Pub Date : 2019-06-27DOI: 10.1039/9781788016131-00039
J. Andraos
The utility of step, cumulative, and global E-factor and process mass intensity metrics is demonstrated for the analysis of the material efficiency of synthesis plans for the pharmaceuticals l-DOPA and apixaban. The mathematical relationships relating global and cumulative metrics to step metrics are applicable to any synthesis plan for any molecule.
{"title":"CHAPTER 3. Application of Step, Cumulative, and Global E-factor and Process Mass Intensity Metrics to Gauge Synthesis Efficiency: l-DOPA and Apixaban Pharmaceutical Examples","authors":"J. Andraos","doi":"10.1039/9781788016131-00039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788016131-00039","url":null,"abstract":"The utility of step, cumulative, and global E-factor and process mass intensity metrics is demonstrated for the analysis of the material efficiency of synthesis plans for the pharmaceuticals l-DOPA and apixaban. The mathematical relationships relating global and cumulative metrics to step metrics are applicable to any synthesis plan for any molecule.","PeriodicalId":202204,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry Series","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122059542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-27DOI: 10.1039/9781788016131-00343
Zoë Hearne, S. Keys, Chao‐Jun Li
This chapter summarises the literature concerning the nucleophilic addition of terminal alkynes to a varied scope of unsaturated electrophiles to prepare alkynylated molecules. Unlike classical methods that achieve this transformation by employing stoichiometric quantities of highly reactive metal acetylides and therefore require inert and anhydrous conditions, the transition metal-catalysed reactions described herein can be conducted in water, a benign and readily available solvent. In addition to overviewing transformations for the one-step addition of terminal alkynes to electrophiles, multi-component and tandem reactions are addressed. Furthermore, to offer a more complete resource for chemists seeking more sustainable routes to synthetic targets, a brief survey of the synthetic utility of the alkynylated reaction products is provided.
{"title":"CHAPTER 15. Transition Metal-catalysed Nucleophilic Additions of Terminal Alkynes in Water: Development and Synthetic Utility","authors":"Zoë Hearne, S. Keys, Chao‐Jun Li","doi":"10.1039/9781788016131-00343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788016131-00343","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter summarises the literature concerning the nucleophilic addition of terminal alkynes to a varied scope of unsaturated electrophiles to prepare alkynylated molecules. Unlike classical methods that achieve this transformation by employing stoichiometric quantities of highly reactive metal acetylides and therefore require inert and anhydrous conditions, the transition metal-catalysed reactions described herein can be conducted in water, a benign and readily available solvent. In addition to overviewing transformations for the one-step addition of terminal alkynes to electrophiles, multi-component and tandem reactions are addressed. Furthermore, to offer a more complete resource for chemists seeking more sustainable routes to synthetic targets, a brief survey of the synthetic utility of the alkynylated reaction products is provided.","PeriodicalId":202204,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry Series","volume":"132 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134274481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-06DOI: 10.1039/9781788012997-00183
M. Petrić, A. Matharu
The (re)utilisation of silicon, silica and silicates is becoming highly important as there is a growing global need for renewable bioenergy, in the form of controlled biomass burning such as agricultural straws, wood pellets, grasses, etc. The anticipated growth in controlled biomass burning will generate significant quantities of ash often rich in silica and silicates. The valorisation of these waste materials is vital to ensure recovery and reuse of the inorganic species, in line with an elemental sustainability and biorefinery vision, and to add economic value in the form of biobased adhesives and coatings. This chapter discusses the market size and potential of silicas and silicates as binders and adhesives. A background to silica chemistry, its occurrence in biomass and its subsequent isolation from ashes is given. An in depth overview of silicon and silicates in adhesives is given, concluding with their potential role as replacements for traditional petroleum-based binders in particleboards.
{"title":"CHAPTER 8. Biosilicate Binders","authors":"M. Petrić, A. Matharu","doi":"10.1039/9781788012997-00183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788012997-00183","url":null,"abstract":"The (re)utilisation of silicon, silica and silicates is becoming highly important as there is a growing global need for renewable bioenergy, in the form of controlled biomass burning such as agricultural straws, wood pellets, grasses, etc. The anticipated growth in controlled biomass burning will generate significant quantities of ash often rich in silica and silicates. The valorisation of these waste materials is vital to ensure recovery and reuse of the inorganic species, in line with an elemental sustainability and biorefinery vision, and to add economic value in the form of biobased adhesives and coatings. This chapter discusses the market size and potential of silicas and silicates as binders and adhesives. A background to silica chemistry, its occurrence in biomass and its subsequent isolation from ashes is given. An in depth overview of silicon and silicates in adhesives is given, concluding with their potential role as replacements for traditional petroleum-based binders in particleboards.","PeriodicalId":202204,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry Series","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126338235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-06DOI: 10.1039/9781788012997-00120
K. Richter, M. Pinheiro, Kai Borcherding, A. Hartwig, J. Byern, I. Grunwald
Adhesives are not only being used increasingly in the design of medical devices, but also in the field of application, both directly on and in humans, for example as a replacement for the suturing and stapling of tissue through adhesive bonding. The advantages of using adhesives include less tissue damage, no incorporated materials that require removal, and a better biocompatibility. In this context, adhesives in the broader sense also perform functions that conventional methods cannot, for example as sealants or blood hemostats. In addition to fully synthetic and semi-synthetic adhesives, an increasing number of formulations are finding their way into research as well as clinical trials or clinical applications that are based on concepts taken from nature (biomimetic) or are a combination of biological and chemical components or are of completely biological origin. The importance of medical adhesives is evident not only in the almost double-digit annual growth rates, but also in the number of publications in this field. The constantly increasing requirements for the approval (CE marking in the EU, 510k or PMA in the USA) of new adhesives (fully synthetic, semi-synthetic, or biological) and the development of such systems in accordance with these requirements and those of the user (medical practitioners) still represent major challenges. This is partly due to the fact that development scenarios, such as the technology-push and market-pull approaches, are currently not being applied in a holistic and interdisciplinary manner.
{"title":"CHAPTER 6. Adhesives for Medical Applications","authors":"K. Richter, M. Pinheiro, Kai Borcherding, A. Hartwig, J. Byern, I. Grunwald","doi":"10.1039/9781788012997-00120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788012997-00120","url":null,"abstract":"Adhesives are not only being used increasingly in the design of medical devices, but also in the field of application, both directly on and in humans, for example as a replacement for the suturing and stapling of tissue through adhesive bonding. The advantages of using adhesives include less tissue damage, no incorporated materials that require removal, and a better biocompatibility. In this context, adhesives in the broader sense also perform functions that conventional methods cannot, for example as sealants or blood hemostats. In addition to fully synthetic and semi-synthetic adhesives, an increasing number of formulations are finding their way into research as well as clinical trials or clinical applications that are based on concepts taken from nature (biomimetic) or are a combination of biological and chemical components or are of completely biological origin. The importance of medical adhesives is evident not only in the almost double-digit annual growth rates, but also in the number of publications in this field. The constantly increasing requirements for the approval (CE marking in the EU, 510k or PMA in the USA) of new adhesives (fully synthetic, semi-synthetic, or biological) and the development of such systems in accordance with these requirements and those of the user (medical practitioners) still represent major challenges. This is partly due to the fact that development scenarios, such as the technology-push and market-pull approaches, are currently not being applied in a holistic and interdisciplinary manner.","PeriodicalId":202204,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry Series","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128148861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-06DOI: 10.1039/9781788012997-00205
Zhanrong Zhang, A. Matharu
The generation of functional materials from biomass waste streams represents an attractive and important topic in the context of developing future biorefineries. This chapter briefly summarizes our recent research on microwave-assisted low-temperature (<200 °C) pyrolysis of three biorenewable waste streams (i.e., spruce wood chips, waste office paper and DIR) for the generation of bio-oil, bio-char (microwave residue) and gas. The potential application of crude organic phase bio-oils as adhesives towards metal bonding was investigated. Furthermore, a model compound study using 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde (HMF), catechol and levoglucosan was conducted to get further understanding of the adhesion properties of bio-oil towards aluminium bonding. We anticipate that these preliminary results will potentially lead to applications and provide new ideas for generating adhesives from currently underutilized biomass waste streams.
{"title":"CHAPTER 9. Adhesives Derived From Biomass Waste Streams","authors":"Zhanrong Zhang, A. Matharu","doi":"10.1039/9781788012997-00205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788012997-00205","url":null,"abstract":"The generation of functional materials from biomass waste streams represents an attractive and important topic in the context of developing future biorefineries. This chapter briefly summarizes our recent research on microwave-assisted low-temperature (<200 °C) pyrolysis of three biorenewable waste streams (i.e., spruce wood chips, waste office paper and DIR) for the generation of bio-oil, bio-char (microwave residue) and gas. The potential application of crude organic phase bio-oils as adhesives towards metal bonding was investigated. Furthermore, a model compound study using 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde (HMF), catechol and levoglucosan was conducted to get further understanding of the adhesion properties of bio-oil towards aluminium bonding. We anticipate that these preliminary results will potentially lead to applications and provide new ideas for generating adhesives from currently underutilized biomass waste streams.","PeriodicalId":202204,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry Series","volume":"13 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134621896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-06DOI: 10.1039/9781788012997-00285
Hangbo Yue, P. Shuttleworth
Adhesives are used in a variety of applications and have helped the development and growth of many industries. In the carpet tile industry, they are used to bind the fabric layer to the bitumen-backing layer. However, often, removal of such adhesives or separation of the layers can prove to be challenging and costly, with the simplest option being disposal. Therefore, redesign of the adhesive system used could prevent 1000s of tonnes of waste and valuable resources ending in landfill or incineration. There has been increased interest in ‘Smart’ or ‘switchable’ adhesives that can change bonding properties under certain stimuli, such as temperature, pH, pressure etc. This has been put into good effect in the carpet tile industry with the development of a modified starch adhesive that can switch bonding properties with steam.
{"title":"CHAPTER 12. Bio-based Switchable Adhesives for Carpet Tiles","authors":"Hangbo Yue, P. Shuttleworth","doi":"10.1039/9781788012997-00285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788012997-00285","url":null,"abstract":"Adhesives are used in a variety of applications and have helped the development and growth of many industries. In the carpet tile industry, they are used to bind the fabric layer to the bitumen-backing layer. However, often, removal of such adhesives or separation of the layers can prove to be challenging and costly, with the simplest option being disposal. Therefore, redesign of the adhesive system used could prevent 1000s of tonnes of waste and valuable resources ending in landfill or incineration. There has been increased interest in ‘Smart’ or ‘switchable’ adhesives that can change bonding properties under certain stimuli, such as temperature, pH, pressure etc. This has been put into good effect in the carpet tile industry with the development of a modified starch adhesive that can switch bonding properties with steam.","PeriodicalId":202204,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry Series","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126959756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-06DOI: 10.1039/9781788012997-00145
N. Vivek, R. O. Rajesh, Tharangattumana Krishnan Godan, A. Pandey, P. Binod
Considering the importance of 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO, propane-1,3-diol, trimethylene glycol, 1,3-dihydroxypropane) as a platform molecule, as well as the exhaustion of fossil derivatives required for its chemical synthesis, glycerol, as a versatile and renewable feedstock, becomes a key enabler towards 1,3-PDO production. It has been a decade since major efforts were carried out in genetic engineering and bioprocessing aspects to improve the production titers and yield of 1,3-PDO. Subsequently, polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) was synthesized using 1,3-PDO, which has numerous polymer applications and became a competitor for commercialized polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) polyesters. This chapter envisages a panorama of investigations on genetic aspects for improving the production of 1,3-PDO. Strategies to improve the synthesis of polyurethane and polyester from 1,3-PDO are also discussed. A detailed description of the genetics of dha regulan consisting of genes for 1,3-PDO production, along with the recent developments in genetic engineering strategies to improve the tolerance and production titers of 1,3-propanediol in individual genera, is explained. In focus with the applications of 1,3-PDO, the synthesis of various polyesters and polyurethane materials using polycondensation reactions is also described. Thus, the synthesis and properties of polyesters explained within offer valuable insights into future biomedical, pharmaceutical, and organ transplant applications.
{"title":"CHAPTER 7. White Biotechnology for Polymer Building Blocks: Strategies for Enhanced Production of Bio-based 1,3-Propanediol and Its Applications","authors":"N. Vivek, R. O. Rajesh, Tharangattumana Krishnan Godan, A. Pandey, P. Binod","doi":"10.1039/9781788012997-00145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788012997-00145","url":null,"abstract":"Considering the importance of 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO, propane-1,3-diol, trimethylene glycol, 1,3-dihydroxypropane) as a platform molecule, as well as the exhaustion of fossil derivatives required for its chemical synthesis, glycerol, as a versatile and renewable feedstock, becomes a key enabler towards 1,3-PDO production. It has been a decade since major efforts were carried out in genetic engineering and bioprocessing aspects to improve the production titers and yield of 1,3-PDO. Subsequently, polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) was synthesized using 1,3-PDO, which has numerous polymer applications and became a competitor for commercialized polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) polyesters. This chapter envisages a panorama of investigations on genetic aspects for improving the production of 1,3-PDO. Strategies to improve the synthesis of polyurethane and polyester from 1,3-PDO are also discussed. A detailed description of the genetics of dha regulan consisting of genes for 1,3-PDO production, along with the recent developments in genetic engineering strategies to improve the tolerance and production titers of 1,3-propanediol in individual genera, is explained. In focus with the applications of 1,3-PDO, the synthesis of various polyesters and polyurethane materials using polycondensation reactions is also described. Thus, the synthesis and properties of polyesters explained within offer valuable insights into future biomedical, pharmaceutical, and organ transplant applications.","PeriodicalId":202204,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry Series","volume":"2 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113939664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Derived from powder coating of metals, pharmaceutical dry powder coatings have received great attention in the past ten years, owing to their striking potential to replace the organic solvent coating and aqueous coating used in the current pharmaceutical industry. After several initial trials of dry coating, electrostatic dry powder coating was developed and has attracted more attention due to its high coating efficiency and low overall cost. In this technology, coating powders containing coating polymers, pigments, and other excipients are directly sprayed onto the surface of the solid dosage forms without using any organic solvent or water. The deposited coating powders are cured to form a coating film. This dry powder coating technology has many advantages compared to organic solvent coating and aqueous coating. It eliminates the limitations caused by the organic solvent in solvent coating such as environmental issues and health problems. It also surpasses aqueous coating due to its shorter processing time and much greatly reduced energy consumption, leading to a lower overall cost. Specifically, electrostatic powder coating utilizes electrical attraction to promote the movement of coating powders towards the dosage forms, resulting in an enhanced coating powder adhesion, uniformity and coating efficiency, making it more promising compared to other dry coating technologies. This technology has already been developed and applied to various solid dosage forms successfully.
{"title":"CHAPTER 16. Dry Powder Coating of Pharmaceutical Solid Dosages","authors":"Jesse Zhu, Zhehao Jing, Qingliang Yang, Yingliang Ma, Kwok Chow, Kai-Yu Shi","doi":"10.1039/9781788012997-00395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788012997-00395","url":null,"abstract":"Derived from powder coating of metals, pharmaceutical dry powder coatings have received great attention in the past ten years, owing to their striking potential to replace the organic solvent coating and aqueous coating used in the current pharmaceutical industry. After several initial trials of dry coating, electrostatic dry powder coating was developed and has attracted more attention due to its high coating efficiency and low overall cost. In this technology, coating powders containing coating polymers, pigments, and other excipients are directly sprayed onto the surface of the solid dosage forms without using any organic solvent or water. The deposited coating powders are cured to form a coating film. This dry powder coating technology has many advantages compared to organic solvent coating and aqueous coating. It eliminates the limitations caused by the organic solvent in solvent coating such as environmental issues and health problems. It also surpasses aqueous coating due to its shorter processing time and much greatly reduced energy consumption, leading to a lower overall cost. Specifically, electrostatic powder coating utilizes electrical attraction to promote the movement of coating powders towards the dosage forms, resulting in an enhanced coating powder adhesion, uniformity and coating efficiency, making it more promising compared to other dry coating technologies. This technology has already been developed and applied to various solid dosage forms successfully.","PeriodicalId":202204,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry Series","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122173888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-06DOI: 10.1039/9781788012997-00069
J. Puthoff
The development of fibrillar adhesives inspired by the adhesion systems of lizards and arthropods presents opportunities to implement green principles in new generations of adhesive tapes. In this chapter, the differences in performance between traditional pressure-sensitive adhesives and bioinspired adhesives using the core physical concepts pertaining to each are described. Thereafter, how these properties indicate the potential benefits of these fibrillar materials, as well as how those benefits correspond with the previously enumerated principles of green tribology is discussed.
{"title":"CHAPTER 4. Bioinspired Attachment Systems for Adhesive Tapes in Green Tribology Applications","authors":"J. Puthoff","doi":"10.1039/9781788012997-00069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788012997-00069","url":null,"abstract":"The development of fibrillar adhesives inspired by the adhesion systems of lizards and arthropods presents opportunities to implement green principles in new generations of adhesive tapes. In this chapter, the differences in performance between traditional pressure-sensitive adhesives and bioinspired adhesives using the core physical concepts pertaining to each are described. Thereafter, how these properties indicate the potential benefits of these fibrillar materials, as well as how those benefits correspond with the previously enumerated principles of green tribology is discussed.","PeriodicalId":202204,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry Series","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127165042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-06DOI: 10.1039/9781788012997-00092
S. S. Latthe, K. Nakata, R. Höfer, A. Fujishima, C. Terashima
Candle soot consists of hydrophobic carbon nanoparticles (diameter ∼40 ± 10 nm) that can be chiefly collected from the candle flame. There is no other easier and cheaper way available to produce hydrophobic nanoparticles. The deposition of candle soot on any solid surface appears as a black layer with superhydrophobicity, however this layer is delicate and washed away with rolling water drops or by gentle finger touching. The sole use of hydrophobic candle soot nanoparticles could not achieve a durable as well as transparent coating. The candle soot is then used as a template as well as in combination with silica or polymers to achieve durable and transparent superhydrophobic coatings. Candle soot can prove to be an adequate precursor in the preparation of superhydrophobic coatings and oil–water separation sponges/meshes due to its easy availability for everyone. The researchers who are eager to jump into superhydrophobic surface research with a low level of funding can start with candle soot. Novel ideas and techniques should be adopted to fabricate candle soot based superhydrophobic surfaces. The use of candle soot nanoparticles in industrial products can reduce the price of the final product reasonably.
{"title":"CHAPTER 5. Lotus Effect-based Superhydrophobic Surfaces: Candle Soot as a Promising Class of Nanoparticles for Self-cleaning and Oil–Water Separation Applications","authors":"S. S. Latthe, K. Nakata, R. Höfer, A. Fujishima, C. Terashima","doi":"10.1039/9781788012997-00092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788012997-00092","url":null,"abstract":"Candle soot consists of hydrophobic carbon nanoparticles (diameter ∼40 ± 10 nm) that can be chiefly collected from the candle flame. There is no other easier and cheaper way available to produce hydrophobic nanoparticles. The deposition of candle soot on any solid surface appears as a black layer with superhydrophobicity, however this layer is delicate and washed away with rolling water drops or by gentle finger touching. The sole use of hydrophobic candle soot nanoparticles could not achieve a durable as well as transparent coating. The candle soot is then used as a template as well as in combination with silica or polymers to achieve durable and transparent superhydrophobic coatings. Candle soot can prove to be an adequate precursor in the preparation of superhydrophobic coatings and oil–water separation sponges/meshes due to its easy availability for everyone. The researchers who are eager to jump into superhydrophobic surface research with a low level of funding can start with candle soot. Novel ideas and techniques should be adopted to fabricate candle soot based superhydrophobic surfaces. The use of candle soot nanoparticles in industrial products can reduce the price of the final product reasonably.","PeriodicalId":202204,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry Series","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124941169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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