Plastic surgery最新文献_第4页

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Case Volume and Wait Times of Elective Hand Procedures: A Retrospective Chart Review Study COVID-19 大流行对手部择期手术的病例量和等待时间的影响：病历回顾研究

IF 0.7 4区医学 Q4 SURGERY

Plastic surgery

Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI: 10.1177/22925503241276544

Kathryn Uhlman, Isabella Churchill, Robert Dydynsky, Stepfanie Johnston, Cameron Leveille, Mark McRae, Matthew McRae

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has decreased the number of surgeries performed in North America. The purpose of this study was to compare the number of elective hand surgeries performed during the pandemic to a corresponding pre-pandemic time period and to quantify the impact to the surgical backlog in hand surgery. Methods: Patient health records for individuals who underwent surgical management of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), Dupuytren's disease (DD) or stenosing tenosynovitis (time periods: March 11, 2018 to July 1, 2019 [pre-pandemic] and March 11, 2020 to July 1, 2021 [pandemic]) were retrieved from two academic institutions. The primary outcome was number of surgeries performed in each time period. Secondary outcomes included wait times for each time period; and variables as predictors of wait times, including a) age; b) gender; c) socioeconomic status; d) geographic location; and, e) comorbidities. Results: Seven-hundred-and-fifteen cases were included (447 CTR cases, 135 fasciotomy/subtotal palmar fasciectomy cases and 133 pulley release/tendon release cases). Two-hundred-and-sixty-four elective hand procedures were performed during the COVID-19 time period, compared to 451 in the pre-pandemic time period (n = 187 surgeries, 41.5%). Mean surgical wait times decreased for CTS and DD and increased for stenosing tenosynovitis during the pandemic compared to the corresponding pre-pandemic time period. No association or variation in wait times was found in regard to the aforementioned variables. Conclusions: During the pandemic, a decreased total number of elective hand surgeries were performed when compared to the corresponding pre-pandemic period. This contributes to a backlog of elective surgical procedures.

导言：COVID-19 大流行减少了北美的手术数量。本研究的目的是比较大流行期间与大流行前的相应时间段内进行的手外科择期手术数量，并量化手外科手术积压的影响。研究方法接受腕管综合征（CTS）、杜普伊特伦病（DD）或狭窄性腱鞘炎手术治疗的患者健康记录（时间段：2018 年 3 月 11 日至 7 月 1 日）：从两家学术机构检索到了 2018 年 3 月 11 日至 2019 年 7 月 1 日[大流行前]和 2020 年 3 月 11 日至 2021 年 7 月 1 日[大流行]的数据。主要结果是每个时间段内进行的手术数量。次要结果包括每个时间段的等待时间；以及作为等待时间预测因素的变量，包括 a) 年龄；b) 性别；c) 社会经济地位；d) 地理位置；以及 e) 合并症。结果：共纳入 715 个病例（447 个 CTR 病例、135 个筋膜切开术/掌筋膜次全切除术病例和 133 个滑轮松解术/肌腱松解术病例）。在 COVID-19 期间，共进行了 244 例手部择期手术，而在大流行前，共进行了 451 例手术（n = 187 例手术，41.5%）。与大流行前的相应时间段相比，大流行期间 CTS 和 DD 的平均手术等待时间缩短，而狭窄性腱鞘炎的平均手术等待时间延长。与上述变量相比，等待时间未发现任何关联或变化。结论：与大流行前相比，大流行期间进行的手部择期手术总数有所减少。这导致了择期手术的积压。

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引用次数: 0

Reconstructive Microsurgery and the Flow State 重建显微外科与流动状态

IF 0.7 4区医学 Q4 SURGERY

Plastic surgery

Pub Date : 2024-08-31 DOI: 10.1177/22925503241276548

Kevin W. Dowling, Christopher G. Landis, George H. Landis

Introduction: “Flow states”, characterized by intense focus during complex tasks, are proposed as common to the practice of reconstructive microsurgery. Existing literature establishes close relationships between the experience of flow and key aspects of mental health. Taking a holistic approach, the paper defines flow and establishes its relevance to both microsurgical practice and to the life and well-being of microsurgeons. Means of cultivating and enhancing flow are offered with important acknowledgement of the benefits and potential pitfalls involved. Methods: The paper is based on an extensive literature review. Numerous sources are critically evaluated for research design, methodology, and consistency of results with existing literature before being synthesized for relevance to microsurgical practice. Results: Existing literature defines flow with precision by way of environmental preconditions and experiential characteristics. The relationship of flow to more general psychological health is also well-established. The effects of flow on performance and how to optimally utilize and balance flow are burgeoning topics of study. Conclusion: Microsurgeons may benefit from the explicit recognition of flow states and the application of strategies that foster and balance flow within microsurgery. Techniques such as mental visualization, mindfulness practices, and attention training are tools that may potentially enhance flow experiences, reduce stress, improve performance, and mitigate burnout. Overemphasizing flow within surgery at the expense of finding flow in life more broadly, however, can lead to negative consequences. The paper highlights the potential benefits of integrating flow states into reconstructive microsurgery, offers suggestions for finding flow effectively, and underscores the importance of harnessing flow not only within surgery but also across different life spheres to ensure a well-rounded, sustainable, and fulfilling professional and personal existence.

导言："流状态 "的特点是在完成复杂任务时高度集中注意力，有人认为这种状态在显微整形外科实践中很常见。现有文献证实，流动体验与心理健康的主要方面密切相关。本文从整体角度出发，对 "流动 "进行了定义，并确定了它与显微外科实践以及显微外科医生的生活和幸福的相关性。本文提出了培养和增强流动感的方法，并对其中的益处和潜在隐患给予了重要的肯定。方法：本文基于广泛的文献综述。在综合与显微外科实践的相关性之前，对大量资料的研究设计、方法和结果与现有文献的一致性进行了严格评估。结果：现有文献通过环境先决条件和体验特征对流动进行了精确定义。流动与更普遍的心理健康之间的关系也已得到证实。流动对工作表现的影响，以及如何最佳利用和平衡流动，都是新兴的研究课题。结论：显微外科医生可能会受益于对流动状态的明确认识，以及在显微外科中促进和平衡流动的策略的应用。心理可视化、正念练习和注意力训练等技巧是有可能增强流动体验、减轻压力、提高绩效和减轻职业倦怠的工具。然而，过分强调外科手术中的 "流"，而忽视在生活中寻找更广泛的 "流"，可能会导致负面影响。本文强调了将流动状态融入显微整形外科的潜在益处，提出了有效寻找流动的建议，并强调了不仅在外科手术中，而且在不同的生活领域中利用流动的重要性，以确保全面、可持续、充实的职业和个人生活。

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引用次数: 0

Postoperative Complications of Direct-to-Implant and Two-Staged Breast Reconstruction: A Stratified Analysis 直接植入和两阶段乳房重建术的术后并发症：分层分析

IF 0.7 4区医学 Q4 SURGERY

Plastic surgery

Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1177/22925503241276541

Jaimie L. Bryan, Kyle M. Ockerman, Lisa R. Spiguel, Elizabeth A. Cox, Sabrina H. Han, Nhan Trieu, Mario Blondin Fernandez, Frederick Heath, Sarah Sorice-Virk

Background: Post-mastectomy implant-based reconstruction can be performed as direct-to-implant (DTI) or two-staged reconstruction (TSR). Rigorous studies have explored postoperative complications between TSR or DTI, yet few have stratified outcomes by relevant populations, pre-operative findings, mastectomy characteristics, or plane of implant placement. We sought to compare the outcomes between these cohorts at our institution. Methods: All patients who underwent skin- or nipple-sparing mastectomy followed by DTI or TSR from 2011 to 2021 at a large academic medical center were included. Data included demographics, ADM use, mastectomy weight, plane of implant placement, and postoperative complications. Results: 295 patients were included. 271 (91.9%) received TSR, and 24 (8.1%) underwent DTI. Compared to TSR, DTI had a higher rate of NAC necrosis ( P = .007) and dehiscence ( P = .016). There was no difference in rate of other complications. Regardless of procedure, higher BMI ( P = .002), higher grade ptosis ( P = .01), and larger mastectomy weights ( P = .022) were associated with increased risk of complication. Pre-pectoral placement was not associated with risk of NAC or mastectomy skin necrosis. Prior tobacco use was associated with higher risk of infection ( P = .036) and dehiscence ( P = .025). Neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy was associated with increased risk of capsular contracture( P = .009). Conclusions: Our study suggests that TSR may be preferred to minimize risk of NAC necrosis and wound dehiscence, especially in high-risk patients. Pre-pectoral placement did not significantly affect risk of mastectomy or NAC necrosis and should be considered in all cases to minimize morbidity. Higher risk conditions for alloplastic reconstruction include higher degrees of ptosis, history of tobacco use, and higher BMIs.

背景：乳房切除术后以植入物为基础的重建可以直接植入（DTI）或两阶段重建（TSR）的方式进行。已有严格的研究探讨了 TSR 或 DTI 的术后并发症，但很少有研究根据相关人群、术前检查结果、乳房切除特征或植入物放置平面对结果进行分层。我们试图比较本机构这些组群之间的结果。方法：纳入2011年至2021年期间在一家大型学术医疗中心接受皮肤或乳头保留乳房切除术，然后进行DTI或TSR的所有患者。数据包括人口统计学、ADM使用情况、乳房切除体重、植入物放置平面和术后并发症。结果：共纳入 295 名患者。271人（91.9%）接受了TSR，24人（8.1%）接受了DTI。与 TSR 相比，DTI 的 NAC 坏死率（P = .007）和开裂率（P = .016）更高。其他并发症的发生率没有差异。无论采用哪种手术，体重指数越高 ( P = .002)、上睑下垂程度越高 ( P = .01)、乳房切除重量越大 ( P = .022)，并发症风险越高。胸大肌前置入与NAC或乳房切除皮肤坏死的风险无关。之前吸烟与感染（P = 0.036）和开裂（P = 0.025）风险较高有关。新辅助化疗和辅助化疗与囊膜挛缩风险增加有关 ( P = .009)。结论：我们的研究表明，TSR可能是将NAC坏死和伤口开裂风险降至最低的首选，尤其是在高风险患者中。胸大肌前放置对乳房切除或NAC坏死的风险没有明显影响，所有病例都应考虑使用，以最大限度地降低发病率。上睑下垂程度较高、有吸烟史和体重指数（BMI）较高的患者接受异体重建的风险较高。

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引用次数: 0

The Use of Recreational Cannabis Among Breast Reduction Patients: Characteristics, Complications, and Immediate Postoperative Analgesic Needs 乳房缩小术患者使用娱乐性大麻的情况：特征、并发症和术后即刻镇痛需求

IF 0.7 4区医学 Q4 SURGERY

Plastic surgery

Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1177/22925503241276549

Peter E. Shamamian, Daniel Y. Kwon, Olachi Oleru, Nargiz Seyidova, Esther Kim, Simeret Genet, Abena Gyasi, Carol Y. Wang, Peter W. Henderson

Introduction: The characteristics, complications, and postoperative analgesic needs of patients with a recent or active history of recreational cannabis use have not been explored explicitly in plastic surgery. In this study, the characteristics, complications, and postoperative analgesic needs within a population of breast reduction patients who use and do not use recreational cannabis were compared. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was carried out on patients who underwent breast reduction between 2019 and 2023. Demographics, comorbidities, recreational cannabis use, postoperative opioid use, and postoperative complications were collected. Patients with a recent history (<1 month since last cannabis use) or current cannabis use were then compared to patients with no history of cannabis use. Results: In total, 340 patients were included, 88 (26%) patients had a history of cannabis use and 252 (74%) did not. Patients in the cannabis-using group were significantly younger than in the non-cannabis-using group (28 years vs 40 years, P < .01), and significantly more patients in the non-cannabis group had hypertension (20% vs 6% P < .01). More patients in the cannabis-using group had hematomas (5% vs 1%, P = .041) and fewer had t-point breakdown (4% vs 0%, P = .046), but these figures lost statistical significance on multiple logistic regression analysis after controlling for possible confounding factors including demographics and comorbidities ( P > .05). There were no significant differences in proportions of opioid use or by doses of opioids, even when converted to oral morphine equivalents ( P > .05). Conclusion: The analgesic needs, postoperative pain levels, and complications between cannabis-using and non-cannabis-using cohorts were similar. Counseling on substance use preoperatively should still be encouraged, especially in younger patients seeking reduction mammaplasty.

简介：整形外科尚未明确探讨近期或曾使用过娱乐性大麻的患者的特征、并发症和术后镇痛需求。本研究比较了使用和不使用娱乐性大麻的乳房缩小术患者的特征、并发症和术后镇痛需求。研究方法对 2019 年至 2023 年期间接受乳房缩小术的患者进行了一项回顾性队列研究。研究收集了患者的人口统计学特征、合并症、娱乐性大麻使用情况、术后阿片类药物使用情况以及术后并发症。然后将近期（距上次吸食大麻 1 个月后）或目前吸食大麻的患者与无大麻吸食史的患者进行比较。结果：共纳入 340 名患者，其中 88 人（26%）有吸食大麻史，252 人（74%）无吸食大麻史。吸食大麻组的患者明显比不吸食大麻组的患者年轻（28 岁对 40 岁，P < .01），不吸食大麻组中患有高血压的患者明显多于吸食大麻组（20% 对 6%，P < .01）。吸食大麻组中有更多患者出现血肿（5% 对 1%，P = .041），有更少的患者出现 t 点破裂（4% 对 0%，P = .046），但在控制了包括人口统计学和合并症在内的可能混杂因素后，这些数字在多重逻辑回归分析中失去了统计学意义（P > .05）。使用阿片类药物的比例或阿片类药物的剂量没有明显差异，即使换算成口服吗啡当量也是如此（P > .05）。结论使用大麻和不使用大麻的人群的镇痛需求、术后疼痛程度和并发症相似。仍应鼓励术前进行药物使用咨询，尤其是对寻求乳房缩小术的年轻患者。

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引用次数: 0

WALANT Proximal Row Carpectomy Under Field Sterility: A Case Report and Description of Technique 野外无菌条件下的 WALANT 近端行椎体切除术：病例报告和技术说明

IF 0.7 4区医学 Q4 SURGERY

Plastic surgery

Pub Date : 2024-08-19 DOI: 10.1177/22925503241268883

Brett Ponich, Alexander Platt, Madison Turk, Maleka Ramji, Aaron Knox

Field sterility and Wide Awake Local Anesthesia No Tourniquet (WALANT) technique is a commonly used operative technique for many hand and wrist pathologies. We present a case of a successful proximal row carpectomy using WALANT and field sterility in a minor surgery operating theatre setting. These techniques can be applied in appropriate patients to reduce the overall cost of surgery, anesthetic complications, and prolonged hospital stay.

现场无菌和宽清醒局部麻醉无止血带（WALANT）技术是许多手部和腕部病症的常用手术技术。我们介绍了一例在小手术手术室中使用 WALANT 和现场无菌技术成功进行近端行腕骨切除术的病例。这些技术可用于适当的患者，以降低手术总成本、减少麻醉并发症和延长住院时间。

引用次数: 0

Treatment of the Hypertrophic Nipple in Breast Augmentation 隆胸手术中肥大乳头的治疗

IF 0.7 4区医学 Q4 SURGERY

Plastic surgery

Pub Date : 2024-08-16 DOI: 10.1177/22925503241268886

Lucila M. Olivera Whyte, Patricia E. Ahualli, Gustavo E. Prezzavento

Background: Disproportionately large nipples with respect to the areola and the breast can result in physical and psychological problems for the patient. When a breast augmentation is performed, the nipple is projected forward by the implant, creating an optical appearance of being more projected and bigger in size with respect to the areola. A successful nipple reduction should be able to reduce its diameter and projection to achieve a good esthetic result, preserving its sensitive and lactation functions simultaneously. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to describe our technique and results of nipple reduction in context of breast augmentation. Methods: We carried out a retrospective cohort of patients in which a simultaneous breast augmentation and nipple reduction was performed by the Plastic and Reconstructive surgery Department of the German Hospital (Deutsches Hospital), in Buenos Aires, Argentina, between January 2016 and June 2022. Our technique consisted of a circumferential resection of skin at the base of the nipple followed by a wedge resection of the inferior portion of the nipple. The results were evaluated by comparing preoperative and postoperative photographs. Results: We included 17 patients. No patient presented nipple necrosis, wound dehiscence, hypertrophic scarring or permanent loss of sensation. Lactation could not be evaluated in the postoperative follow-up. Esthetic results were satisfactory in all patients. Conclusions: We described our surgical technique, which allows the treatment of the hypertrophic nipple addressing the anteroposterior projection and diameter independently. In turn, it preserves the sensory. The implantation of the scars at the base of the nipple and its inferior surface achieved discreet scars and a good esthetic result with high satisfaction rates in our patients. Level of evidence: Level IV, retrospective cohort.

背景：乳头与乳晕和乳房不成比例，会给患者带来生理和心理问题。在进行隆胸手术时，乳头会被植入的假体向前凸出，造成相对于乳晕更突出、更大的视觉效果。成功的乳头缩小术应该能够缩小乳头的直径和凸出部分，以达到良好的美观效果，同时保留乳头的敏感和哺乳功能。研究目的本研究的目的是描述我们在隆胸手术中采用的乳头缩小技术和效果。研究方法我们对阿根廷布宜诺斯艾利斯德意志医院（Deutsches Hospital）整形外科在 2016 年 1 月至 2022 年 6 月期间同时实施隆胸术和乳头缩小术的患者进行了回顾性队列研究。我们的技术包括环形切除乳头基底皮肤，然后楔形切除乳头下部。通过对比术前和术后照片来评估手术效果。结果我们共纳入了 17 名患者。没有患者出现乳头坏死、伤口裂开、增生性瘢痕或永久性感觉缺失。术后随访无法评估哺乳情况。所有患者的美容效果均令人满意。结论：我们介绍了我们的手术技术，该技术可以治疗肥大的乳头，独立解决前后投影和直径问题。反过来，它还保留了感官。在乳头基底及其下表面植入疤痕，疤痕不明显，美观效果好，患者满意度高。证据等级：四级，回顾性队列。

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引用次数: 0

Commentary: A 10-Year Retrospective Review of Patient-to-Patient Transmitted Pathogens in Culture-Positive Burn Wounds at a Tertiary Burn Center 评论：一家三级烧伤中心对培养阳性烧伤创面中患者间传播病原体的 10 年回顾性研究

IF 0.7 4区医学 Q4 SURGERY

Plastic surgery

Pub Date : 2024-08-02 DOI: 10.1177/22925503241268878

Duncan Nickerson

引用次数: 0

ERASing Confounders: Measuring Differences in Post Operative Pathways ERASing Confounders：测量术后路径的差异

IF 0.7 4区医学 Q4 SURGERY

Plastic surgery

Pub Date : 2024-08-02 DOI: 10.1177/22925503241268888

Cameron F. Leveille, Brian Chin, Christopher J. Coroneos

引用次数: 0

Reduction Mammoplasty in the Pediatric Population: An Analysis of Pediatric NSQIP Data From 2012 to 2019. 减少乳房成形术在儿科人群中的应用:2012 - 2019年儿科NSQIP数据分析

IF 0.7 4区医学 Q4 SURGERY

Plastic surgery

Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2022-10-17 DOI: 10.1177/22925503221128986

Erica M Bien, Matthew D Rich, Pedram Zargari, Thomas J Sorenson, Ruth J Barta

Introduction: Reduction mammoplasty is becoming more commonly performed in the pediatric population yet the risk factors for complications have not been well-studied. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between preoperative patient characteristics and postoperative complications in a large population of pediatric patients undergoing reduction mammoplasty. Methods: Pediatric patients undergoing reduction mammoplasty were identified within the 2012 to 2019 National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database for cross-sectional study. The predictor variables were age, body mass index (BMI), diabetes, chronic steroid use, time under anesthesia, and operative time, and the primary outcome was a 30-day postoperative surgical site-related complication. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify a relationship between predictor variable and primary outcome. Results: A total of 1216 pediatric patients were identified with a mean age of 16.6 years and mean BMI of 30.8 kg/m². The incidence of overall postoperative complications was 4.6%. Superficial surgical site infection (SSI) was the most common complication (29/1216; 2.4%). BMI was significantly associated with superficial SSI (odds ratio: 1.03, 95% confidence interval: 1.00-1.05, P = .02). Sixteen patients (1.32%) underwent a second operation, most commonly to address hematoma/seroma (7/16; 43.8%). Conclusion: In a large series of patients, pediatric reduction mammoplasty is a safe procedure with a low complication rate. BMI was significantly associated with the incidence of superficial SSIs with the most common cause for reoperation being a hematoma/seroma. This study can help guide the discussion between physicians and patients regarding potential risks associated with pediatric reduction mammoplasty.

引言：缩小乳房成形术在儿科人群中越来越常见，但并发症的风险因素尚未得到很好的研究。本研究的目的是评估大量接受乳房缩小术的儿童患者的术前患者特征与术后并发症之间的关系。方法：在2012年至2019年国家外科质量改进计划数据库中，对接受乳房缩小术的儿科患者进行横断面研究。预测变量是年龄、体重指数（BMI）、糖尿病、慢性类固醇使用、麻醉时间和手术时间，主要结果是术后30天的手术部位相关并发症。进行多变量逻辑回归以确定预测变量和主要结果之间的关系。结果：共有1216名儿科患者，平均年龄16.6岁，平均BMI 30.8 术后总并发症的发生率为4.6%。最常见的并发症是浅表手术部位感染（SSI）（29/1216；2.4%）。BMI与浅表SSI显著相关（优势比：1.03，95%置信区间：1.00-1.05，P = .02）。16名患者（1.32%）接受了第二次手术，最常见的是血肿/浆膜瘤（7/16；43.8%）。结论：在大量患者中，儿童乳房缩小术是一种安全的手术，并发症发生率低。BMI与浅表SSI的发生率显著相关，再手术最常见的原因是血肿/浆膜瘤。这项研究有助于指导医生和患者之间关于儿童乳房缩小术潜在风险的讨论。

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引用次数: 0

Understanding the Appropriate and Beneficial Use of Before and After Photos in Breast Surgery: A North American Survey. 了解乳腺手术前后照片的适当和有益使用：一项北美调查

IF 0.7 4区医学 Q4 SURGERY

Plastic surgery

Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2023-01-03 DOI: 10.1177/22925503221146783

Shaishav Datta, Chantal R Valiquette, Ron Somogyi

Introduction: Before and after photographs (BAPs) in breast surgery have been identified as important components of the informed consent process. Currently, there is limited consensus on the contents and presentation of BAPs. This study collected the opinions of prior and prospective patients on this topic. Methods: A survey, based on criteria identified by our previous nominal group technique (NGT) study, was designed to obtain patient perspectives on BAPs in breast surgery. Amazon Mechanical Turk, a validated crowd-sourcing tool, was used to identify and survey a group of 72 participants who indicated that they had undergone or were planning to undergo breast surgery. Likert items were analyzed using either chi-squared or Fisher's exact test. Results: Most respondents were cis-gendered-women (89%), Caucasian (83%), and between 31 and 41 years old (38%). Respondents agreed that BAPs are important to the consent process, for enabling patient-centered care, and should be presented in standardized sets. BAPs should be more accessible through different platforms, display multiple time points to show the healing process, and have multiple views including close-ups of scars. Photos should be unaltered except for de-identification, and have more diversity with regard to patient gender, age, skin color, and body mass index. These results align with results from our NGT study. Conclusion: Through this study we have identified many criteria that BAPs should meet according to prior and prospective breast surgery patients. Surgeons should think critically about how they present BAPs during the consent process to ensure effective patient-centered care.

导论:乳房手术前后照片(BAPs)已被确定为知情同意过程的重要组成部分。目前，对bap的内容和表现形式的共识有限。本研究收集了先前和未来患者对这一主题的意见。方法:一项调查，基于我们之前的名义群体技术(NGT)研究确定的标准，旨在获得乳房手术中BAPs的患者观点。Amazon Mechanical Turk是一个经过验证的众包工具，它被用来识别和调查一组72名参与者，他们表示已经或正在计划接受乳房手术。李克特项目的分析使用卡方检验或费雪精确检验。结果:大多数受访者为顺性女性(89%)，高加索人(83%)，年龄在31 - 41岁之间(38%)。受访者同意，bap对同意过程很重要，可以实现以患者为中心的护理，应该以标准化的方式提出。bap应该通过不同的平台更容易访问，显示多个时间点以显示愈合过程，并具有包括疤痕特写在内的多个视图。除去识别外，照片应保持原状，并在患者性别、年龄、肤色和体重指数方面具有更大的多样性。这些结果与我们的NGT研究结果一致。结论:通过本研究，我们确定了BAPs应符合的许多标准，根据既往和未来的乳房手术患者。外科医生应该批判性地思考他们如何在同意过程中提出BAPs，以确保有效的以患者为中心的护理。

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引用次数: 0