Citrus fruit crops are important in many countries. Anthracnose, post bloom fruit drop, fruit stem-end rot, twig and branch dieback and gummosis, caused by Colletotrichum spp., are diseases that seriously threaten citrus production. Surveys of kumquat (Fortunella margarita) orchards were conducted in Eastern Sicily, Southern Italy, during 2022-23. Fungi isolated from twig and branch dieback of F. margarita were identified as Colletotrichum karsti through multi-locus (gapdh, tub2 and act) phylogeny. Pathogenicity and aggressiveness on detached apple fruit and kumquat plants were confirmed for a selection of representative isolates, although with different levels of disease incidence observed. This is the most comprehensive study on identification of C. karsti as the causal agent of twig and branch dieback of kumquat.
{"title":"A new disease of kumquat (Fortunella margarita) caused by Colletotrichum karsti: twig and branch dieback","authors":"Giuseppa Rosaria LEONARDI, Dalia AIELLO, Gaetano CAMILLERI, Valeria PIATTINO, Giancarlo POLIZZI, Vladimiro GUARNACCIA","doi":"10.36253/phyto-14544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/phyto-14544","url":null,"abstract":"Citrus fruit crops are important in many countries. Anthracnose, post bloom fruit drop, fruit stem-end rot, twig and branch dieback and gummosis, caused by Colletotrichum spp., are diseases that seriously threaten citrus production. Surveys of kumquat (Fortunella margarita) orchards were conducted in Eastern Sicily, Southern Italy, during 2022-23. Fungi isolated from twig and branch dieback of F. margarita were identified as Colletotrichum karsti through multi-locus (gapdh, tub2 and act) phylogeny. Pathogenicity and aggressiveness on detached apple fruit and kumquat plants were confirmed for a selection of representative isolates, although with different levels of disease incidence observed. This is the most comprehensive study on identification of C. karsti as the causal agent of twig and branch dieback of kumquat.","PeriodicalId":20165,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathologia Mediterranea","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135443196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Palavouzis, Alexandra Triantafyllopoulou, Christos Tsoukas, A. Tzima, E. Paplomatas
Botryosphaeriaceous fungi are widespread, and cause serious diseases in many economically important crops. Botryosphaeria dothidea, Neofusicoccum mediterraneum and N. parvum are the most important members of this family in the Mediterranean region. These fungi are frequently isolated from the same host, which together with their extensive and increasing host range necessitates development of rapid and reliable diagnostic tools. Species boundaries within the Botryosphaeriaceae have been defined based on phylogenetic analyses of multiple gene sequences, including those of mating type genes. The MAT1-2-1 gene displayed high sequence variability between Botryosphaeriaceous species, so was selected as the target for development of a definitive diagnostic tool. This paper outlines a new and robust molecular tool, composed of three TaqMan assays based on polymorphisms located in the MAT1-2-1 gene of B. dothidea, N. mediterraneum and N. parvum. Each assay differentiated the target species from other Botryosphaeriaceae, and from non-target fungi.
Botryosphaeriaceous 真菌分布广泛，对许多具有重要经济价值的作物造成严重病害。Botryosphaeria dothidea、Neofusicoccum mediterraneum 和 N. parvum 是该家族在地中海地区最重要的成员。这些真菌经常从同一寄主中分离出来，再加上它们的寄主范围越来越广，因此有必要开发快速可靠的诊断工具。根据多基因序列（包括交配型基因序列）的系统发育分析，确定了 Botryosphaeriaceae 的物种界限。MAT1-2-1 基因在 Botryosphaeriaceous 物种之间显示出较高的序列变异性，因此被选为开发明确诊断工具的目标。本文概述了一种新的、强大的分子工具，它由三种基于 B. dothidea、N. mediterraneum 和 N. parvum MAT1-2-1 基因多态性的 TaqMan 检测法组成。每种检测方法都能将目标物种与其他 Botryosphaeriaceae 以及非目标真菌区分开来。
{"title":"Dual labelled probe assays for differentiation of Botryosphaeria dothidea, Neofusicoccum mediterraneum and Neofusicoccum parvum, based on polymorphisms in the MAT1-2-1 gene","authors":"S. Palavouzis, Alexandra Triantafyllopoulou, Christos Tsoukas, A. Tzima, E. Paplomatas","doi":"10.36253/phyto-14375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/phyto-14375","url":null,"abstract":"Botryosphaeriaceous fungi are widespread, and cause serious diseases in many economically important crops. Botryosphaeria dothidea, Neofusicoccum mediterraneum and N. parvum are the most important members of this family in the Mediterranean region. These fungi are frequently isolated from the same host, which together with their extensive and increasing host range necessitates development of rapid and reliable diagnostic tools. Species boundaries within the Botryosphaeriaceae have been defined based on phylogenetic analyses of multiple gene sequences, including those of mating type genes. The MAT1-2-1 gene displayed high sequence variability between Botryosphaeriaceous species, so was selected as the target for development of a definitive diagnostic tool. This paper outlines a new and robust molecular tool, composed of three TaqMan assays based on polymorphisms located in the MAT1-2-1 gene of B. dothidea, N. mediterraneum and N. parvum. Each assay differentiated the target species from other Botryosphaeriaceae, and from non-target fungi.","PeriodicalId":20165,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathologia Mediterranea","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139356248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. K. Sidharthan, G. Pothiraj, Vinayagamoorthy Suryaprakash, Ashutosh Kumar Singh, Rashmi Aggarwal, V. Shanmugam
Bioconsortia, based on Chaetomium globosum (isolate CgCG-2), Pseudomonas putida (PpTS-1), Bacillus subtilis (BsS2BC-1), and Trichoderma harzianum (ThS17TH), were designed to develop eco-friendly alternatives for biocontrol of vascular wilt of tomato caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol). In vitro compatibilities of microbes in these consortia were assessed for growth, antagonism, and biocontrol-related gene expression. In these bioassays, the biocontrol isolates had positive interactions for the tested parameters. In pot experiments, seed and soil applications of culture suspensions of five different isolate mixtures were assessed, in comparisons with individual isolates, for efficacy in vascular wilt control after challenge inoculations with Fol under polyhouse conditions. Compared to experimental controls, the biocontrol isolate mixtures reduced vascular wilt incidence and promoted plant growth. PpTS-1 + CgCG-2 + ThS17TH was the most effective microbial consortium, giving 71% reduction of Fusarium wilt incidence compared to non-treated controls. This reduced incidence increased plant growth by 135%. Upregulation of genes encoding for allene oxide cyclase, pathogenesis-related proteins 3, and 5, and β-1,3-glucanase in tomato plants indicated that the reduction in vascular wilt by the consortia could be partly plant-mediated. This study provides new insights into the development of microbial-based consortia for the biocontrol of vascular wilt in tomato.
{"title":"A synergic and compatible microbial-based consortium for biocontrol of Fusarium wilt of tomato","authors":"V. K. Sidharthan, G. Pothiraj, Vinayagamoorthy Suryaprakash, Ashutosh Kumar Singh, Rashmi Aggarwal, V. Shanmugam","doi":"10.36253/phyto-13055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/phyto-13055","url":null,"abstract":"Bioconsortia, based on Chaetomium globosum (isolate CgCG-2), Pseudomonas putida (PpTS-1), Bacillus subtilis (BsS2BC-1), and Trichoderma harzianum (ThS17TH), were designed to develop eco-friendly alternatives for biocontrol of vascular wilt of tomato caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol). In vitro compatibilities of microbes in these consortia were assessed for growth, antagonism, and biocontrol-related gene expression. In these bioassays, the biocontrol isolates had positive interactions for the tested parameters. In pot experiments, seed and soil applications of culture suspensions of five different isolate mixtures were assessed, in comparisons with individual isolates, for efficacy in vascular wilt control after challenge inoculations with Fol under polyhouse conditions. Compared to experimental controls, the biocontrol isolate mixtures reduced vascular wilt incidence and promoted plant growth. PpTS-1 + CgCG-2 + ThS17TH was the most effective microbial consortium, giving 71% reduction of Fusarium wilt incidence compared to non-treated controls. This reduced incidence increased plant growth by 135%. Upregulation of genes encoding for allene oxide cyclase, pathogenesis-related proteins 3, and 5, and β-1,3-glucanase in tomato plants indicated that the reduction in vascular wilt by the consortia could be partly plant-mediated. This study provides new insights into the development of microbial-based consortia for the biocontrol of vascular wilt in tomato.","PeriodicalId":20165,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathologia Mediterranea","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139356257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Saleh, Arya Widyawan, A. Sharafaddin, A. Almasrahi, Y. Hamad
A comprehensive understanding of population dynamics of pathogens and bioagents in plant rhizospheres is important for improving organic farming. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL30) causes Fusarium wilt of tomato. In this study, we compared biomass variations of FOL30 under different disease control regimes, using Trichoderma asperellum TA23 strain, compost, or their combination. Biomass variations of FOL30 and TA23 were observed for 13 weeks using quantitative real-time PCR. Separate applications of TA23, compost, and their combination all reduced FOL biomass when compared to experimental controls. Regression analyses of the qPCR data showed that FOL populations fitted curvilinear polynomial order 3 regression models (R2 = 0.87 to 0.95). Areas under the population dynamic curves (AUPDCs; log10 ng DNA week-1 g-1 soil) were: 43.8 from FOL30 alone, 36.6 from FOL30 plus TA23, 25.4 from FOL30 plus compost, and 25.5 from FOL30 plus TA23 plus compost. These results indicate that the individual applications of TA23 or compost, or their combination, decreased the FOL biomass. The negative correlation between TA23 and FOL30 populations showed that the compost and biocontrol agent reduced FOL pathogen populations. This study demonstrates that compost fortified with T. asperellum TA23 decreased FOL populations and reduced disease, and that their use is a promising strategy for managing Fusarium wilt of tomato in organic farming.
{"title":"Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici biomass variations under disease control regimes using Trichoderma and compost","authors":"A. Saleh, Arya Widyawan, A. Sharafaddin, A. Almasrahi, Y. Hamad","doi":"10.36253/phyto-14016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/phyto-14016","url":null,"abstract":"A comprehensive understanding of population dynamics of pathogens and bioagents in plant rhizospheres is important for improving organic farming. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL30) causes Fusarium wilt of tomato. In this study, we compared biomass variations of FOL30 under different disease control regimes, using Trichoderma asperellum TA23 strain, compost, or their combination. Biomass variations of FOL30 and TA23 were observed for 13 weeks using quantitative real-time PCR. Separate applications of TA23, compost, and their combination all reduced FOL biomass when compared to experimental controls. Regression analyses of the qPCR data showed that FOL populations fitted curvilinear polynomial order 3 regression models (R2 = 0.87 to 0.95). Areas under the population dynamic curves (AUPDCs; log10 ng DNA week-1 g-1 soil) were: 43.8 from FOL30 alone, 36.6 from FOL30 plus TA23, 25.4 from FOL30 plus compost, and 25.5 from FOL30 plus TA23 plus compost. These results indicate that the individual applications of TA23 or compost, or their combination, decreased the FOL biomass. The negative correlation between TA23 and FOL30 populations showed that the compost and biocontrol agent reduced FOL pathogen populations. This study demonstrates that compost fortified with T. asperellum TA23 decreased FOL populations and reduced disease, and that their use is a promising strategy for managing Fusarium wilt of tomato in organic farming.","PeriodicalId":20165,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathologia Mediterranea","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139356205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Edelweiss A. RANGEL-MONTOYA, Philippe E. ROLSHAUSEN, Rufina HERNANDEZ-MARTINEZ
Botryosphaeriaceae cause the degenerative disease Botryosphaeria dieback in many woody hosts, including grapevine. These pathogens penetrate host plants through pruning wounds, and colonize vascular tissues causing necrotic lesions, cankers, and eventually plant death. Colonization processes by Botryosphaeriaceae and their interactions with their hosts has been understudied. The colonization mechanisms were examined for Lasiodiplodia brasiliensis, a common pathogen causing Botryosphaeria dieback in Mexican vineyards. Lasiodiplodia brasiliensis MXBCL28 was inoculated onto grapevine ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ plants, and after 2 months, infected tissues were observed with microscopy using histological techniques. Lasiodiplodia brasiliensis was also cultured on different carbon sources representing cell walls and non-structural plant components, to complement histology data. The host responded to wounding by developing xylem vessel occlusions with tyloses and deposition of suberin in cambium and ray parenchyma. Infection response also included deposition of suberin in pith tissues, reinforcement of cell walls with phenolic compounds, and lignin deposition in xylem vessels and ray parenchyma. The pathogen could overcome host compartmentalization mechanisms and colonize wood tissue causing extensive necrosis. The fungus was visualized in host cambium, vascular bundles, xylem vessels, and pith, and infected tissues were depleted in starch in the ray parenchyma. Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in cell walls were also degraded, supporting in vitro data.
{"title":"Unravelling the colonization mechanism of Lasiodiplodia brasiliensis in grapevine plants","authors":"Edelweiss A. RANGEL-MONTOYA, Philippe E. ROLSHAUSEN, Rufina HERNANDEZ-MARTINEZ","doi":"10.36253/phyto-14198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/phyto-14198","url":null,"abstract":"Botryosphaeriaceae cause the degenerative disease Botryosphaeria dieback in many woody hosts, including grapevine. These pathogens penetrate host plants through pruning wounds, and colonize vascular tissues causing necrotic lesions, cankers, and eventually plant death. Colonization processes by Botryosphaeriaceae and their interactions with their hosts has been understudied. The colonization mechanisms were examined for Lasiodiplodia brasiliensis, a common pathogen causing Botryosphaeria dieback in Mexican vineyards. Lasiodiplodia brasiliensis MXBCL28 was inoculated onto grapevine ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ plants, and after 2 months, infected tissues were observed with microscopy using histological techniques. Lasiodiplodia brasiliensis was also cultured on different carbon sources representing cell walls and non-structural plant components, to complement histology data. The host responded to wounding by developing xylem vessel occlusions with tyloses and deposition of suberin in cambium and ray parenchyma. Infection response also included deposition of suberin in pith tissues, reinforcement of cell walls with phenolic compounds, and lignin deposition in xylem vessels and ray parenchyma. The pathogen could overcome host compartmentalization mechanisms and colonize wood tissue causing extensive necrosis. The fungus was visualized in host cambium, vascular bundles, xylem vessels, and pith, and infected tissues were depleted in starch in the ray parenchyma. Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in cell walls were also degraded, supporting in vitro data.","PeriodicalId":20165,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathologia Mediterranea","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135423164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carmen Sanjuana DELGADO-RAMÍREZ, Edgardo SEPÚLVEDA, Edelweiss Airam RANGEL-MONTOYA, Cesar VALENZUELA-SOLANO, Rufina HERNANDEZ-MARTINEZ
Grapevine trunk diseases cause severe damage in grapevines. Management strategies focus on protection of grapevine pruning wounds using chemical fungicides or biological control agents. Botryosphaeria dieback, caused mainly by Lasiodiplodia spp., is one of the main trunk diseases in northwest Mexico. This study obtained endophytic bacteria and fungi from the heritage grapevine Vitis vinifera cv. ‘Mission’ for potential biological control of Botryosphaeria dieback. A collection of 135 bacterial and 37 fungal isolates were obtained and initially tested for antagonistic activity against Lasiodiplodia brasiliensis. The most promising isolates belonging to Trichoderma and Bacillus spp. were selected and characterized to determine their modes of action. Bacillus isolates produced volatile organic compounds that inhibited growth of Neofusicoccum parvum, and diffusible organic compounds with antifungal effects against L. brasiliensis and N. parvum. Trichoderma isolates produced diffusible organic compounds and were mycoparasites. In greenhouse assays, plants inoculated with three Trichoderma asperellum isolates (T20BCMX, EF09BCMX, and EF11BCMX), B. amyloliquefaciens (BEVP26BCMX) or Bacillus sp. (rbES015), applied preventively in soil, gave up to 50% smaller necrotic lesions when compared with the plants inoculated only with L. brasiliensis. In the field, plants inoculated with three Bacillus isolates (BEVP02BCMX, BEVP26BCMX, BEVP31BCMX) or five Trichoderma (T11BCMX, T15BCMX, T17BCMX, T20BCMX, and EF11BCMX) had lesions up to four times smaller than control plants inoculated only with L. brasiliensis. This study has demonstrated the potential of heritage grapevines to provide biological control agents for Botryosphaeria dieback.
{"title":"Heritage grapevines as sources of biological control agents for Botryosphaeria dieback pathogens","authors":"Carmen Sanjuana DELGADO-RAMÍREZ, Edgardo SEPÚLVEDA, Edelweiss Airam RANGEL-MONTOYA, Cesar VALENZUELA-SOLANO, Rufina HERNANDEZ-MARTINEZ","doi":"10.36253/phyto-14154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/phyto-14154","url":null,"abstract":"Grapevine trunk diseases cause severe damage in grapevines. Management strategies focus on protection of grapevine pruning wounds using chemical fungicides or biological control agents. Botryosphaeria dieback, caused mainly by Lasiodiplodia spp., is one of the main trunk diseases in northwest Mexico. This study obtained endophytic bacteria and fungi from the heritage grapevine Vitis vinifera cv. ‘Mission’ for potential biological control of Botryosphaeria dieback. A collection of 135 bacterial and 37 fungal isolates were obtained and initially tested for antagonistic activity against Lasiodiplodia brasiliensis. The most promising isolates belonging to Trichoderma and Bacillus spp. were selected and characterized to determine their modes of action. Bacillus isolates produced volatile organic compounds that inhibited growth of Neofusicoccum parvum, and diffusible organic compounds with antifungal effects against L. brasiliensis and N. parvum. Trichoderma isolates produced diffusible organic compounds and were mycoparasites. In greenhouse assays, plants inoculated with three Trichoderma asperellum isolates (T20BCMX, EF09BCMX, and EF11BCMX), B. amyloliquefaciens (BEVP26BCMX) or Bacillus sp. (rbES015), applied preventively in soil, gave up to 50% smaller necrotic lesions when compared with the plants inoculated only with L. brasiliensis. In the field, plants inoculated with three Bacillus isolates (BEVP02BCMX, BEVP26BCMX, BEVP31BCMX) or five Trichoderma (T11BCMX, T15BCMX, T17BCMX, T20BCMX, and EF11BCMX) had lesions up to four times smaller than control plants inoculated only with L. brasiliensis. This study has demonstrated the potential of heritage grapevines to provide biological control agents for Botryosphaeria dieback.","PeriodicalId":20165,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathologia Mediterranea","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135423163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Good health of grapevine plants is important for productivity and sustainability of newly established vineyards, and accurate detection of bacterial and fungal pathogens is a prerequisite for managing the diseases they cause in nurseries. This study screened marketable, bare-rooted grapevine plants, obtained from different geographical regions of Türkiye, for fungal pathogens associated with grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs). In 2021, 43 grapevine nurseries located in eight provinces were surveyed to reveal the status of GTD pathogens on asymptomatic marketable plants. Fungal pathogens isolated from the roots and basal parts of asymptomatic dormant grapevines were identified using with morphological characteristics and molecular markers, and were subjected to pathogenicity tests. Six species; Cytospora viticola, Diaporthe ampelina, Diplodia seriata, Lasiodiplodia brasiliensis, Neofusicoccum parvum, and Truncatella angustata (associated with dieback), and six species; Cadophora ferruginea, Cadophora luteo-olivacea, Cadophora malorum, Phaeoacremonium minimum, Phaeoacremonium tuscanicum and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (associated with Petri disease) were identified based on DNA sequencing of ITS and TEF1-α genes. GTD pathogens were detected in 12 and 14 of the 43 nurseries, respectively. Pathogenicity tests on 1103P vines revealed that all species were pathogenic (N. parvum and C. luteo-olivacea being the most virulent), and caused significant wood necroses when compared to non-inoculated experimental controls. This is the first report of C. ferruginea, C. malorum, L. brasiliensis, and P. tuscanicum associated with GTDs in Türkiye.
{"title":"Current status of grapevine trunk disease pathogens on asymptomatic nursery-produced grapevines in Türkiye","authors":"Davut Soner AKGÜL, Nurdan GÜNGÖR SAVAŞ, Murat YILDIZ, İzzet BÜLBÜL, Mümine ÖZARSLANDAN","doi":"10.36253/phyto-14148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/phyto-14148","url":null,"abstract":"Good health of grapevine plants is important for productivity and sustainability of newly established vineyards, and accurate detection of bacterial and fungal pathogens is a prerequisite for managing the diseases they cause in nurseries. This study screened marketable, bare-rooted grapevine plants, obtained from different geographical regions of Türkiye, for fungal pathogens associated with grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs). In 2021, 43 grapevine nurseries located in eight provinces were surveyed to reveal the status of GTD pathogens on asymptomatic marketable plants. Fungal pathogens isolated from the roots and basal parts of asymptomatic dormant grapevines were identified using with morphological characteristics and molecular markers, and were subjected to pathogenicity tests. Six species; Cytospora viticola, Diaporthe ampelina, Diplodia seriata, Lasiodiplodia brasiliensis, Neofusicoccum parvum, and Truncatella angustata (associated with dieback), and six species; Cadophora ferruginea, Cadophora luteo-olivacea, Cadophora malorum, Phaeoacremonium minimum, Phaeoacremonium tuscanicum and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (associated with Petri disease) were identified based on DNA sequencing of ITS and TEF1-α genes. GTD pathogens were detected in 12 and 14 of the 43 nurseries, respectively. Pathogenicity tests on 1103P vines revealed that all species were pathogenic (N. parvum and C. luteo-olivacea being the most virulent), and caused significant wood necroses when compared to non-inoculated experimental controls. This is the first report of C. ferruginea, C. malorum, L. brasiliensis, and P. tuscanicum associated with GTDs in Türkiye.","PeriodicalId":20165,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathologia Mediterranea","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135423165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sunflower broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) was detected for the first time parasitizing sunflower in Morocco in 2016. Seeds of three broomrape populations from two separate areas of Morocco, Souk Al Arbaa (populations SA1 and SA2) and Meknès (Population MK1) were collected. The populations’ virulence, genetic diversity, and putative area of origin were examined. Race classification using a set of sunflower differential lines showed that MK1 was a race-E population, while SA1 and SA2 were race-G populations. The analysis with 192 SNP markers showed that SA1 and SA2 populations are genetically similar and very distant from the MK1 population. The three populations exhibited low intrapopulation diversity. Comparisons with populations from other areas showed that MK1 was introduced from a race-E population from the Guadalquivir Valley gene pool in Southern Spain, probably before 1988. Populations SA1 and SA2 showed close relationships with a population from Russia, although more exact knowledge of the origin of these populations requires further investigation. Since the SA and MK populations were collected from areas located approx. 100 km apart, the risks of mixing and recombining both gene pools to produce more virulent variants must be considered.
2016年在摩洛哥首次发现向日葵帚油菜(Orobanche cumana Wallr.)寄生于向日葵。收集了来自摩洛哥两个不同地区Souk Al Arbaa(种群SA1和SA2)和mekn(种群MK1)的3个扫帚菜籽。研究了种群的毒力、遗传多样性和假定的起源区域。利用向日葵的一组差异系进行种族分类，MK1为e种群体，SA1和SA2为g种群体。对192个SNP标记的分析表明，SA1和SA2群体遗传相似，与MK1群体距离较远。3个种群均表现出较低的种群内多样性。与其他地区人群的比较表明，MK1可能是在1988年之前从西班牙南部瓜达尔基维尔山谷基因库的一个e种人群中引入的。种群SA1和SA2与来自俄罗斯的种群关系密切，尽管对这些种群起源的更确切的了解需要进一步调查。由于SA和MK种群是从大约位于。相隔100公里，必须考虑两个基因库混合和重新组合以产生更强毒性变异的风险。
{"title":"Virulence, genetic diversity, and putative geographical origin of sunflower broomrape populations in Morocco","authors":"Abdelghani NABLOUSSI, Begoña PÉREZ-VICH, Leonardo VELASCO","doi":"10.36253/phyto-13948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/phyto-13948","url":null,"abstract":"Sunflower broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) was detected for the first time parasitizing sunflower in Morocco in 2016. Seeds of three broomrape populations from two separate areas of Morocco, Souk Al Arbaa (populations SA1 and SA2) and Meknès (Population MK1) were collected. The populations’ virulence, genetic diversity, and putative area of origin were examined. Race classification using a set of sunflower differential lines showed that MK1 was a race-E population, while SA1 and SA2 were race-G populations. The analysis with 192 SNP markers showed that SA1 and SA2 populations are genetically similar and very distant from the MK1 population. The three populations exhibited low intrapopulation diversity. Comparisons with populations from other areas showed that MK1 was introduced from a race-E population from the Guadalquivir Valley gene pool in Southern Spain, probably before 1988. Populations SA1 and SA2 showed close relationships with a population from Russia, although more exact knowledge of the origin of these populations requires further investigation. Since the SA and MK populations were collected from areas located approx. 100 km apart, the risks of mixing and recombining both gene pools to produce more virulent variants must be considered.","PeriodicalId":20165,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathologia Mediterranea","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135807945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alberto FIORENZA, Giorgio GUSELLA, Laura VECCHIO, Dalia AIELLO, Giancarlo POLIZZI
Increased branch canker and dieback were observed in commercial avocado (Persea americana) orchards in Sicily, Italy. Surveys were conducted in 2021 and 2022 on 11 orchards to investigate etiology of the disease. Seventy-five plants from four orchards, showing branch canker and dieback, were sampled. Isolations from woody diseased tissues revealed the presence of fungi (Botryosphaeriaceae). Identification of the isolates was achieved by morphological and multi-loci phylogenetic analyses (Maximum Parsimony and Maximum Likelihood) of the ITS, tef1-α, and tub2 loci. Botryosphaeria dothidea, Lasiodiplodia citricola, Macrophomina phaseolina, Neofusicoccum cryptoaustrale, and Neofusicoccum luteum were identified. Representative isolates collected from the orchards, characterized based on the tub2 locus and identified as N. parvum, were excluded from this study, since this species has already been reported in our territory. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on potted, asymptomatic, 2-year-old avocado trees using mycelial plugs. These tests showed that all the Botryosphaeriaceae species characterized in this study were pathogenic to avocado. This is the first report of L. citricola, M. phaseolina and N. cryptoaustrale causing canker and dieback on avocado trees, and is the first record of these fungi causing branch disease on avocado in Italy.
{"title":"Diversity of Botryosphaeriaceae species associated with canker and dieback of avocado (Persea americana) in Italy","authors":"Alberto FIORENZA, Giorgio GUSELLA, Laura VECCHIO, Dalia AIELLO, Giancarlo POLIZZI","doi":"10.36253/phyto-14057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/phyto-14057","url":null,"abstract":"Increased branch canker and dieback were observed in commercial avocado (Persea americana) orchards in Sicily, Italy. Surveys were conducted in 2021 and 2022 on 11 orchards to investigate etiology of the disease. Seventy-five plants from four orchards, showing branch canker and dieback, were sampled. Isolations from woody diseased tissues revealed the presence of fungi (Botryosphaeriaceae). Identification of the isolates was achieved by morphological and multi-loci phylogenetic analyses (Maximum Parsimony and Maximum Likelihood) of the ITS, tef1-α, and tub2 loci. Botryosphaeria dothidea, Lasiodiplodia citricola, Macrophomina phaseolina, Neofusicoccum cryptoaustrale, and Neofusicoccum luteum were identified. Representative isolates collected from the orchards, characterized based on the tub2 locus and identified as N. parvum, were excluded from this study, since this species has already been reported in our territory. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on potted, asymptomatic, 2-year-old avocado trees using mycelial plugs. These tests showed that all the Botryosphaeriaceae species characterized in this study were pathogenic to avocado. This is the first report of L. citricola, M. phaseolina and N. cryptoaustrale causing canker and dieback on avocado trees, and is the first record of these fungi causing branch disease on avocado in Italy.","PeriodicalId":20165,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathologia Mediterranea","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135806627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kiwifruit is inhabited by a heterogeneous community of bacteria belonging to the Pseudomonas syringae species complex (Pssc). Only a few of its members, such as the specialist Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae biovar 3 (Psa3), are known as pathogens, but for most of the species, such as P. viridiflava (Pv), a generalist with high intraspecific variation, the nature of their relationship with kiwifruit is unclear. Currently, no culture independent molecular diagnostic assay is available for Pv. In this study we validated two TaqMan qPCR diagnostic assays adopting a strategy that for the first time widely focuses on the Pseudomonas sp. community associated to kiwifruit in Tuscany (Italy). Primers and probes were designed based on the sequence of the lscγ gene of Psa3 (qPCRPsa3) and the rpoD gene of Pv phylogroup 7 (qPCRPv7). Both qPCR assays have a LOD of 60 fg of DNA. By using reference strains along with 240 strains isolated from kiwifruit and characterized ad hoc as Pseudomonas sp., specificity was proven for members of six of the 13 Pssc phylogroups. Moreover, to evaluate the possible effects of seasonal variations in the Pseudomonas sp. community composition on assay specificity, the assays were tested on naturally infected leaves and canes sampled from different orchards throughout a growing season. At last, by proving qPCR’s capacity to detect latent infections in artificially inoculated leaves, their potential usefulness in surveillance programs and for epidemiological studies was verified.
{"title":"TaqMan qPCR assays improve Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae biovar 3 and P. viridiflava (PG07) detection within the Pseudomonas sp. community of kiwifruit","authors":"Sara CAMPIGLI, Simone LUTI, Tommaso MARTELLINI, Domenico RIZZO, Linda BARTOLINI, Claudio CARRAI, Jeyaseelan BASKARATHEVAN, Luisa GHELARDINI, Francesca PEDUTO HAND, Guido MARCHI","doi":"10.36253/phyto-14400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/phyto-14400","url":null,"abstract":"Kiwifruit is inhabited by a heterogeneous community of bacteria belonging to the Pseudomonas syringae species complex (Pssc). Only a few of its members, such as the specialist Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae biovar 3 (Psa3), are known as pathogens, but for most of the species, such as P. viridiflava (Pv), a generalist with high intraspecific variation, the nature of their relationship with kiwifruit is unclear. Currently, no culture independent molecular diagnostic assay is available for Pv. In this study we validated two TaqMan qPCR diagnostic assays adopting a strategy that for the first time widely focuses on the Pseudomonas sp. community associated to kiwifruit in Tuscany (Italy). Primers and probes were designed based on the sequence of the lscγ gene of Psa3 (qPCRPsa3) and the rpoD gene of Pv phylogroup 7 (qPCRPv7). Both qPCR assays have a LOD of 60 fg of DNA. By using reference strains along with 240 strains isolated from kiwifruit and characterized ad hoc as Pseudomonas sp., specificity was proven for members of six of the 13 Pssc phylogroups. Moreover, to evaluate the possible effects of seasonal variations in the Pseudomonas sp. community composition on assay specificity, the assays were tested on naturally infected leaves and canes sampled from different orchards throughout a growing season. At last, by proving qPCR’s capacity to detect latent infections in artificially inoculated leaves, their potential usefulness in surveillance programs and for epidemiological studies was verified.","PeriodicalId":20165,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathologia Mediterranea","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135916961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：