Pub Date : 2019-10-15DOI: 10.1039/9781788016353-00375
P. Deutz, H. Baxter, D. Gibbs
The development of a Circular Economy, whereby resources are kept in circulation for the extraction of maximum value, has captured extensive policy and academic attention. The circularisation of material flows is likely to prove a task for a generation: the challenges are only beginning to be explored and the wider implications are seldom considered. However, circular economy-relevant policies are not new; EU policy makers have already made adjustments to remove inadvertent barriers to resource recovery. This chapter considers how resource recovery in the UK steel industry has been influenced by environmental policies, particularly the 2008 Waste Framework Directive's approach to enabling residues to lose, or avoid altogether, identification as wastes. In this context, we also consider the response to a proposed novel technology to recover vanadium, a high value component, from steel slag. Extensive analysis of policy-related documents at EU and UK level was carried out along with semi-structured stakeholder interviews (including producers of steel slag, industry bodies and regulators). Findings suggest that implementing reforms to earlier regulations necessitates changes to practices engendered by previous institutional arrangements. We face a risk of adding to layers of complexity rather than removing them. Circular economy theory and policy need to be aware of policy legacy.
{"title":"Chapter 15. Governing Resource Flows in a Circular Economy: Rerouting Materials in an Established Policy Landscape","authors":"P. Deutz, H. Baxter, D. Gibbs","doi":"10.1039/9781788016353-00375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788016353-00375","url":null,"abstract":"The development of a Circular Economy, whereby resources are kept in circulation for the extraction of maximum value, has captured extensive policy and academic attention. The circularisation of material flows is likely to prove a task for a generation: the challenges are only beginning to be explored and the wider implications are seldom considered. However, circular economy-relevant policies are not new; EU policy makers have already made adjustments to remove inadvertent barriers to resource recovery. This chapter considers how resource recovery in the UK steel industry has been influenced by environmental policies, particularly the 2008 Waste Framework Directive's approach to enabling residues to lose, or avoid altogether, identification as wastes. In this context, we also consider the response to a proposed novel technology to recover vanadium, a high value component, from steel slag. Extensive analysis of policy-related documents at EU and UK level was carried out along with semi-structured stakeholder interviews (including producers of steel slag, industry bodies and regulators). Findings suggest that implementing reforms to earlier regulations necessitates changes to practices engendered by previous institutional arrangements. We face a risk of adding to layers of complexity rather than removing them. Circular economy theory and policy need to be aware of policy legacy.","PeriodicalId":202204,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry Series","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129832662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-18DOI: 10.1039/9781788016094-00153
A. Folgueiras‐Amador, T. Wirth
Organic electrosynthesis is recognised as a green enabling methodology to perform reactions in an efficient and straightforward way. Electrons are used as the reagent to form anion and cation radical species from neutral organic molecules achieving oxidations and reductions by replacing toxic and dangerous reagents. Within this field, the use of microreactors in continuous flow is also concurrent with electrochemistry because of its convenient advantages over batch, such as: (i) low loading or no supporting electrolyte at all, due to the small distance between electrodes, providing significant advantages in downstream processing; (ii) high electrode surface-to-reactor volume ratio; (iii) short residence time; (iv) improved mixing effect. In this chapter the most relevant electrochemical flow reactors and electrochemical transformations performed in continuous flow are presented and discussed.
{"title":"Chapter 5. Electrochemistry under Flow Conditions","authors":"A. Folgueiras‐Amador, T. Wirth","doi":"10.1039/9781788016094-00153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788016094-00153","url":null,"abstract":"Organic electrosynthesis is recognised as a green enabling methodology to perform reactions in an efficient and straightforward way. Electrons are used as the reagent to form anion and cation radical species from neutral organic molecules achieving oxidations and reductions by replacing toxic and dangerous reagents. Within this field, the use of microreactors in continuous flow is also concurrent with electrochemistry because of its convenient advantages over batch, such as: (i) low loading or no supporting electrolyte at all, due to the small distance between electrodes, providing significant advantages in downstream processing; (ii) high electrode surface-to-reactor volume ratio; (iii) short residence time; (iv) improved mixing effect. In this chapter the most relevant electrochemical flow reactors and electrochemical transformations performed in continuous flow are presented and discussed.","PeriodicalId":202204,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry Series","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115494559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-18DOI: 10.1039/9781788016094-00050
E. García‐Verdugo, Raúl Porcar, S. Luis, P. Lozano
The development of continuous green biocatalytic processes is a highly useful toolbox for the synthesis of fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals that has grown tremendously over the past decade. This chapter highlights some of the most relevant advances in the field of biocatalytic transformations under flow conditions in both conventional and in neoteric solvents (e.g. ionic liquids, ILs; supercritical fluids, SCFs), as alternative non-aqueous reaction media. Several examples are provided (e.g. KR and DKR of sec-alcohols and amines, C–C bond formation, reduction, transamination, trans-esterification, etc.) where the use of continuous flow techniques enables the development of more efficient processes and multiple reaction steps to be combined into a single continuous operation.
{"title":"Chapter 2. Green Biotransformations under Flow Conditions","authors":"E. García‐Verdugo, Raúl Porcar, S. Luis, P. Lozano","doi":"10.1039/9781788016094-00050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788016094-00050","url":null,"abstract":"The development of continuous green biocatalytic processes is a highly useful toolbox for the synthesis of fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals that has grown tremendously over the past decade. This chapter highlights some of the most relevant advances in the field of biocatalytic transformations under flow conditions in both conventional and in neoteric solvents (e.g. ionic liquids, ILs; supercritical fluids, SCFs), as alternative non-aqueous reaction media. Several examples are provided (e.g. KR and DKR of sec-alcohols and amines, C–C bond formation, reduction, transamination, trans-esterification, etc.) where the use of continuous flow techniques enables the development of more efficient processes and multiple reaction steps to be combined into a single continuous operation.","PeriodicalId":202204,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry Series","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116604700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-18DOI: 10.1039/9781788016094-00440
G. Luo, J. Deng, K. Wang
The microreaction technology for a continuous flow process has been evolving from a pure research tool in chemical engineering to a ubiquitously applicable technique in the field of chemical synthesis. For chemists, it is difficult to set up a laboratory-scale microreaction system because their focus is on chemistry rather than chemical engineering. The configuration of a laboratory-scale microreaction system as an initial mode connects chemistry and industrial design, therefore, it is vital to decide the final feasibility, complexity and cost of industrial microreaction system engineering. This chapter will describe four categories of microreaction systems according to physicochemical properties of chemical processes, elaborate in detail how to analyze the characteristics of chemical processes, and build integrated microreaction systems based on microreactors and conventional chemical equipment through four typical examples. Finally, a brief summary and perspectives on microreaction systems is also presented in this chapter. The content may provide some general references for the applications of microreaction technologies.
{"title":"Chapter 14. Integrated Microreaction Systems of Microdevices with Conventional Equipment","authors":"G. Luo, J. Deng, K. Wang","doi":"10.1039/9781788016094-00440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788016094-00440","url":null,"abstract":"The microreaction technology for a continuous flow process has been evolving from a pure research tool in chemical engineering to a ubiquitously applicable technique in the field of chemical synthesis. For chemists, it is difficult to set up a laboratory-scale microreaction system because their focus is on chemistry rather than chemical engineering. The configuration of a laboratory-scale microreaction system as an initial mode connects chemistry and industrial design, therefore, it is vital to decide the final feasibility, complexity and cost of industrial microreaction system engineering. This chapter will describe four categories of microreaction systems according to physicochemical properties of chemical processes, elaborate in detail how to analyze the characteristics of chemical processes, and build integrated microreaction systems based on microreactors and conventional chemical equipment through four typical examples. Finally, a brief summary and perspectives on microreaction systems is also presented in this chapter. The content may provide some general references for the applications of microreaction technologies.","PeriodicalId":202204,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry Series","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124498207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-18DOI: 10.1039/9781788016094-00316
A. Kulkarni, Rajashri B. Jundale
Continuous flow synthesis of nanoparticles is now a well-accepted and reliable synthesis approach that gives consistent product properties. This chapter aims to do a critical analysis of the recent work in some of the relevant areas and gives specific recommendations where flow synthesis of nanomaterials can be realized as a reliable manufacturing process. The chapter also highlights the typical engineering issues that one needs to consider while transforming a batch synthesis protocol into continuous mode and its scale-up.
{"title":"Chapter 9. Continuous Flow Synthesis of Nanomaterials","authors":"A. Kulkarni, Rajashri B. Jundale","doi":"10.1039/9781788016094-00316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788016094-00316","url":null,"abstract":"Continuous flow synthesis of nanoparticles is now a well-accepted and reliable synthesis approach that gives consistent product properties. This chapter aims to do a critical analysis of the recent work in some of the relevant areas and gives specific recommendations where flow synthesis of nanomaterials can be realized as a reliable manufacturing process. The chapter also highlights the typical engineering issues that one needs to consider while transforming a batch synthesis protocol into continuous mode and its scale-up.","PeriodicalId":202204,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry Series","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115778416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-18DOI: 10.1039/9781788016094-00485
G. Pascual-Coca, F. Tato, J. F. Soriano, R. Ferritto-Crespo
In this work, the aza-Diels–Alder (aDA) reaction involving cyclopentadiene (CPD) as a dienophile was optimized and scaled up to obtain 1 kg h−1. The Diels–Alder Reaction (DA) involving CPD is scarce in industrial production because of the difficulty of generating CPD in safe and proper conditions. Here, we describe a methodology to continuously generate CPD up to 60 mL min−1 and incorporate an aDA reaction at a low temperature for industrial scale processing. The optimization of the aDA reaction from batch mode in the lab to a continuous flow, multi-kilogram scale is described in detail. Beyond the role of solvent, temperature and acid catalysis in the reaction, different configurations of flow reactors and different reactor sizes were key to the development and construction of the scale-up process to reach the targeted production. The introduction of static mixers into the flow process had a significative impact on the overall productivity of the system. Particular attention was paid to maintaining green chemical principles, reducing solvent use and minimizing impurities in the process. The final setup reached a continuous simple and safe production, taking full advantage of flow chemistry technological benefits in its operation.
在这项工作中，以环戊二烯(CPD)为亲二试剂，对aza-Diels-Alder (aDA)反应进行了优化和放大，得到1 kg h−1。涉及CPD的Diels-Alder反应(DA)在工业生产中很少，因为很难在安全和适当的条件下生成CPD。在这里，我们描述了一种连续生成CPD高达60 mL min - 1的方法，并在工业规模处理的低温下加入aDA反应。详细描述了aDA反应从实验室的批处理模式到连续流、多公斤级的优化过程。除了溶剂、温度和酸催化在反应中的作用外，不同的流动反应器配置和不同的反应器尺寸是开发和建设放大工艺以达到目标生产的关键。在流动过程中引入静态混合器对系统的整体生产率产生了重大影响。特别注意保持绿色化学原则，减少溶剂的使用和尽量减少过程中的杂质。最终装置实现了连续、简单、安全的生产，充分发挥了流动化学技术在运行中的优势。
{"title":"Chapter 16. Upscaling the Aza-Diels–Alder Reaction for Pharmaceutical Industrial Needs in Flow Chemistry","authors":"G. Pascual-Coca, F. Tato, J. F. Soriano, R. Ferritto-Crespo","doi":"10.1039/9781788016094-00485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788016094-00485","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, the aza-Diels–Alder (aDA) reaction involving cyclopentadiene (CPD) as a dienophile was optimized and scaled up to obtain 1 kg h−1. The Diels–Alder Reaction (DA) involving CPD is scarce in industrial production because of the difficulty of generating CPD in safe and proper conditions. Here, we describe a methodology to continuously generate CPD up to 60 mL min−1 and incorporate an aDA reaction at a low temperature for industrial scale processing. The optimization of the aDA reaction from batch mode in the lab to a continuous flow, multi-kilogram scale is described in detail. Beyond the role of solvent, temperature and acid catalysis in the reaction, different configurations of flow reactors and different reactor sizes were key to the development and construction of the scale-up process to reach the targeted production. The introduction of static mixers into the flow process had a significative impact on the overall productivity of the system. Particular attention was paid to maintaining green chemical principles, reducing solvent use and minimizing impurities in the process. The final setup reached a continuous simple and safe production, taking full advantage of flow chemistry technological benefits in its operation.","PeriodicalId":202204,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry Series","volume":"319 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133603190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-18DOI: 10.1039/9781788016094-00129
K. Mizuno, K. Kakiuchi
Organic photochemical reactions have been conducted using classic batch conditions for over a half century. Beginning in the 21st century, several efforts were conducted to develop reactions of this type, performed in a convenient, controllable and safe manner using flow micro reactors. This chapter describes the general methods used for flow micro photochemical reactions and some typical organic transformations that have been performed using this approach, including inter- and intra-molecular photocycloadditions, photocyclizations, photoadditions, photoisomerizations, photosubstitutions, photooxygenations, photorearrangements, heterogeneous photocatalytic reactions and photoinduced organometallic reactions.
{"title":"Chapter 4. Perspectives on the Use of Flow Systems to Carry Out Organic Photochemical Reactions","authors":"K. Mizuno, K. Kakiuchi","doi":"10.1039/9781788016094-00129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788016094-00129","url":null,"abstract":"Organic photochemical reactions have been conducted using classic batch conditions for over a half century. Beginning in the 21st century, several efforts were conducted to develop reactions of this type, performed in a convenient, controllable and safe manner using flow micro reactors. This chapter describes the general methods used for flow micro photochemical reactions and some typical organic transformations that have been performed using this approach, including inter- and intra-molecular photocycloadditions, photocyclizations, photoadditions, photoisomerizations, photosubstitutions, photooxygenations, photorearrangements, heterogeneous photocatalytic reactions and photoinduced organometallic reactions.","PeriodicalId":202204,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry Series","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114994332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-18DOI: 10.1039/9781788016094-00388
P. Löb
Continuous processing is playing an increasing role in the development and manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals. Linked to this development is the interest in flow chemistry that means milli- or even microstructured reactors and their use for continuous processing. These reactors enable a precise control over the chemical process due to their small internal structuring and with that the access to unusual process conditions (Novel Process Windows). Additionally, other more operational advantages of interest for chemical production purposes are linked to the flow chemistry approach – like addressing the need for flexible and modular production concepts, the straightforward scale-up approach and the amenability to automated operation and integration of process analytical technologies. Classic unit operations like mixing and heat exchange are thereby already addressed by a range of commercially available devices. With the advent or broader uptake of additive manufacturing techniques in general, these technologies are also increasingly applied for miniaturized chemical reactors. While current examples mainly stem from lab-scale investigations, there is a clear trend and ambition towards addressing industrial application and the related harsh process conditions and higher throughput ranges. This chapter briefly recaps central aspects of flow chemistry and the related reactor technology before introducing the main additive manufacturing techniques used for the realisation of microsystems and micro- and milli-structured reactors as well as describing corresponding examples. A special focus is given thereby on selective laser melting to realize finely structured 3D chemical reactors in metal since this technique is seen as most promising for realising structured reactors against the background of industrial chemical production.
{"title":"Chapter 12. New Microreactor Designs for Practical Applications Realized by Additive Manufacturing","authors":"P. Löb","doi":"10.1039/9781788016094-00388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788016094-00388","url":null,"abstract":"Continuous processing is playing an increasing role in the development and manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals. Linked to this development is the interest in flow chemistry that means milli- or even microstructured reactors and their use for continuous processing. These reactors enable a precise control over the chemical process due to their small internal structuring and with that the access to unusual process conditions (Novel Process Windows). Additionally, other more operational advantages of interest for chemical production purposes are linked to the flow chemistry approach – like addressing the need for flexible and modular production concepts, the straightforward scale-up approach and the amenability to automated operation and integration of process analytical technologies. Classic unit operations like mixing and heat exchange are thereby already addressed by a range of commercially available devices. With the advent or broader uptake of additive manufacturing techniques in general, these technologies are also increasingly applied for miniaturized chemical reactors. While current examples mainly stem from lab-scale investigations, there is a clear trend and ambition towards addressing industrial application and the related harsh process conditions and higher throughput ranges. This chapter briefly recaps central aspects of flow chemistry and the related reactor technology before introducing the main additive manufacturing techniques used for the realisation of microsystems and micro- and milli-structured reactors as well as describing corresponding examples. A special focus is given thereby on selective laser melting to realize finely structured 3D chemical reactors in metal since this technique is seen as most promising for realising structured reactors against the background of industrial chemical production.","PeriodicalId":202204,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry Series","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125744865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-18DOI: 10.1039/9781788016094-00340
M. V. Gomez, A. Velders
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is one of the most important and powerful analytical tools available to the scientific community, and to synthetic chemists in particular. Standard, commercially available, high-field NMR spectrometers (running from 4.7 to 23.5 T, corresponding to 200, respectively 1000 MHz 1H Larmor frequency) have their radiofrequency antennas incorporated in probe heads that allow measuring samples in 5 mm tubes. Commercial probe heads that allow on-flow monitoring of reactions are based on, typically 5 mm, saddle coil designs, but these require relatively large amounts of material and/or have poor filling factors and correspondingly poor mass sensitivity. In 1994 Sweedler and co-workers launched the field of microcoil NMR spectroscopy, and the past two decades have seen several groups starting to fabricate their own small-volume probe-heads. Here we provide an overview of the different types of NMR microcoils that haven been developed to measure volumes in the lower microliter and (sub-)nanoliter scale, and then focus on the main geometries of microcoils exploited for use in reaction monitoring as solenoids, planar spiral, and stripline coils. Several examples are presented of on-flow and stationary reaction monitoring with such microcoils. The rapid progress in the field promises that many more groups will enter the field of NMR microcoil reaction monitoring in the coming years.
{"title":"Chapter 10. NMR Microcoils for On-line Reaction Monitoring","authors":"M. V. Gomez, A. Velders","doi":"10.1039/9781788016094-00340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788016094-00340","url":null,"abstract":"Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is one of the most important and powerful analytical tools available to the scientific community, and to synthetic chemists in particular. Standard, commercially available, high-field NMR spectrometers (running from 4.7 to 23.5 T, corresponding to 200, respectively 1000 MHz 1H Larmor frequency) have their radiofrequency antennas incorporated in probe heads that allow measuring samples in 5 mm tubes. Commercial probe heads that allow on-flow monitoring of reactions are based on, typically 5 mm, saddle coil designs, but these require relatively large amounts of material and/or have poor filling factors and correspondingly poor mass sensitivity. In 1994 Sweedler and co-workers launched the field of microcoil NMR spectroscopy, and the past two decades have seen several groups starting to fabricate their own small-volume probe-heads. Here we provide an overview of the different types of NMR microcoils that haven been developed to measure volumes in the lower microliter and (sub-)nanoliter scale, and then focus on the main geometries of microcoils exploited for use in reaction monitoring as solenoids, planar spiral, and stripline coils. Several examples are presented of on-flow and stationary reaction monitoring with such microcoils. The rapid progress in the field promises that many more groups will enter the field of NMR microcoil reaction monitoring in the coming years.","PeriodicalId":202204,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry Series","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125818515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-18DOI: 10.1039/9781788016094-00366
J. Sánchez-Marcano
In flow chemistry systems based on membranes, a dense or porous membrane is activated with a catalyst or a biocatalyst in order to couple reaction and separation in the same unit, resulting in an intensified process called catalytic membrane reactor (CMR). In this chapter the basic principles and concepts of CMRs are defined and the different configurations: CMRs for selective product removal, CMRs for the selective additions of reactants, flow-through membrane reactors (FTMRs) and enzymatic membrane reactors (EMRs) are described. Furthermore, a short account of some representative works of the peer reviewed literature and monographs works is given. CMRs have been successfully applied at laboratory scale to enhance the conversion of reactions which are limited by the thermodynamic equilibrium through selective product removal, in oxidation and hydrogenation reactions and improving the contact between the catalyst and substrates while decreasing mass transfer limitations. CMRs have already proven economic and strategic value in bio-transformations for the high-added value chemicals production. Such processes which take place at low temperature allow the use of polymer membranes which are commercially available materials. Further advances are expected on the development inorganic membranes for high temperature applications to be applied in high temperature reactions.
{"title":"Chapter 11. Flow Chemistry Systems Based on Membranes","authors":"J. Sánchez-Marcano","doi":"10.1039/9781788016094-00366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788016094-00366","url":null,"abstract":"In flow chemistry systems based on membranes, a dense or porous membrane is activated with a catalyst or a biocatalyst in order to couple reaction and separation in the same unit, resulting in an intensified process called catalytic membrane reactor (CMR). In this chapter the basic principles and concepts of CMRs are defined and the different configurations: CMRs for selective product removal, CMRs for the selective additions of reactants, flow-through membrane reactors (FTMRs) and enzymatic membrane reactors (EMRs) are described. Furthermore, a short account of some representative works of the peer reviewed literature and monographs works is given. CMRs have been successfully applied at laboratory scale to enhance the conversion of reactions which are limited by the thermodynamic equilibrium through selective product removal, in oxidation and hydrogenation reactions and improving the contact between the catalyst and substrates while decreasing mass transfer limitations. CMRs have already proven economic and strategic value in bio-transformations for the high-added value chemicals production. Such processes which take place at low temperature allow the use of polymer membranes which are commercially available materials. Further advances are expected on the development inorganic membranes for high temperature applications to be applied in high temperature reactions.","PeriodicalId":202204,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry Series","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128820725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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