空化气泡半径和气泡外声压场的时间依赖性由标准可压缩流动模型描述。在 4K<T<5.2K 的温度范围内,当主空化气泡接近其最大半径时,在气泡外观察到对称的微米级气泡云,这是由于气泡外低压流体中的均匀成核和旋光分解造成的。在远低于临界点的地方也能观察到次级气泡的成核现象,但这需要较大的负压,而主气泡反射的冲击波可以产生这种负压。
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引用次数: 0
Anti-plane segregation and diffusion in dense, bidisperse granular shear flow 致密双分散粒状剪切流中的反面离析和扩散
IF 2.7 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 PHYSICS, FLUIDS & PLASMAS Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1103/physrevfluids.9.094301
Harkirat Singh, David L. Henann
Many dense granular systems are non-monodisperse, consisting of particles of different sizes, and will segregate based on size during flow. This phenomenon is an important aspect of many industrial and geophysical processes, necessitating predictive continuum models. This paper systematically studies a key aspect of the three-dimensional nature of segregation and diffusion in flowing, dense, bidisperse granular mixtures—namely, segregation and diffusion acting along the direction perpendicular to the plane of shearing, which we refer to as the anti-plane modes of segregation and diffusion. To this end, we consider discrete-element method (DEM) simulations of flows of dense, bidisperse mixtures of frictional spheres in an idealized configuration that isolates anti-plane segregation and diffusion. We find that previously developed constitutive equations, calibrated to DEM simulation results from flows in which both the segregation and diffusion processes occur within the plane of shearing, do not capture aspects of the anti-plane segregation dynamics. Accordingly, we utilize DEM simulation results to inform and calibrate constitutive equations for the segregation and diffusion fluxes in their anti-plane modes. Predictions of the resulting continuum model for the anti-plane segregation dynamics are tested against additional DEM simulation results across different cases, while parameters such as the shear strain rate and mixture composition are varied, and we find that the calibrated model predictions match well with the DEM simulation results. Finally, we suggest a strategy for generalizing the constitutive forms for the segregation and diffusion fluxes to obtain three-dimensional constitutive equations that account for both the in-plane and the anti-plane modes of the segregation and diffusion processes.
许多致密颗粒系统都是非单分散的,由不同大小的颗粒组成,在流动过程中会根据大小发生分离。这种现象是许多工业和地球物理过程的一个重要方面,需要建立预测性连续模型。本文系统地研究了流动、致密、双分散粒状混合物中偏析和扩散三维性质的一个关键方面,即沿垂直于剪切平面方向的偏析和扩散作用,我们将其称为偏析和扩散的反平面模式。为此,我们采用离散元素法(DEM)模拟了摩擦球双向分散的致密混合物在理想化配置下的流动,该配置隔离了反平面偏析和扩散。我们发现,根据 DEM 模拟结果校准的先前开发的构成方程无法捕捉到反平面偏析动力学的各个方面,而偏析和扩散过程均发生在剪切平面内。因此,我们利用 DEM 模拟结果,为反面模式的偏析和扩散通量提供信息,并校准其构成方程。在改变剪切应变率和混合物成分等参数的同时,我们还根据不同情况下的其他 DEM 模拟结果,测试了由此产生的反面偏析动力学连续模型的预测结果,结果发现校准后的模型预测结果与 DEM 模拟结果非常吻合。最后,我们提出了一种对偏析和扩散通量的构成形式进行概括的策略,以获得同时考虑偏析和扩散过程的平面内和反面模式的三维构成方程。
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引用次数: 0
Instability of stratified air-water flows in circular pipes 圆管中分层气水流的不稳定性
IF 2.7 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 PHYSICS, FLUIDS & PLASMAS Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1103/physrevfluids.9.093901
Ilya Barmak, Alexander Gelfgat, Neima Brauner
This work deals with the stability of two-phase stratified air-water flows in horizontal circular pipes. For this purpose, we performed a linear stability analysis, which considers all possible three-dimensional infinitesimal disturbances and takes into account deformations of the air-water interface. The main results are presented in the form of stability maps, which compare well with the available experimental data. The neutral stability curves are accompanied by the corresponding wavenumbers and wave speeds of the critical perturbations, as well as by spatial patterns of their velocity components. Accordingly, several modes of the critical perturbation are revealed. Long waves are found to be the critical perturbation over part of the stability boundary, and they are affected by the surface tension due to the confinement effect of the lateral direction. Exploring the effect of pipe diameter on the stability boundary and critical perturbations shows that for small water holdups (i.e., thin water film) the scaling of the critical gas velocity by the gas Froude number is valid for pipe diameters larger than about 0.1 m, where the surface tension effects due to the lateral confinement become negligible. Comparing results obtained in pipe, square-duct, and two-plate geometries, we show that there are cases where the simplified geometry of two parallel plates can be employed to model the realistic geometry reasonably well.
本研究涉及水平圆管中两相分层气水流的稳定性。为此,我们进行了线性稳定性分析,考虑了所有可能的三维无穷小扰动,并考虑了气水界面的变形。主要结果以稳定图的形式呈现,与现有的实验数据对比良好。中性稳定曲线附有临界扰动的相应波数和波速,以及其速度分量的空间模式。因此,临界扰动的几种模式被揭示出来。研究发现,长波是部分稳定边界上的临界扰动,由于横向的约束效应,长波受到表面张力的影响。探索管道直径对稳定边界和临界扰动的影响表明,对于小的水滞留(即薄水膜),临界气体速度与气体弗劳德数的比例关系在管道直径大于约 0.1 米时是有效的,此时横向约束产生的表面张力效应变得可以忽略不计。通过比较管道、方形导管和双板几何结构的结果,我们发现在某些情况下,可以使用两块平行板的简化几何结构来合理模拟实际几何结构。
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引用次数: 0
Evidence of a finite-time pointlike singularity solution for the Euler equations for perfect fluids 完美流体欧拉方程有限时间点状奇点解的证据
IF 2.7 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 PHYSICS, FLUIDS & PLASMAS Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1103/physrevfluids.9.094401
Diego Martínez-Argüello, Sergio Rica
This paper investigates the evolution of the Euler equations near a potential blow-up solution. We employ an approach where this solution exhibits second-type self-similarity, characterized by an undetermined exponent ν. This exponent can be seen as a nonlinear eigenvalue, determined by the solution of a self-similar partial differential equation with appropriate boundary conditions. Specifically, we demonstrate the existence of an axisymmetric solution of the Euler equations by expanding the axial vorticity using associated Legendre polynomials as a basis. This expansion results in an infinite hierarchy of ordinary differential equations, which, when truncated up to a certain order N*, allows for the numerical resolution of a finite set of ordinary differential equations. Through this numerical analysis, we obtain a solution that satisfies the appropriate boundary conditions for a specific value of the exponent ν. By exploring various truncations, we establish a sequence in N* for the parameter νN*, providing evidence of the convergence of the exponent ν. Our findings suggest a self-similar exponent ν2, presenting a promising path for a numerical or analytical approach indicating that ν may indeed be exactly 2.
本文研究了欧拉方程在潜在爆炸解附近的演变。我们采用的方法是,该解表现出第二类自相似性,其特征是一个未确定的指数ν。该指数可视为一个非线性特征值,由具有适当边界条件的自相似偏微分方程的解决定。具体来说,我们以相关的 Legendre 多项式为基础,对轴向涡度进行扩展,从而证明欧拉方程轴对称解的存在。这种扩展导致了常微分方程的无限层次,当截断到一定阶次 N* 时,就可以对有限的常微分方程集进行数值解析。通过这种数值分析,我们得到了满足特定指数值 ν 的适当边界条件的解。通过探索各种截断,我们建立了参数 νN* 的 N* 序列,为指数 ν 的收敛提供了证据。我们的研究结果表明,ν≈2 是一个自相似的指数,这为数值或分析方法指明了一条大有可为的道路,表明 ν 确实可能正好是 2。
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引用次数: 0
Helicity transfer in compressible turbulent flows 可压缩湍流中的螺旋力传递
IF 2.7 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 PHYSICS, FLUIDS & PLASMAS Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1103/physrevfluids.9.094603
Zheng Yan, Junfeng Wu, Zhu Lei, Jianchun Wang, Lifeng Wang, Xinliang Li, Changping Yu
The dual-channel characteristics of large-scale helicity transfer in compressible turbulent flows, including subgrid-scale (SGS) and viscosity terms, are investigated. After selecting a suitable definition for large-scale helicity, we confirm the existence of the dual channel of SGS and viscosity terms of large-scale helicity governing equations and theoretically prove that no dual pressure term channel exists. The second channel of the SGS and viscosity terms also consists of two terms, which originate from the rotation of the SGS stress and the baroclinic of the velocity and density gradients, respectively. The identical relationship of the ensemble averages of the dual channel of SGS and viscosity terms can be theoretically and numerically confirmed, whereas their second channel which is associated with shocklets is more intermittent. For the SGS term, the compression regions are dominant in contrast to the expansion regions, and the strain regions are dominant in contrast to the rotation regions in the inertial scale range. The viscous dissipation mechanism of large-scale helicity differs from that of large-scale kinetic energy. It is dominated by the first channel on the inside of the vortex structure and by the second channel on the outside. The further decompositions of the second channel of the SGS and viscosity terms provide a possible mechanism for the inverse helicity transfer. This means that expansion motions promote inverse helicity transfer through the second terms of their second channels.
研究了可压缩湍流中大尺度卷扬传递的双通道特性,包括子网格尺度(SGS)和粘性项。在选择了合适的大尺度旋涡定义之后,我们证实了大尺度旋涡调控方程中 SGS 和粘性项双通道的存在,并从理论上证明了不存在双压力项通道。SGS 和粘性项的第二通道也由两个项组成,它们分别源于 SGS 应力的旋转和速度梯度与密度梯度的巴氏。从理论和数值上可以证实,SGS 和粘性项的双通道的集合平均值的关系是相同的,而它们与冲击子有关的第二通道则更具有间歇性。就 SGS 项而言,在惯性尺度范围内,压缩区比膨胀区占优势,应变区比旋转区占优势。大尺度螺旋的粘性耗散机制与大尺度动能的粘性耗散机制不同。它由涡旋结构内部的第一通道和外部的第二通道主导。对 SGS 和粘度项的第二通道的进一步分解为反向螺旋力传递提供了可能的机制。这意味着膨胀运动通过其第二通道的第二项促进了反向螺旋度传递。
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引用次数: 0
Efficient dynamic mixed subgrid-scale model 高效动态混合亚网格尺度模型
IF 2.7 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 PHYSICS, FLUIDS & PLASMAS Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1103/physrevfluids.9.l092601
Prahladh S. Iyer, Mujeeb R. Malik
It is well known that the scale-similarity class of subgrid models have a high correlation with the actual subgrid stresses in a priori tests. However, these models are typically underdissipative and not robust enough to be practically useful for large-eddy simulation. On the other hand, the dynamic Smagorinsky model (DSM), which is a popular subgrid model, is sufficiently dissipative and robust, but has a lower correlation with actual subgrid stresses in a priori tests. There have been many successful attempts to combine the two models into a “mixed” subgrid model that have typically retained the favorable properties of both. However, most dynamic mixed models require two or more levels of test filtering beyond the (often implicit) grid filtered quantities that are solved, in contrast to a single test filtering operation for the dynamic Smagorinsky model. The additional cost involved in test filtering has likely hindered the widespread use of dynamic mixed models in production codes. We propose an efficient dynamic mixed model that is constrained to have the same subgrid dissipation as the DSM model, and only requires a single level of test filtering. Thus, the additional computational cost is negligible compared to the DSM model. A posteriori simulations of the turbulent channel flow reveal that the proposed mixed model is as robust as the DSM model, and more accurate on coarser grids. Notably, smooth-body turbulent separation is better captured by the new model when combined with a standard wall model.
众所周知,尺度相似类子网格模型与先验测试中的实际子网格应力具有很高的相关性。然而,这些模型通常耗散不足,不够稳健,对大涡模拟没有实际意义。另一方面,动态 Smagorinsky 模型(DSM)是一种流行的子网格模型,具有足够的耗散性和鲁棒性,但在先验测试中与实际子网格应力的相关性较低。将这两种模型结合成 "混合 "子网模型的成功尝试很多,通常都保留了这两种模型的有利特性。然而,大多数动态混合模型在求解的网格滤波量(通常是隐含的)之外,还需要两级或更多级的试验滤波,而动态斯马戈林斯基模型只需进行一次试验滤波操作。测试过滤的额外成本很可能阻碍了动态混合模型在生产代码中的广泛应用。我们提出了一种高效的动态混合模型,它受限于与 DSM 模型具有相同的子网格耗散,并且只需要单级测试滤波。因此,与 DSM 模型相比,额外的计算成本可以忽略不计。湍流通道流的后验模拟显示,所提出的混合模型与 DSM 模型一样稳健,而且在更粗的网格上更为精确。值得注意的是,当新模型与标准壁模型相结合时,新模型能更好地捕捉平滑体湍流分离现象。
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