I. Jimenez Luna, X. Besoain, S. Saa, Elena Peach-Fine, Fabiola Cadiz Morales, N. Riquelme, A. Larach, J. Morales, E. Ezcurra, V. Ashworth, P. Rolshausen
English walnut (Juglans regia) has become an important crop in Chile, representing 11.5% of the total area of fruit trees, surpassed only by grapevine. As the Chilean walnut industry rapidly expands, young orchards are at risk from the emergence of new fungal diseases. Botryosphaeriaceae and Diaporthaceae fungi have been recognized as main causes of wood diseases in walnut, with symptoms of dieback, canker, and blight. In winter 2017, samples were collected from different orchards in Valparaíso and Maule regions. Fungal isolates recovered were cultured, characterized morphologically, and identified using DNA sequence analyses. Three species (Neofusicoccum parvum, Diplodia mutila, Diplodia seriata) were characterized in Botryosphaeriaceae and two (Diaporthe cynaroidis, Diaporthe australafricana) in Diaporthaceae. Pathogenicity tests showed that N. parvum was the most aggressive species to walnut. This study confirmed the presence of pathogenic Botryosphaeriaceae and Diaporthaceae in J. regia that should be considered an increasing risk for the growing Chilean walnut industry.
{"title":"Identity and pathogenicity of Botryosphaeriaceae and Diaporthaceae from Juglans regia in Chile","authors":"I. Jimenez Luna, X. Besoain, S. Saa, Elena Peach-Fine, Fabiola Cadiz Morales, N. Riquelme, A. Larach, J. Morales, E. Ezcurra, V. Ashworth, P. Rolshausen","doi":"10.36253/phyto-12832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/phyto-12832","url":null,"abstract":"English walnut (Juglans regia) has become an important crop in Chile, representing 11.5% of the total area of fruit trees, surpassed only by grapevine. As the Chilean walnut industry rapidly expands, young orchards are at risk from the emergence of new fungal diseases. Botryosphaeriaceae and Diaporthaceae fungi have been recognized as main causes of wood diseases in walnut, with symptoms of dieback, canker, and blight. In winter 2017, samples were collected from different orchards in Valparaíso and Maule regions. Fungal isolates recovered were cultured, characterized morphologically, and identified using DNA sequence analyses. Three species (Neofusicoccum parvum, Diplodia mutila, Diplodia seriata) were characterized in Botryosphaeriaceae and two (Diaporthe cynaroidis, Diaporthe australafricana) in Diaporthaceae. Pathogenicity tests showed that N. parvum was the most aggressive species to walnut. This study confirmed the presence of pathogenic Botryosphaeriaceae and Diaporthaceae in J. regia that should be considered an increasing risk for the growing Chilean walnut industry.","PeriodicalId":20165,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathologia Mediterranea","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46755931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Garlic dry rot caused by Fusarium proliferatum is an emerging postharvest disease that has resulted in severe economic losses, necessitating design and implementation of efficient disease control strategies. Sanitation of planting cloves is critical for preventing garlic dry rot. This study evaluated the efficacy of commercial chemicals and biocontrol agents, applied at planting as spray treatments, for reducing disease severity and the occurrence of Fusarium spp. in garlic, from the field stage then through 9 months of postharvest storage. Tebuconazole was the most effective for reducing disease severity, giving 26.5% reduction of basal plate rots and 44% reduction of bulb rots, and 33.4% reduction in visible symptoms on cloves relative to the untreated controls. Comparable results were obtained by applying B. subtilis and S. griseoviridis. However, none of the active ingredients tested in this study reduced the incidence of F. oxysporum and F. proliferatum on basal plates, although tebuconazole reduced the postharvest incidence of F. proliferatum on cloves by nearly 50%. Incidence of F. proliferatum increased by 37% in bulbs transferred from storage to room temperature (25°C) for 15 days, simulating storage in consumers’ homes. These results demonstrate that spray seed clove treatments have inhibitory effects on postharvest garlic dry rot, although further research is required to determine the persistence of these treatments during prolonged storage, especially without low temperatures.
{"title":"Efficacy of chemical and biological spray seed treatments in preventing garlic dry rot","authors":"Letizia Mondani, G. Chiusa, P. Battilani","doi":"10.36253/phyto-13103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/phyto-13103","url":null,"abstract":"Garlic dry rot caused by Fusarium proliferatum is an emerging postharvest disease that has resulted in severe economic losses, necessitating design and implementation of efficient disease control strategies. Sanitation of planting cloves is critical for preventing garlic dry rot. This study evaluated the efficacy of commercial chemicals and biocontrol agents, applied at planting as spray treatments, for reducing disease severity and the occurrence of Fusarium spp. in garlic, from the field stage then through 9 months of postharvest storage. Tebuconazole was the most effective for reducing disease severity, giving 26.5% reduction of basal plate rots and 44% reduction of bulb rots, and 33.4% reduction in visible symptoms on cloves relative to the untreated controls. Comparable results were obtained by applying B. subtilis and S. griseoviridis. However, none of the active ingredients tested in this study reduced the incidence of F. oxysporum and F. proliferatum on basal plates, although tebuconazole reduced the postharvest incidence of F. proliferatum on cloves by nearly 50%. Incidence of F. proliferatum increased by 37% in bulbs transferred from storage to room temperature (25°C) for 15 days, simulating storage in consumers’ homes. These results demonstrate that spray seed clove treatments have inhibitory effects on postharvest garlic dry rot, although further research is required to determine the persistence of these treatments during prolonged storage, especially without low temperatures.","PeriodicalId":20165,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathologia Mediterranea","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42241328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Schianchi, Safa Oufensou, G. Moro, S. Serra, V. Prota
In 2017–2018, grapevines of cultivar ‘Vermentino’ infected with grapevine Pinot gris virus (GPGV) in Sardinia, Italy, exhibited leaf symptoms of mosaic, chlorotic mottling, and curling, and stunted shoots. Disease incidence assessed in 2018 was greater (67%, 103 symptomatic plants out of 153 monitored) than in 2017 (26%, 40 of 153 plants). All symptomatic samples tested by RT-PCR were positive for GPGV in both years, while 70% (53 of 76) of the asymptomatic samples in 2017, and 42% (19 of 45) in 2018, were also positive for GPGV. Characterizing six GPGV isolates from ‘Vermentino’ by RT-PCR and sequencing of a genomic fragment covering the movement and coat protein genes showed high conservation at the nucleotide level (98.7% to 100.0%) among Sardinian isolates and isolates for which sequence information is available in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that most Sardinian GPGV isolates grouped with other European isolates. This is the first characterization of GPGV in a Sardinian vineyard.
{"title":"Molecular analysis of grapevine Pinot gris virus and its association with grapevine leaf mottling and deformation on ‘Vermentino’ grapevines in Sardinia","authors":"N. Schianchi, Safa Oufensou, G. Moro, S. Serra, V. Prota","doi":"10.36253/phyto-12947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/phyto-12947","url":null,"abstract":"In 2017–2018, grapevines of cultivar ‘Vermentino’ infected with grapevine Pinot gris virus (GPGV) in Sardinia, Italy, exhibited leaf symptoms of mosaic, chlorotic mottling, and curling, and stunted shoots. Disease incidence assessed in 2018 was greater (67%, 103 symptomatic plants out of 153 monitored) than in 2017 (26%, 40 of 153 plants). All symptomatic samples tested by RT-PCR were positive for GPGV in both years, while 70% (53 of 76) of the asymptomatic samples in 2017, and 42% (19 of 45) in 2018, were also positive for GPGV. Characterizing six GPGV isolates from ‘Vermentino’ by RT-PCR and sequencing of a genomic fragment covering the movement and coat protein genes showed high conservation at the nucleotide level (98.7% to 100.0%) among Sardinian isolates and isolates for which sequence information is available in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that most Sardinian GPGV isolates grouped with other European isolates. This is the first characterization of GPGV in a Sardinian vineyard.","PeriodicalId":20165,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathologia Mediterranea","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42212081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neda Peymani, A. Golparvar, M. nasresfahani, Esmaeeil Mahmoudi, M. Shams
Early blight, caused by Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler is a serious disease of potato and other cultivated Solanum species. The molecular components defining defense responses to A. alternata in potato are limited. Host transcript accumulation after A. alternata inoculation of six potato genotypes (10/33/R1, 3/33/R2 and 21/33/R2, resistant to the pathogen, and 8707/106, 8703/804 and 8707/112, susceptible) was examined to develop understanding of mechanisms of their responses to A. alternata genotypes. The marker genes PR-2, ChtA, PR-5, PR1-b, PIN2, ERF3, PAL and LOX, activity of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), polyphenol oxidase (PPOs) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), as well as biomass growth parameters, were analysed. Expression of PR-2, ChtA, PR-5, PR1-b and PAL genes was greatly increased in the inoculated resistant genotypes compared to the susceptible genotypes and un-inoculated controls. Transcription levels of PIN2, ERF3 and LOX genes were decreased in resistant inoculated plants. Simultaneously, activities of POX, SOD and PPOs were greatly increased in the inoculated resistant host genotypes, compared to the susceptible and non-inoculated controls. CAT activity in genotype 21/33/R2 and PAL activity in resistant genotypes 21/33/R2 and 10/33/R1 increased in the susceptible and non-inoculated. Host growth parameters of inoculated plants decreased compared to un-inoculated controls. Knowledge of changes in gene expression levels and enzyme production in defense processes in infected potato plants can inform future studies to identify the defense mechanisms, and assist generation of potato cultivars resistant to early blight.
{"title":"Candidate marker genes and enzymes for selection of potato with resistance to early blight, caused by Alternaria alternata","authors":"Neda Peymani, A. Golparvar, M. nasresfahani, Esmaeeil Mahmoudi, M. Shams","doi":"10.36253/phyto-12852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/phyto-12852","url":null,"abstract":"Early blight, caused by Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler is a serious disease of potato and other cultivated Solanum species. The molecular components defining defense responses to A. alternata in potato are limited. Host transcript accumulation after A. alternata inoculation of six potato genotypes (10/33/R1, 3/33/R2 and 21/33/R2, resistant to the pathogen, and 8707/106, 8703/804 and 8707/112, susceptible) was examined to develop understanding of mechanisms of their responses to A. alternata genotypes. The marker genes PR-2, ChtA, PR-5, PR1-b, PIN2, ERF3, PAL and LOX, activity of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), polyphenol oxidase (PPOs) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), as well as biomass growth parameters, were analysed. Expression of PR-2, ChtA, PR-5, PR1-b and PAL genes was greatly increased in the inoculated resistant genotypes compared to the susceptible genotypes and un-inoculated controls. Transcription levels of PIN2, ERF3 and LOX genes were decreased in resistant inoculated plants. Simultaneously, activities of POX, SOD and PPOs were greatly increased in the inoculated resistant host genotypes, compared to the susceptible and non-inoculated controls. CAT activity in genotype 21/33/R2 and PAL activity in resistant genotypes 21/33/R2 and 10/33/R1 increased in the susceptible and non-inoculated. Host growth parameters of inoculated plants decreased compared to un-inoculated controls. Knowledge of changes in gene expression levels and enzyme production in defense processes in infected potato plants can inform future studies to identify the defense mechanisms, and assist generation of potato cultivars resistant to early blight.","PeriodicalId":20165,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathologia Mediterranea","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45302654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Buzón-Durán, Natalia Langa-Lomba, V. González-García, José Casanova-Gascón, Eva Sánchez-Hernández, J. Martín‐Gil, Pablo Martín Ramos
Flavonoids and phenolic acids play roles in grapevine defence against pathogens causing grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs). Rutin is a major flavonoid in vegetative organs of the grapevines, and this compound, unlike other flavonoids, is non-toxic and non-oxidizable. Rutin was assayed in vitro and in vivo against two Botryosphaeriaceae taxa. The limited bioavailability of this compound was circumvented by conjugation with stevioside, a glycoside obtained from Stevia rebaudiana. Clear synergistic effects were observed for the stevioside-rutin adduct, resulting in EC50 and EC90 values of 306.0 and 714.9 μg·mL-1 against Neofusicoccum parvum and 241.6 and 457.8 μg·mL-1 against Dothiorella viticola. In greenhouse experiments, moderate inhibition of N. parvum growth and complete inhibition of D. viticola were observed. These inhibitory effects were greater than those of ferulic acid, which has been considered the most effective phenolic acid against GTDs. Conjugation with stevioside provided solubility enhancement of rutin, paving the way to the design of glycopesticides based on rutin-rich plant extracts as promising antifungals against GTDs.
{"title":"Rutin-stevioside and related conjugates for potential control of grapevine trunk diseases","authors":"L. Buzón-Durán, Natalia Langa-Lomba, V. González-García, José Casanova-Gascón, Eva Sánchez-Hernández, J. Martín‐Gil, Pablo Martín Ramos","doi":"10.36253/phyto-13108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/phyto-13108","url":null,"abstract":"Flavonoids and phenolic acids play roles in grapevine defence against pathogens causing grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs). Rutin is a major flavonoid in vegetative organs of the grapevines, and this compound, unlike other flavonoids, is non-toxic and non-oxidizable. Rutin was assayed in vitro and in vivo against two Botryosphaeriaceae taxa. The limited bioavailability of this compound was circumvented by conjugation with stevioside, a glycoside obtained from Stevia rebaudiana. Clear synergistic effects were observed for the stevioside-rutin adduct, resulting in EC50 and EC90 values of 306.0 and 714.9 μg·mL-1 against Neofusicoccum parvum and 241.6 and 457.8 μg·mL-1 against Dothiorella viticola. In greenhouse experiments, moderate inhibition of N. parvum growth and complete inhibition of D. viticola were observed. These inhibitory effects were greater than those of ferulic acid, which has been considered the most effective phenolic acid against GTDs. Conjugation with stevioside provided solubility enhancement of rutin, paving the way to the design of glycopesticides based on rutin-rich plant extracts as promising antifungals against GTDs.","PeriodicalId":20165,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathologia Mediterranea","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44780093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Camps, N. Fiore, N. Riquelme, W. Barros-Parada, X. Besoain
Phylogenetic analyses categorize seven genotypes of citrus tristeza virus (CTV). The symptoms caused by this pathogen, their expression and severity are influenced by CTV genotypes, host species, cultivars, and infected host rootstocks. This study aimed to verify how populations of Chilean CTV isolates changed following inoculation from infected sweet orange to Mexican lime trees, and to determine if CTV genotype populations influenced transmission efficiency via Aphis gossypii. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction showed variation in genotypes of populations of CTV in Mexican lime, after graft inoculations using infected sweet orange chip-buds. Severe genotypes (VT) were detected after inoculation of mild isolate CTV populations (T30). The T30 donor populations also reduced transmissibility via A. gossypii; however, these results may not be conclusive due to mixture with the VT genotype. There is evidence of high rates of virus acquisition by this aphid species, but also low transmission efficiency, which may partially explain the historical absence of tristeza epidemics in Chile.
{"title":"Genotype variation of citrus tristeza virus after passage on different hosts, and changes in the virus genotype populations by the vector Aphis gossypii","authors":"R. Camps, N. Fiore, N. Riquelme, W. Barros-Parada, X. Besoain","doi":"10.36253/phyto-12965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/phyto-12965","url":null,"abstract":"Phylogenetic analyses categorize seven genotypes of citrus tristeza virus (CTV). The symptoms caused by this pathogen, their expression and severity are influenced by CTV genotypes, host species, cultivars, and infected host rootstocks. This study aimed to verify how populations of Chilean CTV isolates changed following inoculation from infected sweet orange to Mexican lime trees, and to determine if CTV genotype populations influenced transmission efficiency via Aphis gossypii. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction showed variation in genotypes of populations of CTV in Mexican lime, after graft inoculations using infected sweet orange chip-buds. Severe genotypes (VT) were detected after inoculation of mild isolate CTV populations (T30). The T30 donor populations also reduced transmissibility via A. gossypii; however, these results may not be conclusive due to mixture with the VT genotype. There is evidence of high rates of virus acquisition by this aphid species, but also low transmission efficiency, which may partially explain the historical absence of tristeza epidemics in Chile.","PeriodicalId":20165,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathologia Mediterranea","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44395862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Bessadat, B. Hamon, N. Bataille-Simoneau, Justine Colou, K. Mabrouk, P. Simoneau
Leaf blight and spot caused by Stemphylium spp. and Alternaria spp. are the most common destructive tomato diseases in north-western Algeria. During 2018 growing seasons, more than 30% of samples collected from plants grown in greenhouses or open fields were infected with Stemphylium. Initial symptoms were small, multiple, irregular to oval, yellow leaf spots, which enlarged to brown lesions later. In these lesions, Stemphylium mostly co-occurred with Alternaria spp. Twenty nine Stemphylium isolates were characterized based on morphological features, and multi-locus phylogenies using ITS, gpd, and cmdA genomic loci. Five Stemphylium species (S. lycopersici, S. gracilariae, S. eturmiunum, S. vesicarium, S. lycii) were associated with tomato leaf spot, of which S. lycii is a new report for tomato. Pathogenicity tests on healthy 2-months-old tomato seedlings reproduced symptoms similar to those observed in tomato crops. The tested fungus isolates differed in pathogenicity. Two isolates of S. lycopersici were more aggressive than those of the other species, causing major lesions on tomato plants. The five identified Stemphylium species are reported for the first time as new pathogens for tomato in Algeria, and S. lycopersici, S. gracilariae, S. eturmiunum, and S. lycii as new species of Algerian mycoflora.
{"title":"Characterization of Stemphylium spp. associated with tomato foliar diseases in Algeria","authors":"N. Bessadat, B. Hamon, N. Bataille-Simoneau, Justine Colou, K. Mabrouk, P. Simoneau","doi":"10.36253/phyto-13033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/phyto-13033","url":null,"abstract":"Leaf blight and spot caused by Stemphylium spp. and Alternaria spp. are the most common destructive tomato diseases in north-western Algeria. During 2018 growing seasons, more than 30% of samples collected from plants grown in greenhouses or open fields were infected with Stemphylium. Initial symptoms were small, multiple, irregular to oval, yellow leaf spots, which enlarged to brown lesions later. In these lesions, Stemphylium mostly co-occurred with Alternaria spp. Twenty nine Stemphylium isolates were characterized based on morphological features, and multi-locus phylogenies using ITS, gpd, and cmdA genomic loci. Five Stemphylium species (S. lycopersici, S. gracilariae, S. eturmiunum, S. vesicarium, S. lycii) were associated with tomato leaf spot, of which S. lycii is a new report for tomato. Pathogenicity tests on healthy 2-months-old tomato seedlings reproduced symptoms similar to those observed in tomato crops. The tested fungus isolates differed in pathogenicity. Two isolates of S. lycopersici were more aggressive than those of the other species, causing major lesions on tomato plants. The five identified Stemphylium species are reported for the first time as new pathogens for tomato in Algeria, and S. lycopersici, S. gracilariae, S. eturmiunum, and S. lycii as new species of Algerian mycoflora.","PeriodicalId":20165,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathologia Mediterranea","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43936345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Radouane, S. Ezrari, Z. Belabess, A. Tahiri, R. Tahzima, S. Massart, H. Jijakli, M. Benjelloun, R. Lahlali
Cucurbits are among the most cultivated crops, and the most economically important species are melon (Cucumis melo L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thumb.), squash (Cucurbita pepo L.), and pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.). These crops have become important income sources providing export and local consumption commodities in many Mediterranean countries. Increased area of cucurbits has led to the emergence of several viral diseases, which can have impacts on crop production and threaten agricultural sustainability. An overview of the most damaging cucurbit viruses in the Mediterranean area is provided to improve understanding of the diseases they cause and to emphasize effective disease management strategies. An updating of the geographical distribution of these viruses, the symptoms they cause and their means of transmission is also provided. Disease management methods and measures by farmers and phytosanitary authorities to address the virus outbreaks are outlined, including diagnostics, use of tolerant cultivars, and chemical and biological vector control. Mediterranean region farmers have learned many lessons from the damaging pandemics caused by cucurbit viruses, through the extensive published research, and this review provides a basis for managing future outbreaks of newly emerging virus infections.
{"title":"Viruses of cucurbit crops: current status in the Mediterranean Region","authors":"N. Radouane, S. Ezrari, Z. Belabess, A. Tahiri, R. Tahzima, S. Massart, H. Jijakli, M. Benjelloun, R. Lahlali","doi":"10.36253/phyto-12340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/phyto-12340","url":null,"abstract":"Cucurbits are among the most cultivated crops, and the most economically important species are melon (Cucumis melo L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thumb.), squash (Cucurbita pepo L.), and pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.). These crops have become important income sources providing export and local consumption commodities in many Mediterranean countries. Increased area of cucurbits has led to the emergence of several viral diseases, which can have impacts on crop production and threaten agricultural sustainability. An overview of the most damaging cucurbit viruses in the Mediterranean area is provided to improve understanding of the diseases they cause and to emphasize effective disease management strategies. An updating of the geographical distribution of these viruses, the symptoms they cause and their means of transmission is also provided. Disease management methods and measures by farmers and phytosanitary authorities to address the virus outbreaks are outlined, including diagnostics, use of tolerant cultivars, and chemical and biological vector control. Mediterranean region farmers have learned many lessons from the damaging pandemics caused by cucurbit viruses, through the extensive published research, and this review provides a basis for managing future outbreaks of newly emerging virus infections.","PeriodicalId":20165,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathologia Mediterranea","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47528885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Guarnaccia, I. Martino, L. Brondino, A. Garibaldi, M. Gullino
Highbush blueberry is an increasingly important crop due to its economic value and demonstrated health benefits of blueberries. Leaf spots are considered as minor diseases of blueberry plants, but they adversely affect blueberry productivity, causing reduced photosynthetic activity, flower bud formation and berry production. Surveys of blueberry crops were conducted in Piedmont, Northern Italy, during 2019-2020. Fungi isolated from leaf spots of the blueberry cultivar ‘Blue Ribbon’ were identified as Colletotrichum helleniense through a robust multi-locus phylogeny. Eight genomic loci were considered: tub, gapdh, act, cal, his3, chs-1, ApMat and gs. Morphological characters of a representative strain were assessed. Pathogenicity was confirmed on four blueberry cultivars, although with different levels of aggressiveness to the cultivars. This study shows the importance of a polyphasic approach to investigate species of Colletotrichum, and the relevance of molecular tools for the species-level characterization within the ‘Kahawae’ clade. This is the first report of Colletotrichum helleniense causing leaf anthracnose on Vaccinium corymbosum.
{"title":"Leaf anthracnose and defoliation of blueberry caused by Colletotrichum helleniense in Northern Italy","authors":"V. Guarnaccia, I. Martino, L. Brondino, A. Garibaldi, M. Gullino","doi":"10.36253/phyto-12377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/phyto-12377","url":null,"abstract":"Highbush blueberry is an increasingly important crop due to its economic value and demonstrated health benefits of blueberries. Leaf spots are considered as minor diseases of blueberry plants, but they adversely affect blueberry productivity, causing reduced photosynthetic activity, flower bud formation and berry production. Surveys of blueberry crops were conducted in Piedmont, Northern Italy, during 2019-2020. Fungi isolated from leaf spots of the blueberry cultivar ‘Blue Ribbon’ were identified as Colletotrichum helleniense through a robust multi-locus phylogeny. Eight genomic loci were considered: tub, gapdh, act, cal, his3, chs-1, ApMat and gs. Morphological characters of a representative strain were assessed. Pathogenicity was confirmed on four blueberry cultivars, although with different levels of aggressiveness to the cultivars. This study shows the importance of a polyphasic approach to investigate species of Colletotrichum, and the relevance of molecular tools for the species-level characterization within the ‘Kahawae’ clade. This is the first report of Colletotrichum helleniense causing leaf anthracnose on Vaccinium corymbosum.","PeriodicalId":20165,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathologia Mediterranea","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45967001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Increasing recognition of novel Phaeoacremonium species, and their recent taxonomic reassignment through phylogeny based on the β-tubulin and actin genes, have highlighted the presence of paraphyly, intraspecific variation, and incongruence of some Phaeoacremonium species. This study investigated the intergenic spacer rDNA regions of a representative collection of 31 Phaeoacremonium italicum strains, and compared their structures with those of the closest related species, Phaeoacremonium alvesii and Phaeoacremonium rubrigenum. These intergenic spacer sequences had five categories of repeat elements that were organised into distinct patterns. Morphological analyses of the P. italicum strains provided a more detailed description of P. italicum. The phylogenetic tree constructed using the intergenic spacer sequences compared with that obtained by combined analysis of β-tubulin and actin sequences indicated that the intergenic spacer rDNA region distinguished intraspecific and interspecific variations. Further molecular studies are required to determine whether intergenic spacer sequences can improve precision in defining Phaeoacremonium phylogeny, and prevent misidentification and the introduction of vague species boundaries for the genus.
{"title":"Structure analysis of the ribosomal intergenic spacer region of Phaeoacremonium italicum as a study model","authors":"M. Laidani, M. Raimondo, A. D’ONGHIA, A. Carlucci","doi":"10.36253/phyto-13159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/phyto-13159","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing recognition of novel Phaeoacremonium species, and their recent taxonomic reassignment through phylogeny based on the β-tubulin and actin genes, have highlighted the presence of paraphyly, intraspecific variation, and incongruence of some Phaeoacremonium species. This study investigated the intergenic spacer rDNA regions of a representative collection of 31 Phaeoacremonium italicum strains, and compared their structures with those of the closest related species, Phaeoacremonium alvesii and Phaeoacremonium rubrigenum. These intergenic spacer sequences had five categories of repeat elements that were organised into distinct patterns. Morphological analyses of the P. italicum strains provided a more detailed description of P. italicum. The phylogenetic tree constructed using the intergenic spacer sequences compared with that obtained by combined analysis of β-tubulin and actin sequences indicated that the intergenic spacer rDNA region distinguished intraspecific and interspecific variations. Further molecular studies are required to determine whether intergenic spacer sequences can improve precision in defining Phaeoacremonium phylogeny, and prevent misidentification and the introduction of vague species boundaries for the genus.","PeriodicalId":20165,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathologia Mediterranea","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44426497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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