Pub Date : 2020-05-22DOI: 10.1039/9781788016353-00168
H. Gomes, M. Rogerson, R. Courtney, W. Mayes
With an estimated annual production of two billion tonnes globally, alkaline industrial wastes can be considered both major global waste streams, and materials that offer significant options for potential resource recovery. Alkaline wastes are usually derived from high temperature production (e.g. steel and alumina) or disposal (e.g. incineration) processes and are increasingly abundant given rising global demand for steel and alumina and the drive for waste incineration in some jurisdictions. Although relatively long-standing afteruses have been adopted for these materials providing opportunities for value recovery (e.g. steel slag use as an aggregate), they are not sufficient to consume all residues generated or completely limit potential environmental impacts. These impacts can include the generation of fugitive dusts, challenges associated with revegetation, and effects on the water environment. These wastes can produce highly alkaline leachates enriched with trace metals (e.g. As, Cr, Mo, V) and persist over decades after site closure. Vanadium, one of the most hazardous ecotoxins in leachates, is also a valuable commodity for renewable energy technologies, unifying the often divergent needs of resource recovery and remediation. Case studies are included to illustrate routes to resource recovery from wastes from two major industrial sectors: steel production and alumina production.
{"title":"Chapter 7. Integrating Remediation and Resource Recovery of Industrial Alkaline Wastes: Case Studies of Steel and Alumina Industry Residues","authors":"H. Gomes, M. Rogerson, R. Courtney, W. Mayes","doi":"10.1039/9781788016353-00168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788016353-00168","url":null,"abstract":"With an estimated annual production of two billion tonnes globally, alkaline industrial wastes can be considered both major global waste streams, and materials that offer significant options for potential resource recovery. Alkaline wastes are usually derived from high temperature production (e.g. steel and alumina) or disposal (e.g. incineration) processes and are increasingly abundant given rising global demand for steel and alumina and the drive for waste incineration in some jurisdictions. Although relatively long-standing afteruses have been adopted for these materials providing opportunities for value recovery (e.g. steel slag use as an aggregate), they are not sufficient to consume all residues generated or completely limit potential environmental impacts. These impacts can include the generation of fugitive dusts, challenges associated with revegetation, and effects on the water environment. These wastes can produce highly alkaline leachates enriched with trace metals (e.g. As, Cr, Mo, V) and persist over decades after site closure. Vanadium, one of the most hazardous ecotoxins in leachates, is also a valuable commodity for renewable energy technologies, unifying the often divergent needs of resource recovery and remediation. Case studies are included to illustrate routes to resource recovery from wastes from two major industrial sectors: steel production and alumina production.","PeriodicalId":202204,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry Series","volume":"140 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124624112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-26DOI: 10.1039/9781839160271-00223
J. Clark
In order to meet decarbonisation goals and implement a genuinely sustainable circular economy model, the chemical industry needs to transition from fossil to renewable sources of carbon. Current chemical production is dominated by petroleum where this largely uniform feedstock is separated using a q...
{"title":"Chapter 8. Conclusions","authors":"J. Clark","doi":"10.1039/9781839160271-00223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781839160271-00223","url":null,"abstract":"In order to meet decarbonisation goals and implement a genuinely sustainable circular economy model, the chemical industry needs to transition from fossil to renewable sources of carbon. Current chemical production is dominated by petroleum where this largely uniform feedstock is separated using a q...","PeriodicalId":202204,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry Series","volume":"123 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115608114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-15DOI: 10.1039/9781788016353-00266
R. Crane, D. Sapsford, A. Aderibigbe
The occurrences of certain metal and metalloid (hereafter metal) ions in municipal and industrial wastewater are major concerns due to the adverse effects such metals can have on human health and the environment at relatively low concentrations. Given the fact that all metals are attained from finite deposits, their recovery from wastewater is essential in order to prevent loss of materials from the global supply loop. An intrinsic challenge, however, is that economically valuable metal ions are often present at relatively low concentrations and in highly complex chemical matrices and thus conventional extraction methods are often not economically or practically feasible. The use of engineered nanomaterials could overcome this issue due to their unique properties, including high specific surface area, colloidal behaviour and quantum size effects. This chapter will discuss the wide potential of engineered nanomaterials for the recovery of metal ions from wastewater, including their use as suspended colloids and as fixed bed reactors. Significant technical challenges remain, however, associated with (1) their synthesis cost and (2) the ecotoxicity of ‘unbound’ engineered nanomaterials, which if overcome, could give rise to the widespread adoption of engineered nanomaterials in the recovery of metals from wastewater.
{"title":"Chapter 11. Applications of Engineered Nanomaterials in the Recovery of Metals from Wastewater","authors":"R. Crane, D. Sapsford, A. Aderibigbe","doi":"10.1039/9781788016353-00266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788016353-00266","url":null,"abstract":"The occurrences of certain metal and metalloid (hereafter metal) ions in municipal and industrial wastewater are major concerns due to the adverse effects such metals can have on human health and the environment at relatively low concentrations. Given the fact that all metals are attained from finite deposits, their recovery from wastewater is essential in order to prevent loss of materials from the global supply loop. An intrinsic challenge, however, is that economically valuable metal ions are often present at relatively low concentrations and in highly complex chemical matrices and thus conventional extraction methods are often not economically or practically feasible. The use of engineered nanomaterials could overcome this issue due to their unique properties, including high specific surface area, colloidal behaviour and quantum size effects. This chapter will discuss the wide potential of engineered nanomaterials for the recovery of metal ions from wastewater, including their use as suspended colloids and as fixed bed reactors. Significant technical challenges remain, however, associated with (1) their synthesis cost and (2) the ecotoxicity of ‘unbound’ engineered nanomaterials, which if overcome, could give rise to the widespread adoption of engineered nanomaterials in the recovery of metals from wastewater.","PeriodicalId":202204,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry Series","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114772597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-15DOI: 10.1039/9781788016353-00287
R. Marshall, A. Lag-Brotons, E. Inam, B. Herbert, L. Hurst, K. Semple
A number of policy mechanisms have driven the development of a circular economy in organic waste management. This chapter explores the journey of organic wastes from a waste management problem to a renewable energy solution, and then looks to their future as a viable market alternative to conventional inorganic fertilisers. This transition reflects changes in the wider waste policy landscape with a shift from waste management to resource recovery—a viewpoint that is to become increasingly important as the UK and EU look to pursue circular economy strategies. Producing alternative fertilisers from bioenergy by-products provides a neat principle for returning nutrients to soils and closing the loop. However, myriad barriers make this challenging from regulatory viewpoints. Regulations are necessarily risk-conservative, yet arguably innovation-prohibitive. This chapter will explore the challenges that may arise from possible conflicts in regulations, and seeks to establish a way forward for the entry of bioenergy by-products into the circular economy.
{"title":"Chapter 12. From Bioenergy By-products to Alternative Fertilisers: Pursuing a Circular Economy","authors":"R. Marshall, A. Lag-Brotons, E. Inam, B. Herbert, L. Hurst, K. Semple","doi":"10.1039/9781788016353-00287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788016353-00287","url":null,"abstract":"A number of policy mechanisms have driven the development of a circular economy in organic waste management. This chapter explores the journey of organic wastes from a waste management problem to a renewable energy solution, and then looks to their future as a viable market alternative to conventional inorganic fertilisers. This transition reflects changes in the wider waste policy landscape with a shift from waste management to resource recovery—a viewpoint that is to become increasingly important as the UK and EU look to pursue circular economy strategies. Producing alternative fertilisers from bioenergy by-products provides a neat principle for returning nutrients to soils and closing the loop. However, myriad barriers make this challenging from regulatory viewpoints. Regulations are necessarily risk-conservative, yet arguably innovation-prohibitive. This chapter will explore the challenges that may arise from possible conflicts in regulations, and seeks to establish a way forward for the entry of bioenergy by-products into the circular economy.","PeriodicalId":202204,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry Series","volume":"1996 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131174004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-15DOI: 10.1039/9781788016353-00141
D. Sapsford, R. Crane, D. Sinnett
This chapter presents a synthesis of key concepts concerning the potential application of in situ leaching processes for direct and indirect resource recovery (with emphasis on metals) from wastes. The global stocks of industrial and mining wastes (IMWs) run into the billions of tonnes and will continue to accumulate in response to unabating global economic growth and consumption. Circular economy (CE) discourse to date generally emphasises recycling of post-consumer goods rather than resource recovery from IMWs even though they comprise very large, albeit dilute, stocks of metals. Because the metal contents of many of these wastes are (by definition) lower than corresponding ore grades, greater energy (or exergy) expenditure is required to win metals from these sources. Since the majority of metal recovery processes are driven by fossil fuels, this also implies greater carbon footprints and other detrimental consequences to natural capital. Thus, the application of conventional pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes for recovering metals from wastes must be closely scrutinised with respect to sustainability. More energy efficient processes and/or those that utilise non-fossil energy are required. Herein we explore key concepts in the potential application of low-intensity in situ leaching processes.
{"title":"Chapter 6. An Exploration of Key Concepts in Application of In Situ Processes for Recovery of Resources from High-volume Industrial and Mine Wastes","authors":"D. Sapsford, R. Crane, D. Sinnett","doi":"10.1039/9781788016353-00141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788016353-00141","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter presents a synthesis of key concepts concerning the potential application of in situ leaching processes for direct and indirect resource recovery (with emphasis on metals) from wastes. The global stocks of industrial and mining wastes (IMWs) run into the billions of tonnes and will continue to accumulate in response to unabating global economic growth and consumption. Circular economy (CE) discourse to date generally emphasises recycling of post-consumer goods rather than resource recovery from IMWs even though they comprise very large, albeit dilute, stocks of metals. Because the metal contents of many of these wastes are (by definition) lower than corresponding ore grades, greater energy (or exergy) expenditure is required to win metals from these sources. Since the majority of metal recovery processes are driven by fossil fuels, this also implies greater carbon footprints and other detrimental consequences to natural capital. Thus, the application of conventional pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes for recovering metals from wastes must be closely scrutinised with respect to sustainability. More energy efficient processes and/or those that utilise non-fossil energy are required. Herein we explore key concepts in the potential application of low-intensity in situ leaching processes.","PeriodicalId":202204,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry Series","volume":"413 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122099531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-15DOI: 10.1039/9781788016353-00087
B. Christgen, A. Suárez, E. Milner, H. Boghani, J. Sadhukhan, Mobolaji Shemfe, Siddharth Gadkari, R. Kimber, J. Lloyd, K. Rabaey, Y. Feng, G. Premier, T. Curtis, K. Scott, E. Yu, I. Head
The demand for mineral and energy resources is increasing. Resources are sourced from finite geological deposits. Therefore the development of more sustainable routes is paramount. Industrial, municipal and agricultural wastewaters are potential sources of metals and energy can be recovered from oxidising waste organic matter but conventional methods are not technically or economically feasible. Bioelectrochemical systems (BES) have the potential to overcome these problems. Integrated BES can combine wastewater treatment, energy generation and resource recovery. Organic waste generated annually by humans globally contains ca. 600–1200 TWh of energy. BES can harvest energy as electricity from wastewater but the coulombic yields and power outputs are uncompetitive with alternative systems for electricity production from waste. Alternative uses of energy recovered from wastewaters by BES include resource recovery from waste streams (e.g. metals), offering wastewater treatment while valorising a waste stream for valuable product recovery. This chapter focuses on electrochemical metal recovery from wastes, noting also (bio)electrochemical synthesis of high-value organic compounds on the cathode, and biological electricity production from wastewaters at the anode. We review how fundamental microbial processes can be harnessed for resource recovery and the environmental benefits, and consider scale-up, environmental and economic costs and benefits of BES technologies for resource recovery.
{"title":"Chapter 4. Metal Recovery Using Microbial Electrochemical Technologies","authors":"B. Christgen, A. Suárez, E. Milner, H. Boghani, J. Sadhukhan, Mobolaji Shemfe, Siddharth Gadkari, R. Kimber, J. Lloyd, K. Rabaey, Y. Feng, G. Premier, T. Curtis, K. Scott, E. Yu, I. Head","doi":"10.1039/9781788016353-00087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788016353-00087","url":null,"abstract":"The demand for mineral and energy resources is increasing. Resources are sourced from finite geological deposits. Therefore the development of more sustainable routes is paramount. Industrial, municipal and agricultural wastewaters are potential sources of metals and energy can be recovered from oxidising waste organic matter but conventional methods are not technically or economically feasible. Bioelectrochemical systems (BES) have the potential to overcome these problems. Integrated BES can combine wastewater treatment, energy generation and resource recovery. Organic waste generated annually by humans globally contains ca. 600–1200 TWh of energy. BES can harvest energy as electricity from wastewater but the coulombic yields and power outputs are uncompetitive with alternative systems for electricity production from waste. Alternative uses of energy recovered from wastewaters by BES include resource recovery from waste streams (e.g. metals), offering wastewater treatment while valorising a waste stream for valuable product recovery. This chapter focuses on electrochemical metal recovery from wastes, noting also (bio)electrochemical synthesis of high-value organic compounds on the cathode, and biological electricity production from wastewaters at the anode. We review how fundamental microbial processes can be harnessed for resource recovery and the environmental benefits, and consider scale-up, environmental and economic costs and benefits of BES technologies for resource recovery.","PeriodicalId":202204,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry Series","volume":"152 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125893831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-15DOI: 10.1039/9781788016353-00001
A. Velenturf, P. Purnell, L. Macaskie, W. Mayes, D. Sapsford
Natural resource exploitation is accelerating in the face of resource decline, while at the same time people are generating ever growing quantities of wastes. Population and income growth drive up the demand for energy, materials and food. Four planetary boundaries that indicate a safe operating space for humankind may well have been crossed – climate change, land system change, biogeochemical loading and biosphere integrity – all directly linked to resource overexploitation. Resource exploitation has brought welfare to many people, but it is now infringing upon basic human rights such as clean water and a safe living environment. The management of resources needs to change radically from the linear take-make-use-dispose model to a more sustainable, circular model. This chapter introduces the global challenges within which an international movement towards a circular economy has emerged. It critically revisits views on circular economy and proposes a new model that recognises the complex nature of our resource flows. The Resource Recovery from Waste programme is introduced and an overview is provided of the contents of this book.
{"title":"Chapter 1. A New Perspective on a Global Circular Economy","authors":"A. Velenturf, P. Purnell, L. Macaskie, W. Mayes, D. Sapsford","doi":"10.1039/9781788016353-00001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788016353-00001","url":null,"abstract":"Natural resource exploitation is accelerating in the face of resource decline, while at the same time people are generating ever growing quantities of wastes. Population and income growth drive up the demand for energy, materials and food. Four planetary boundaries that indicate a safe operating space for humankind may well have been crossed – climate change, land system change, biogeochemical loading and biosphere integrity – all directly linked to resource overexploitation. Resource exploitation has brought welfare to many people, but it is now infringing upon basic human rights such as clean water and a safe living environment. The management of resources needs to change radically from the linear take-make-use-dispose model to a more sustainable, circular model. This chapter introduces the global challenges within which an international movement towards a circular economy has emerged. It critically revisits views on circular economy and proposes a new model that recognises the complex nature of our resource flows. The Resource Recovery from Waste programme is introduced and an overview is provided of the contents of this book.","PeriodicalId":202204,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry Series","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127459812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-15DOI: 10.1039/9781788016353-00113
A. Lag-Brotons, R. Marshall, B. Herbert, L. Hurst, E. Inam, K. Semple
While bioenergy generation represents a step towards sustainability, residues and by-products are generated as a result of this process. In order to take the next step and ‘close the loop’ on the generated residues, resource recovery from these materials is required. In this chapter we will focus on the use of blends of biomass ash and anaerobic digestate, derived from industrial scale bioenergy production processes, as potential alternatives to conventional inorganic fertilisers. Topics will not only cover waste streams, their nature and relevance to agriculture, but also experimental assessments at different scales of the effects of these waste stream combinations on the soil–plant system and the wider environment.
{"title":"Chapter 5. Adding Value to Ash and Digestate (AVAnD Project): Elucidating the Role and Value of Alternative Fertilisers on the Soil–Plant System","authors":"A. Lag-Brotons, R. Marshall, B. Herbert, L. Hurst, E. Inam, K. Semple","doi":"10.1039/9781788016353-00113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788016353-00113","url":null,"abstract":"While bioenergy generation represents a step towards sustainability, residues and by-products are generated as a result of this process. In order to take the next step and ‘close the loop’ on the generated residues, resource recovery from these materials is required. In this chapter we will focus on the use of blends of biomass ash and anaerobic digestate, derived from industrial scale bioenergy production processes, as potential alternatives to conventional inorganic fertilisers. Topics will not only cover waste streams, their nature and relevance to agriculture, but also experimental assessments at different scales of the effects of these waste stream combinations on the soil–plant system and the wider environment.","PeriodicalId":202204,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry Series","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125182414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-15DOI: 10.1039/9781788016353-00023
G. Rashid, T. Bugg
The first part of this chapter will discuss the composition of lignocellulose, and the structures of the cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin components. Degradation of lignocellulose in soil and the microorganisms and enzymes responsible for degradation of these components will be overviewed. Degradation of lignin is aerobic and slow; therefore, lignin degradation is a slow step in breakdown of lignocellulosic waste. Microbial production of biogas will be overviewed along with its role in commercial anaerobic digestion for production of biogas from lignocellulosic biomass. Pathways for lignin biodegradation will be described, including delignification by addition of lignin-degrading fungi and bacteria, delignification by lignin-oxidising enzymes and enhancement of biogas formation. The use of metabolic engineering for production of renewable chemicals from lignin degradation will also be described.
{"title":"Chapter 2. Use of Biotechnology for Conversion of Lignocellulosic Waste into Biogas and Renewable Chemicals","authors":"G. Rashid, T. Bugg","doi":"10.1039/9781788016353-00023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788016353-00023","url":null,"abstract":"The first part of this chapter will discuss the composition of lignocellulose, and the structures of the cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin components. Degradation of lignocellulose in soil and the microorganisms and enzymes responsible for degradation of these components will be overviewed. Degradation of lignin is aerobic and slow; therefore, lignin degradation is a slow step in breakdown of lignocellulosic waste. Microbial production of biogas will be overviewed along with its role in commercial anaerobic digestion for production of biogas from lignocellulosic biomass. Pathways for lignin biodegradation will be described, including delignification by addition of lignin-degrading fungi and bacteria, delignification by lignin-oxidising enzymes and enhancement of biogas formation. The use of metabolic engineering for production of renewable chemicals from lignin degradation will also be described.","PeriodicalId":202204,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry Series","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132865226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-15DOI: 10.1039/9781788016353-00395
P. Purnell, A. Velenturf, R. Marshall
This chapter discusses the impacts of policy and regulations on resource recovery from waste (RRfW) as part of a transition towards a circular economy (CE). It presents the motivations for achieving CE as expressed by government and commercial stakeholders, the general and specific benefits of RRfW in the economic, environmental and social domains, and the role of policy and regulation in preventing or overcoming barriers to achieving RRfW and CE. Policy needs to break through the short-term economic concerns that dominate the sector, ensure that ‘downstream’ processes shift focus to include RRfW as well as environmental protection, and encourage ‘upstream’ processes (particularly product design) to prioritise reuse or refurbishment and recovery of value (via extended producer responsibility). Conflict among regulations is a serious impediment, e.g. where materials cross national boundaries or processes combine both waste treatment and resource recovery sub-processes. Multiple actors all along the supply chain need to combine to implement RRfW. Data collection for material flows needs to be standardised and include social and technical metrics, not just metrics for environmental protection and economic cost–benefit analyses. RRfW infrastructure investment is ill-suited to achieving CE, almost exclusively focussed as it is on energy recovery from waste over processes further up the waste hierarchy. Fundamentally, the current policies, regulations and agencies charged with promoting RRfW and CE have evolved from their mission to protect public health and the environment and are not fit for purpose. Governments must establish agencies charged with resource management, stewardship and productivity if the purported benefits of CE are to be realised.
{"title":"Chapter 16. New Governance for Circular Economy: Policy, Regulation and Market Contexts for Resource Recovery from Waste","authors":"P. Purnell, A. Velenturf, R. Marshall","doi":"10.1039/9781788016353-00395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788016353-00395","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the impacts of policy and regulations on resource recovery from waste (RRfW) as part of a transition towards a circular economy (CE). It presents the motivations for achieving CE as expressed by government and commercial stakeholders, the general and specific benefits of RRfW in the economic, environmental and social domains, and the role of policy and regulation in preventing or overcoming barriers to achieving RRfW and CE. Policy needs to break through the short-term economic concerns that dominate the sector, ensure that ‘downstream’ processes shift focus to include RRfW as well as environmental protection, and encourage ‘upstream’ processes (particularly product design) to prioritise reuse or refurbishment and recovery of value (via extended producer responsibility). Conflict among regulations is a serious impediment, e.g. where materials cross national boundaries or processes combine both waste treatment and resource recovery sub-processes. Multiple actors all along the supply chain need to combine to implement RRfW. Data collection for material flows needs to be standardised and include social and technical metrics, not just metrics for environmental protection and economic cost–benefit analyses. RRfW infrastructure investment is ill-suited to achieving CE, almost exclusively focussed as it is on energy recovery from waste over processes further up the waste hierarchy. Fundamentally, the current policies, regulations and agencies charged with promoting RRfW and CE have evolved from their mission to protect public health and the environment and are not fit for purpose. Governments must establish agencies charged with resource management, stewardship and productivity if the purported benefits of CE are to be realised.","PeriodicalId":202204,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry Series","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127618435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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