R. Sáray, E. SZATHMÁRY, Dóra Pinczés, A. Almási, T. Deák, László Palkovics, K. Salánki
Grapevine Pinot gris virus (GPGV) is a recently identified trichovirus infecting grapevines. Despite wide distribution, there is limited available information on epidemiology, transmission, and associated symptoms of grapevine leaf mottling and deformation. Occurrence and genetic diversity of GPGV variants were surveyed in an organically cultivated Hungarian vineyard that was planted between 1996 and 2014. Sequence analysis demonstrated the widespread presence and high variability of GPGV, and according to phylogenetic analyses, the Hungarian virus isolates were classified into three groups. Most of the identified variants clustered with the representative asymptomatic isolates, but all isolates from one grapevine cultivar grouped with representative isolates of clade B. Furthermore, one isolate clustered with representative isolates of clade C, and the identified clade C variant had previously undescribed polymorphisms.
葡萄灰皮诺病毒（GPGV）是最近发现的一种感染葡萄树的三代病毒。尽管该病毒分布广泛，但有关流行病学、传播以及葡萄叶片斑驳和变形等相关症状的信息却十分有限。研究人员在 1996 年至 2014 年间种植的匈牙利有机栽培葡萄园中调查了 GPGV 变体的发生情况和遗传多样性。序列分析表明，GPGV 广泛存在且变异性很高，根据系统发育分析，匈牙利病毒分离物被分为三组。大多数已鉴定的变异株与代表性无症状分离株聚类，但来自一个葡萄栽培品种的所有分离株都与 B 支系的代表性分离株聚类。此外，有一个分离株与 C 支系的代表性分离株聚集在一起，已鉴定的 C 支系变异株具有以前未曾描述过的多态性。
{"title":"Genetic variability of grapevine Pinot gris virus (GPGV) in an organically cultivated vineyard in Hungary","authors":"R. Sáray, E. SZATHMÁRY, Dóra Pinczés, A. Almási, T. Deák, László Palkovics, K. Salánki","doi":"10.36253/phyto-14492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/phyto-14492","url":null,"abstract":"Grapevine Pinot gris virus (GPGV) is a recently identified trichovirus infecting grapevines. Despite wide distribution, there is limited available information on epidemiology, transmission, and associated symptoms of grapevine leaf mottling and deformation. Occurrence and genetic diversity of GPGV variants were surveyed in an organically cultivated Hungarian vineyard that was planted between 1996 and 2014. Sequence analysis demonstrated the widespread presence and high variability of GPGV, and according to phylogenetic analyses, the Hungarian virus isolates were classified into three groups. Most of the identified variants clustered with the representative asymptomatic isolates, but all isolates from one grapevine cultivar grouped with representative isolates of clade B. Furthermore, one isolate clustered with representative isolates of clade C, and the identified clade C variant had previously undescribed polymorphisms.","PeriodicalId":20165,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathologia Mediterranea","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141829487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum species is an important disease of strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa), but the species causing this disease in Germany have not been investigated based on modern systematics. By using multi-locus phylogenetic analyses (ITS, act, gapdh, chs-1, his3, tub2), 58 Colletotrichum isolates from previous and recent collections, obtained mainly from fruit anthracnose of cultivated strawberries in Germany, were identified or re-identified as C. fioriniae, C. godetiae and C. nymphaeae (C. acutatum species complex) as well as C. anthrisci and C. lineola (C. dematium complex). Colletotrichum nymphaeae was dominant; most of the isolates belonged to one clonal lineage that occurs on strawberries throughout Europe, the United States of America, and some African and Asian countries. One of the other two haplotypes was distantly related and only represented by recently collected material. All other species, each of one haplotype, had only been isolated once or twice from German strawberries. This is the first report of C. anthrisci in Germany and for the genus Fragaria worldwide; all the other isolated fungi are newly reported for this genus in Germany. Comparisons of morphological characteristics of the species identified demonstrate that these features are of limited use for identification, even to species complex level. In pathogenicity tests, all five species caused anthracnose symptoms on ripe fruit of Fragaria × ananassa ‘Asia’.
由 Colletotrichum 菌种引起的炭疽病是草莓（Fragaria × ananassa）的一种重要病害，但在德国引起这种病害的菌种尚未根据现代系统学进行研究。通过多基因系统发育分析（ITS、act、gapdh、chs-1、his3、tub2），从以前和最近采集的 58 个主要来自德国栽培草莓果实炭疽病的 Colletotrichum 分离物被鉴定或重新鉴定为 C. fioriniae、C. godetiae 和 C. nymphaeae（C. acutatum 种复合体）以及 C. anthrisci 和 C. lineola（C. dematium 复合体）。Colletotrichum nymphaeae 是主要病原菌；大多数分离物属于一个克隆品系，该品系在整个欧洲、美国以及一些非洲和亚洲国家的草莓上都有分布。另外两个单倍型中的一个关系较远，仅在最近采集的材料中有所体现。所有其他物种，每个单倍型都只在德国草莓上分离到过一两次。这是 C. anthrisci 在德国的首次报道，也是 Fragaria 属在世界范围内的首次报道；所有其他分离出的真菌都是该属在德国的新报道。对已鉴定物种的形态特征进行比较后发现，这些特征对鉴定的作用有限，甚至对物种复合体的鉴定也是如此。在致病性试验中，所有五个菌种都会在 Fragaria × ananassa 'Asia' 的成熟果实上引起炭疽病症状。
{"title":"Diversity of Colletotrichum species on strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) in Germany","authors":"Christiane Rose, Ulrike Damm","doi":"10.36253/phyto-15094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/phyto-15094","url":null,"abstract":"Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum species is an important disease of strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa), but the species causing this disease in Germany have not been investigated based on modern systematics. By using multi-locus phylogenetic analyses (ITS, act, gapdh, chs-1, his3, tub2), 58 Colletotrichum isolates from previous and recent collections, obtained mainly from fruit anthracnose of cultivated strawberries in Germany, were identified or re-identified as C. fioriniae, C. godetiae and C. nymphaeae (C. acutatum species complex) as well as C. anthrisci and C. lineola (C. dematium complex). Colletotrichum nymphaeae was dominant; most of the isolates belonged to one clonal lineage that occurs on strawberries throughout Europe, the United States of America, and some African and Asian countries. One of the other two haplotypes was distantly related and only represented by recently collected material. All other species, each of one haplotype, had only been isolated once or twice from German strawberries. This is the first report of C. anthrisci in Germany and for the genus Fragaria worldwide; all the other isolated fungi are newly reported for this genus in Germany. Comparisons of morphological characteristics of the species identified demonstrate that these features are of limited use for identification, even to species complex level. In pathogenicity tests, all five species caused anthracnose symptoms on ripe fruit of Fragaria × ananassa ‘Asia’.","PeriodicalId":20165,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathologia Mediterranea","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141830624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. A. RANGEL-MONTOYA, Ofelia CANDOLFI-ARBALLO, J. A. OBRADOR-SÁNCHEZ, Cesar VALENZUELA-SOLANO, R. Hernández-Martínez
Grapevine cultivation in Mexico is important, especially in the states of Baja California and Coahuila, which are the main wine production regions in the country. Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) impact productivity and cause substantial economic losses, with Botryosphaeria dieback being one of the most destructive. This disease is caused by fungi in the Botryosphaeriaceae, including species of Botryosphaeria, Diplodia, Lasiodiplodia, and Neofusicoccum. To date, Lasiodiplodia spp. are the primary Botryosphaeriaceae fungi reported in Mexico. The present study aimed to enhance the epidemiological knowledge of Botryosphaeriaceae in Mexican vineyards. Samples from grapevine plants exhibiting disease symptoms were collected from the states of Baja California and Coahuila. Of a total of 37 Botryosphaeriaceae isolates, six species were identified: Neofusicoccum parvum, N. australe, N. vitifusiforme, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diplodia corticola, and D. seriata. Neofusicoccum parvum isolates were the most virulent, but were less virulent than previously reported Lasiodiplodia spp. The optimum growth temperatures for N. parvum and B. dothidea were from 28 to 30°C, but 25°C for D. seriata, N. vitifusiforme, and N. australe isolates. Only D. seriata isolates recovered growth when transferred to room temperature after exposure to 37°C or 40°C. This report is the first identification of B. dothidea and N. parvum as causative agents of Botryosphaeria dieback in the vine-growing regions of Mexico.
墨西哥的葡萄种植非常重要，尤其是在下加利福尼亚州和科阿韦拉州，这两个州是该国主要的葡萄酒产区。葡萄树干病害（GTDs）会影响产量并造成巨大的经济损失，其中破坏性最大的病害之一就是葡萄树干枯病（Botryosphaeria dieback）。这种病是由 Botryosphaeriaceae 真菌引起的，包括 Botryosphaeria、Diplodia、Lasiodiplodia 和 Neofusicoccum。迄今为止，Lasiodiplodia 属是墨西哥报告的主要 Botryosphaeriaceae 真菌。本研究旨在加强墨西哥葡萄园中 Botryosphaeriaceae 真菌的流行病学知识。研究人员从下加利福尼亚州和科阿韦拉州采集了出现病害症状的葡萄植株样本。在总共 37 个 Botryosphaeriaceae 分离物中，确定了 6 个物种：Neofusicoccum parvum、N. australe、N. vitifusiforme、Botryosphaeria dothidea、Diplodia corticola 和 D. seriata。N. parvum 和 B. dothidea 的最适生长温度为 28 至 30°C，而 D. seriata、N. vitifusiforme 和 N. australe 的最适生长温度为 25°C。只有 D. seriata 分离物在暴露于 37°C 或 40°C 后转移到室温时恢复了生长。该报告首次确认 B. dothidea 和 N. parvum 是墨西哥葡萄种植区 Botryosphaeria 枯梢病的病原菌。
{"title":"Enhancing epidemiological knowledge of Botryosphaeriaceae in Mexican vineyards","authors":"E. A. RANGEL-MONTOYA, Ofelia CANDOLFI-ARBALLO, J. A. OBRADOR-SÁNCHEZ, Cesar VALENZUELA-SOLANO, R. Hernández-Martínez","doi":"10.36253/phyto-15292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/phyto-15292","url":null,"abstract":"Grapevine cultivation in Mexico is important, especially in the states of Baja California and Coahuila, which are the main wine production regions in the country. Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) impact productivity and cause substantial economic losses, with Botryosphaeria dieback being one of the most destructive. This disease is caused by fungi in the Botryosphaeriaceae, including species of Botryosphaeria, Diplodia, Lasiodiplodia, and Neofusicoccum. To date, Lasiodiplodia spp. are the primary Botryosphaeriaceae fungi reported in Mexico. The present study aimed to enhance the epidemiological knowledge of Botryosphaeriaceae in Mexican vineyards. Samples from grapevine plants exhibiting disease symptoms were collected from the states of Baja California and Coahuila. Of a total of 37 Botryosphaeriaceae isolates, six species were identified: Neofusicoccum parvum, N. australe, N. vitifusiforme, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diplodia corticola, and D. seriata. Neofusicoccum parvum isolates were the most virulent, but were less virulent than previously reported Lasiodiplodia spp. The optimum growth temperatures for N. parvum and B. dothidea were from 28 to 30°C, but 25°C for D. seriata, N. vitifusiforme, and N. australe isolates. Only D. seriata isolates recovered growth when transferred to room temperature after exposure to 37°C or 40°C. This report is the first identification of B. dothidea and N. parvum as causative agents of Botryosphaeria dieback in the vine-growing regions of Mexico.","PeriodicalId":20165,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathologia Mediterranea","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141828288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
important disease for banana production. Presence and prevalence of FocTR4 in banana plantations on the Mediterranean coast of Türkiye were assessed during 2018 to 2020 in a total of 117 banana plantations in open fields and protected plastic greenhouses. Rhizome, pseudostem, and root samples were taken from plants showing typical symptoms associated to the disease and from suspected affected plants. Fungi were isolated from the plant internal tissues, and Fusarium oxysporum-like colonies were sub-cultured for further analyses. Phylogenetic analyses of 36 isolates showed that they belonged to four different Fusarium species: F. musae, F. oxysporum, F. sacchari, and F. solani. Eight representative F. oxysporum isolates were identified as FocTR4 by specific PCR and qPCR tests. Pathogenicity tests were carried out on tissue-cultured ‘Cavendish’ type banana seedlings (‘Grand Naine’) for 36 Fusarium isolates, and their virulence was assessed based on the internal necrosis observed in the rhizomes. Approx. 40 to 65 d after inoculations, FocTR4, F. oxysporum, and F. sacchari isolates caused severe to mild necroses in the seedling rhizomes. This is the first report of F. sacchari associated with root and collar rot of bananas in Türkiye. This study showed that Fusarium wilt caused by FocTR4 is present, but at low incidence (6.8%) in Turkish banana plantations.
{"title":"Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 in banana plantations in Türkiye","authors":"M. Özarslandan, D. S. Akgül","doi":"10.36253/phyto-15133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/phyto-15133","url":null,"abstract":"important disease for banana production. Presence and prevalence of FocTR4 in banana plantations on the Mediterranean coast of Türkiye were assessed during 2018 to 2020 in a total of 117 banana plantations in open fields and protected plastic greenhouses. Rhizome, pseudostem, and root samples were taken from plants showing typical symptoms associated to the disease and from suspected affected plants. Fungi were isolated from the plant internal tissues, and Fusarium oxysporum-like colonies were sub-cultured for further analyses. Phylogenetic analyses of 36 isolates showed that they belonged to four different Fusarium species: F. musae, F. oxysporum, F. sacchari, and F. solani. Eight representative F. oxysporum isolates were identified as FocTR4 by specific PCR and qPCR tests. Pathogenicity tests were carried out on tissue-cultured ‘Cavendish’ type banana seedlings (‘Grand Naine’) for 36 Fusarium isolates, and their virulence was assessed based on the internal necrosis observed in the rhizomes. Approx. 40 to 65 d after inoculations, FocTR4, F. oxysporum, and F. sacchari isolates caused severe to mild necroses in the seedling rhizomes. This is the first report of F. sacchari associated with root and collar rot of bananas in Türkiye. This study showed that Fusarium wilt caused by FocTR4 is present, but at low incidence (6.8%) in Turkish banana plantations.","PeriodicalId":20165,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathologia Mediterranea","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141830145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mango trees (Mangifera indica) showing symptoms of twig and branch dieback, internal wood necroses, and decline, were surveyed in an orchard in Palermo province (Eastern Sicily, Italy). A Pleurostoma-like fungus was consistently isolated from symptomatic wood tissues. Based on morphology and phylogenetic analysis of ITS and tub2 sequences, the fungus was identified as Pleurostoma richardsiae. A pathogenicity test was conducted by inoculating stems of 2-year-old mango seedlings with mycelium plugs and conidium suspensions of a representative isolate. Two months after inoculation, necrotic lesions were observed around the inoculation points, and P. richardsiae was reisolated from the necrotic tissues. This is the first report of P. richardsiae causing dieback and decline of mango trees.
在巴勒莫省（意大利西西里岛东部）的一个果园里，对出现枝干枯死、内部木质部坏死和衰退症状的芒果树（Mangifera indica）进行了调查。从有症状的木质组织中持续分离出一种类似于褶菌的真菌。根据形态学以及 ITS 和 tub2 序列的系统发育分析，确定该真菌为 Pleurostoma richardsiae。通过给 2 年生芒果树苗的茎部接种具有代表性的分离菌株的菌丝栓和分生孢子悬浮液，进行了致病性试验。接种两个月后，接种点周围出现了坏死病变，从坏死组织中再次分离出了 P. richardsiae。这是 P. richardsiae 导致芒果树枯萎和衰退的首次报道。
{"title":"Characterization and pathogenicity of Pleurostoma richardsiae causing decline of mango trees in Southern Italy","authors":"G. R. Leonardi, D. Aiello, G. Gusella, G. Polizzi","doi":"10.36253/phyto-15104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/phyto-15104","url":null,"abstract":"Mango trees (Mangifera indica) showing symptoms of twig and branch dieback, internal wood necroses, and decline, were surveyed in an orchard in Palermo province (Eastern Sicily, Italy). A Pleurostoma-like fungus was consistently isolated from symptomatic wood tissues. Based on morphology and phylogenetic analysis of ITS and tub2 sequences, the fungus was identified as Pleurostoma richardsiae. A pathogenicity test was conducted by inoculating stems of 2-year-old mango seedlings with mycelium plugs and conidium suspensions of a representative isolate. Two months after inoculation, necrotic lesions were observed around the inoculation points, and P. richardsiae was reisolated from the necrotic tissues. This is the first report of P. richardsiae causing dieback and decline of mango trees.","PeriodicalId":20165,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathologia Mediterranea","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140984002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stella Antony, C. C. Steel, B. Stodart, R. Billones-Baaijens, S. Savocchia
Dieback of fruiting spurs, stems and branches of walnut trees (Juglans regia L.), caused by Botryosphaeriaceae, is widespread in walnut orchards in Australia. Five species of Botryosphaeriaceae (Diplodia seriata, Dothiorella omnivora, Neofusicoccum macroclavatum, N. parvum, and Spencermartinsia viticola) were recovered from the Australian walnut orchards in a previous study, with D. seriata and N. parvum being the most prevalent. The present study evaluated inhibitory effects of ten fungicides on mycelium growth of those five species and on conidium germination of D. seriata and N. parvum. It investigated the preventative and curative efficacy of selected fungicides on disease incidence in glasshouse and field trials. In vitro experiments showed that nine of the fungicides reduced mycelium growth, and all ten inhibited conidium germination, but to varying extents. Tebuconazole, prochloraz manganese chloride, fluazinam, fludioxonil and pyraclostrobin were the most effective for inhibiting mycelium growth (EC50 < 0.14 µg a.i. mL-1), whereas pyraclostrobin, fluxapyroxad, fluopyram, penthiopyrad and tebuconazole were the most effective for inhibiting conidium germination (EC50 < 2.2 µg a.i. mL-1). In planta experiments with five fungicides confirmed that preventative treatments had greater efficacy than curative treatments. A field trial with four commercial fungicide formulations demonstrated that tebuconazole and tebuconazole + fluopyram provided protection of walnut trees for the longest period. The field trial also confirmed the efficacy of pyraclostrobin and the inhibitory effect of fluazinam. This study is the first in Australia to evaluate fungicides in different classes and with different modes of action for efficacy against Botryosphaeriaceae recovered from walnut orchards in Australia, and provides a wider selection of active ingredients for a fungicide rotation programme than that which is currently available to the Australian walnut industry.
由 Botryosphaeriaceae 引起的核桃树（Juglans regia L.）果穗、茎和枝枯萎病在澳大利亚的核桃园中十分普遍。之前的一项研究从澳大利亚核桃园中发现了五种 Botryosphaeriaceae（Diplodia seriata、Dothiorella omnivora、Neofusicoccum macroclavatum、N. parvum 和 Spencermartinsia viticola），其中 D. seriata 和 N. parvum 最为普遍。本研究评估了十种杀菌剂对这五种菌丝生长以及 D. seriata 和 N. parvum 分生孢子萌发的抑制作用。在玻璃温室和田间试验中，研究了所选杀菌剂对病害发生的预防和治疗效果。体外实验表明，九种杀菌剂都能减少菌丝的生长，十种杀菌剂都能抑制分生孢子的萌发，但程度不同。戊唑醇、丙环唑氯化锰、氟啶胺、氟虫腈和吡唑醚菌酯对抑制菌丝生长最有效（EC50 < 0.14 µg a.i. mL-1），而吡唑醚菌酯、氟虫腈、氟吡脲、戊唑醇和戊唑醇对抑制分生孢子萌发最有效（EC50 < 2.2 µg a.i. mL-1）。用五种杀菌剂进行的植物实验证实，预防性处理比治疗性处理的效果更好。使用四种商用杀菌剂配方进行的田间试验表明，戊唑醇和戊唑醇+氟吡菌酰胺对核桃树的保护期最长。田间试验还证实了吡唑醚菌酯的功效和氟啶胺的抑制作用。这项研究是澳大利亚首次评估不同类别和不同作用模式的杀菌剂对从澳大利亚核桃园中发现的 Botryosphaeriaceae 的药效，并为澳大利亚核桃产业的杀菌剂轮换方案提供了比现有方案更广泛的活性成分选择。
{"title":"Evaluation of fungicides for management of Botryosphaeriaceae associated with dieback in Australian walnut orchards","authors":"Stella Antony, C. C. Steel, B. Stodart, R. Billones-Baaijens, S. Savocchia","doi":"10.36253/phyto-14957","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/phyto-14957","url":null,"abstract":"Dieback of fruiting spurs, stems and branches of walnut trees (Juglans regia L.), caused by Botryosphaeriaceae, is widespread in walnut orchards in Australia. Five species of Botryosphaeriaceae (Diplodia seriata, Dothiorella omnivora, Neofusicoccum macroclavatum, N. parvum, and Spencermartinsia viticola) were recovered from the Australian walnut orchards in a previous study, with D. seriata and N. parvum being the most prevalent. The present study evaluated inhibitory effects of ten fungicides on mycelium growth of those five species and on conidium germination of D. seriata and N. parvum. It investigated the preventative and curative efficacy of selected fungicides on disease incidence in glasshouse and field trials. In vitro experiments showed that nine of the fungicides reduced mycelium growth, and all ten inhibited conidium germination, but to varying extents. Tebuconazole, prochloraz manganese chloride, fluazinam, fludioxonil and pyraclostrobin were the most effective for inhibiting mycelium growth (EC50 < 0.14 µg a.i. mL-1), whereas pyraclostrobin, fluxapyroxad, fluopyram, penthiopyrad and tebuconazole were the most effective for inhibiting conidium germination (EC50 < 2.2 µg a.i. mL-1). In planta experiments with five fungicides confirmed that preventative treatments had greater efficacy than curative treatments. A field trial with four commercial fungicide formulations demonstrated that tebuconazole and tebuconazole + fluopyram provided protection of walnut trees for the longest period. The field trial also confirmed the efficacy of pyraclostrobin and the inhibitory effect of fluazinam. This study is the first in Australia to evaluate fungicides in different classes and with different modes of action for efficacy against Botryosphaeriaceae recovered from walnut orchards in Australia, and provides a wider selection of active ingredients for a fungicide rotation programme than that which is currently available to the Australian walnut industry.","PeriodicalId":20165,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathologia Mediterranea","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140982437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. R. El-sayed, N. EL-SAID, F. A. Safhi, N. E. Reyad
The root rot complex of geranium plants caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Macrophomina phaseolina is a major threat, and control of these pathogens predominantly relies on chemicals. This study explored multifaceted applications of Bacillus velezensis (strain B63) and chitosan, assessing their biocontrol efficacy against root rot, and their subsequent effects on rhizosphere communities. Strain B63 was antagonistic to R. solani and M. phaseolina. Under field conditions, greatest efficacy was obtained with strain B63 (36% and 33% disease reductions in, respectively, two growing seasons), chitosan soaking + foliar spray 0.2% (CSF 0.2%) (33 and 27% reductions), and 0.1% chitosan soaking + foliar spray (CSF 0.1%) (33 and 26% reductions). These treatments also changed rhizosphere microbiota, as shown by numbers of colony-forming units (CFU) and 16S rRNA gene microbiome analyses. Concomitant with rhizosphere shifts, essential oil yields and composition were positively affected, as shown by gas chromatography analyses. Chitosan soaking + foliar spray 0.2% increased concentrations of citronellol (1.36-fold), geraniol (1.37-fold), citronellyl formate (1.54-fold), and geranyl formate (1.94-fold) in geranium essential oil, compared with the experimental controls. Strain B63 also increased these essential oils by 1.04- to 1.27-fold. B63 also enhanced eugenol levels by 1.35-fold. Treatments with B63 were more effective than chitosan in improving the geranium plant morphological parameters (plant height, numbers of branches, biomass). These results show that B. velezensis strain B63 treatments have potential for enhancing yields and product quality from geranium plant under root rot infection.
{"title":"Bacillus velezensis B63 and chitosan control root rot, improve growth and alter the rhizosphere microbiome of geranium","authors":"T. R. El-sayed, N. EL-SAID, F. A. Safhi, N. E. Reyad","doi":"10.36253/phyto-15093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/phyto-15093","url":null,"abstract":"The root rot complex of geranium plants caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Macrophomina phaseolina is a major threat, and control of these pathogens predominantly relies on chemicals. This study explored multifaceted applications of Bacillus velezensis (strain B63) and chitosan, assessing their biocontrol efficacy against root rot, and their subsequent effects on rhizosphere communities. Strain B63 was antagonistic to R. solani and M. phaseolina. Under field conditions, greatest efficacy was obtained with strain B63 (36% and 33% disease reductions in, respectively, two growing seasons), chitosan soaking + foliar spray 0.2% (CSF 0.2%) (33 and 27% reductions), and 0.1% chitosan soaking + foliar spray (CSF 0.1%) (33 and 26% reductions). These treatments also changed rhizosphere microbiota, as shown by numbers of colony-forming units (CFU) and 16S rRNA gene microbiome analyses. Concomitant with rhizosphere shifts, essential oil yields and composition were positively affected, as shown by gas chromatography analyses. Chitosan soaking + foliar spray 0.2% increased concentrations of citronellol (1.36-fold), geraniol (1.37-fold), citronellyl formate (1.54-fold), and geranyl formate (1.94-fold) in geranium essential oil, compared with the experimental controls. Strain B63 also increased these essential oils by 1.04- to 1.27-fold. B63 also enhanced eugenol levels by 1.35-fold. Treatments with B63 were more effective than chitosan in improving the geranium plant morphological parameters (plant height, numbers of branches, biomass). These results show that B. velezensis strain B63 treatments have potential for enhancing yields and product quality from geranium plant under root rot infection.","PeriodicalId":20165,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathologia Mediterranea","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140984354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. P. Velasco-Amo, Luis F. Arias-Giraldo, Blanca B Landa
The Gram-negative bacterium Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) was originally found in the Americas, but has now been identified in more than 20 countries across America, Asia, and Europe. This plant pathogen is currently listed as a priority pest in Europe due to its socio-economic and ecological impacts. Within the three Xf subspecies fastidiosa, multiplex and pauca, subsp. multiplex displays a notably wider range of host plants than the other two subspecies. Comparative genomics may allow determination of how Xf subsp. multiplex adapts to new and diverse hosts and environments, so it is important that more genomes of this subspecies are defined. Twelve complete closed genomes sequences of Xf subsp. multiplex were obtained using a hybrid assembly approach combining Illumina and Oxford Nanopore technologies. The combined use of Canu and Unicycler assemblers enabled identification and closure of several plasmid sequences with high similarity to other plasmids described in strains of Xf subsp. fastidiosa and subsp. pauca. The analysis also revealed prophage sequences and contigs outside the chromosomes, annotated as phages. These new genomes, in conjunction with those existing in GenBank, will facilitate exploration of the evolutionary dynamics of Xf subsp. multiplex, its host adaptation mechanisms, and the potential emergence of novel strains of this important plant pathogen.
{"title":"Complete genome assemblies of several Xylella fastidiosa subspecies multiplex strains reveals high phage content and novel plasmids","authors":"M. P. Velasco-Amo, Luis F. Arias-Giraldo, Blanca B Landa","doi":"10.36253/phyto-14931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/phyto-14931","url":null,"abstract":"The Gram-negative bacterium Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) was originally found in the Americas, but has now been identified in more than 20 countries across America, Asia, and Europe. This plant pathogen is currently listed as a priority pest in Europe due to its socio-economic and ecological impacts. Within the three Xf subspecies fastidiosa, multiplex and pauca, subsp. multiplex displays a notably wider range of host plants than the other two subspecies. Comparative genomics may allow determination of how Xf subsp. multiplex adapts to new and diverse hosts and environments, so it is important that more genomes of this subspecies are defined. Twelve complete closed genomes sequences of Xf subsp. multiplex were obtained using a hybrid assembly approach combining Illumina and Oxford Nanopore technologies. The combined use of Canu and Unicycler assemblers enabled identification and closure of several plasmid sequences with high similarity to other plasmids described in strains of Xf subsp. fastidiosa and subsp. pauca. The analysis also revealed prophage sequences and contigs outside the chromosomes, annotated as phages. These new genomes, in conjunction with those existing in GenBank, will facilitate exploration of the evolutionary dynamics of Xf subsp. multiplex, its host adaptation mechanisms, and the potential emergence of novel strains of this important plant pathogen.","PeriodicalId":20165,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathologia Mediterranea","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139959909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Prunus virus I (PrVI) was detected for the first time in Clematis vitalba in Italy using high-throughput sequencing and the complete genome of this isolate, named Clv-1, was assembled and characterized. The results of the bioinformatic analyses were further validated with RT-PCR assays using PrVI-specific primers and Sanger dideoxy sequencing. The Clv-1 genome included three RNA segments of nucleotide lengths of 3468 (RNA1), 2892 (RNA2) and 2225 (RNA3), with five predicted open reading frames. Phylogenetic analyses showed close relationships with other PrVI isolates from different geographical origins, including European and non-European countries. This new pathogen record extends the information on the geographical distribution of PrVI, and possibly reflects the international movement of infected clematis germplasm due to global trade. Further surveys on the presence and distribution of PrVI in weeds and crops, such as the two PrVI hosts sweet cherry and peach, are required in the countries where PrVI has been detected.
利用高通量测序技术首次在意大利的铁线莲（Clematis vitalba）中检测到 Prunus 病毒 I（PrVI），并组装和鉴定了该分离物的完整基因组，命名为 Clv-1。使用 PrVI 特异性引物进行 RT-PCR 检测和 Sanger 双脱氧测序进一步验证了生物信息学分析的结果。Clv-1 基因组包括三个核苷酸长度分别为 3468（RNA1）、2892（RNA2）和 2225（RNA3）的 RNA 片段，以及五个预测的开放阅读框。系统发育分析表明，它与其他来自不同地区（包括欧洲和非欧洲国家）的 PrVI 分离物关系密切。这一新的病原体记录扩展了有关 PrVI 地理分布的信息，可能反映了受感染铁线莲种质在全球贸易中的国际流动。需要在检测到 PrVI 的国家进一步调查杂草和作物（如 PrVI 的两个宿主甜樱桃和桃子）中 PrVI 的存在和分布情况。
{"title":"Metagenomic analysis reveals the presence of prunus virus I in diseased Clematis vitalba: first record of this virus in Italy","authors":"G. Parrella, E. Troiano, Anna Mignano","doi":"10.36253/phyto-14925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/phyto-14925","url":null,"abstract":"Prunus virus I (PrVI) was detected for the first time in Clematis vitalba in Italy using high-throughput sequencing and the complete genome of this isolate, named Clv-1, was assembled and characterized. The results of the bioinformatic analyses were further validated with RT-PCR assays using PrVI-specific primers and Sanger dideoxy sequencing. The Clv-1 genome included three RNA segments of nucleotide lengths of 3468 (RNA1), 2892 (RNA2) and 2225 (RNA3), with five predicted open reading frames. Phylogenetic analyses showed close relationships with other PrVI isolates from different geographical origins, including European and non-European countries. This new pathogen record extends the information on the geographical distribution of PrVI, and possibly reflects the international movement of infected clematis germplasm due to global trade. Further surveys on the presence and distribution of PrVI in weeds and crops, such as the two PrVI hosts sweet cherry and peach, are required in the countries where PrVI has been detected.","PeriodicalId":20165,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathologia Mediterranea","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139960077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. B. Borroto Fernández, T. Elbeaino, Florian FÜRNSINN, A. Keutgen, Norbert Keutgen, M. Laimer
Ficus carica is one of the most ancient cultivated crops, and is grown mainly in the Mediterranean region. In Austria, due to milder winters and longer warm periods than normal, figs are becoming more productive and popular among private growers. For future propagation of some fig varieties, the phytosanitary status of eight fig accessions, representing four Austrian genotypes maintained in a varietal collection plot, was investigated using PCR assays for presence of eight fig-infecting viruses. The four fig trees were infected with fig mosaic virus (FMV), fig badnavirus 1 (FBV-1), fig leaf mottle-associated virus 1 (FLMaV-1), fig mild mottle-associated virus (FMMaV) and fig fleck-associated virus (FFkaV); whereas fig leaf mottle-associated virus 2 (FLMaV-2), fig latent virus 1 (FLV-1) and fig cryptic virus 1 (FCV-1) were not detected. The sequences of PCR amplicons obtained from different viruses and samples showed greatest nucleotide variability of 0.5% for FBV-1, 12% for FLMaV-1, 16.3% for FMV, 14% for FMMaV, and 15% for FFkaV, when compared to their homologues in GenBank. A phylogenetic tree for FMV constructed based on partial RNA1 sequences showed that the Austrian isolates were most closely related to previously described Spanish and Greek isolates. The different symptoms observed in the tested trees were mainly in similar to with those reported for FMV, the agent of fig mosaic disease. This is the first report on the presence of fig mosaic-associated viruses in Austria.
{"title":"First report of virus detection in Ficus carica in Austria","authors":"E. B. Borroto Fernández, T. Elbeaino, Florian FÜRNSINN, A. Keutgen, Norbert Keutgen, M. Laimer","doi":"10.36253/phyto-14952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/phyto-14952","url":null,"abstract":"Ficus carica is one of the most ancient cultivated crops, and is grown mainly in the Mediterranean region. In Austria, due to milder winters and longer warm periods than normal, figs are becoming more productive and popular among private growers. For future propagation of some fig varieties, the phytosanitary status of eight fig accessions, representing four Austrian genotypes maintained in a varietal collection plot, was investigated using PCR assays for presence of eight fig-infecting viruses. The four fig trees were infected with fig mosaic virus (FMV), fig badnavirus 1 (FBV-1), fig leaf mottle-associated virus 1 (FLMaV-1), fig mild mottle-associated virus (FMMaV) and fig fleck-associated virus (FFkaV); whereas fig leaf mottle-associated virus 2 (FLMaV-2), fig latent virus 1 (FLV-1) and fig cryptic virus 1 (FCV-1) were not detected. The sequences of PCR amplicons obtained from different viruses and samples showed greatest nucleotide variability of 0.5% for FBV-1, 12% for FLMaV-1, 16.3% for FMV, 14% for FMMaV, and 15% for FFkaV, when compared to their homologues in GenBank. A phylogenetic tree for FMV constructed based on partial RNA1 sequences showed that the Austrian isolates were most closely related to previously described Spanish and Greek isolates. The different symptoms observed in the tested trees were mainly in similar to with those reported for FMV, the agent of fig mosaic disease. This is the first report on the presence of fig mosaic-associated viruses in Austria.","PeriodicalId":20165,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathologia Mediterranea","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139960225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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